关键词:棉花; 轻简化栽培; 生理生态 Key Technologies for Light and Simplified Cultivation of Cotton and Their Eco-physiological Mechanisms DONG He-Zhong1,*, YANG Guo-Zheng2, LI Ya-Bing3, TIAN Li-Wen4, DAI Jian-Long1, KONG Xiang-Qiang1 1 Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Physiology in Huanghuaihai, Jinan 250100, China
2 College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
3 Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
4 Research Institute for Cash Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
Fund:This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-18-21), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371573, 31271665), the Specific Key Project for Research and Development of Shandong (2015GNC110001) and Xinjiang (CXGC2016B05), and SAAS Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (CXGC2016B05) AbstractLight and simplified cultivation (LSC) of cotton refers to the use of modern agricultural equipment instead of manual operation, the simplification and minimization of field management and operations, as well as the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic technologies to reduce production costs and labor intensity during cotton farming and cultivation. The connotation, key technical contents and the related eco-physiological mechanisms of LSC are reviewed in this paper. The achievement of easy and convenient as well as cost-saving and benefit-increasing production of cotton is dependent on the key technologies of LSC, mainly including practices of precision seeding, simplified seedlings nursing and transplanting, high-efficient fertilization, water-saving irrigation and regulation of fruiting distribution and so on. The mechanism of well-established strong seedlings by individual seeding lies in the hypocotyl differential expression of hook formation genes HLS1 and COP1 as well as hypocotyl elongation genes HY5and ARF2during seed germination and emergence. The mechanism of the inhibited growth and development of vegetative branches by close-planting lies in differential expression of genes related to hormone synthesis in cotton plants. That of yield stability lies in the adaptive coordination among yield components, biomass, and harvest index under LSC. Optimized and concentrated fruiting in cotton plants can be realized through the establishment of a high photosynthetic efficiency population in terms of the required LAI and its dynamics, rational plant height and the ratio of seed cotton to stalks. The absorption of fertilizer N in cotton occurs mainly within 20 days after flowering and is mainly distributed to the reproductive organs with the highest use efficiency when N fertilizer applies at early flowering which provides a theoretical basis for efficient and simplified fertilization of cotton. The mechanism of water use efficiency improvement through partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) lies in the enhanced water absorption in the irrigated root side, which is regulated by the shoot-sourced jasmonic acid transported through the phloem. In order to provide a more powerful theoretical and technical support for LSC of cotton in the future, on the one hand, in-depth study is required to reveal the physiological and ecological mechanisms of LSC; on the other hand, it is necessary to further reform and optimize the cotton cropping systems, to innovate the key cultivation techniques, and to develop the corresponding agricultural equipment with better integration of agronomic technology. Improved LSC technologies will further promote the sustainable development of cotton production in China.
表1 单粒精播和多粒穴播出苗成苗能力及其机制 Table 1 Difference in emergence and stand establishment between single seeding and cluster seeding in cotton
项目 Item
单粒穴播(精播) Individual seeding (precision seeding)
多粒穴播(传统播) Cluster seeding (traditional seeding)
两者比较 Comparison
出苗率 Seedling emergence rate
高(≥ 70%) High (≥ 70%)
高(≥ 70%) High (≥ 70%)
相当 Comparable
带壳出土率 Rate of seedlings with shell
超低(1.4%) Ultra low
较高(16.5%) Higher
差异显著(P< 0.01) Significant difference (P< 0.01)
棉苗发病率 Incidence rate of cotton seedlings
较低(13.5%) Lower
高(21.2%) High
差异显著(P< 0.05) Significant difference (P< 0.05)
2片真叶棉苗 Two-true leaf stage seedlings
下胚轴粗短, 棉苗壮实 Strong seedlings with short hypocotyls
下胚轴细长, 多为高脚苗 Mostly high-foot seedlings with elongated hypocotyls
差异显著(P< 0.01) Significant difference (P< 0.01)
弯钩形成和展开 时间 Hook formation and expansion time
促进下胚轴伸长、弯钩形成和展开的关键基因HLS1和COP1适时、适量表达, 棉苗形成弯钩以最小的受力面积顶土出苗并适时展开弯钩和脱掉种壳 Timely and moderate expression of the key genes HLS1 and COP1 related to hypocotyl elongation and hook formation assures better stand establishment by timely formation and expansion of the hooks and timely shedding of seed shells
多粒种子顶盖, 过早见光导致HLS1和COP1基因表达下降, HY5和ARF2基因表达上升, 弯钩过早伸直, 不利于脱掉种壳 Delayed and reduced expression of HLS1 and COP1 as well as the promoted expression of HY5 and ARF2 leads to earlier expansion of hooks and delayed shedding of seed shells
弯钩形成没有显著差异, 展开早晚差异显著(P< 0.05) Significant difference (P< 0.05) in hook expansion time rather than hook formation
下胚轴伸长和棉苗长势 Hypocotyl elongation and seedling growth
出苗后促进下胚轴生长的HY5和ARF2基因表达降低, 棉苗生长敦实, 发病率低, 易形成壮苗 Increased expression of HY5 and ARF2 genes in hypocotyls after germination leads to strong growth with low disease incidence and better stand establishment
出苗后促进下胚轴生长的HY5和ARF2基因过量表达, 棉苗细长, 易形成高脚苗 Overexpression of HY5 and ARF2 gene after emergence leads to slender seedlings of cotton
下胚轴伸长差异显著(P< 0.01) Significant difference (P< 0.01) in hypocotyl elongation
表1 单粒精播和多粒穴播出苗成苗能力及其机制 Table 1 Difference in emergence and stand establishment between single seeding and cluster seeding in cotton
表2 棉花产量构成、生物量和经济系数对密度的响应(黄河流域36点次的调查数据) Table 2 Response of yield components, biomass and harvest index to plant population density (Data from 36 sites in Yellow River Basin)
密度 Plant density (plants m-2)
结铃量 Boll density (bolls m-2)
单铃重 Boll weight (g boll-1)
衣分 Lint percentage (%)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
生物量 Final biomass (kg hm-2)
经济系数 Harvest index
籽棉 Seed cotton
皮棉 Lint
1.5
82.6 c
5.52 a
43.1 a
4111 b
1771 b
9469 c
0.43 a
3.3
88.4 b
5.37 ab
43.0 a
5126 a
2204 a
12534 b
0.41 a
5.1
92.5 ab
5.34 ab
42.5 a
5249 a
2231 a
14139 b
0.37 b
6.9
94.1 a
5.27 b
42.7 a
5323 a
2273 a
14350 b
0.37 b
8.7
94.2 a
5.26 b
42.6 a
5381 a
2292 a
16883 a
0.32 c
10.5
94.8 a
5.21 b
42.4 a
5371 a
2277 a
17160 a
0.31 c
Values within the same column followed by different letters are significantly different atP< 0.05 according to Duncan’ s multiple range test. 同列数据后标注不同字母者为Duncan’ s复极差检验差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表2 棉花产量构成、生物量和经济系数对密度的响应(黄河流域36点次的调查数据) Table 2 Response of yield components, biomass and harvest index to plant population density (Data from 36 sites in Yellow River Basin)
2.4 基于集中成铃的棉花高光效群体指标基于优化成铃、提高霜前花率和集中收获的需要, 确定了高光效群体主要指标。一是适宜的LAI, 西北内陆、黄河流域和长江流域棉区分别为3.7~4.0、3.5~3.8和3.7~4.5。二是适宜LAI动态, 要求盛铃期以前LAI总体呈较快增长, 使最大适宜LAI在盛铃期出现, 之后平稳下降(图2)[20]。三是适宜的株高, 西北内陆、黄河流域和长江流域高产棉花的适宜株高分别为75~85、100~110和110~120 cm, 盛蕾期、开花期和盛花期株高日增长量分别为0.80、1.25和1.10 cm d-1, 0.95、1.30和1.15 cm d-1, 1.5~2.0、2.0~2.5和1.0~1.5 cm d-1。四是适宜的节枝比, 新疆、山东和江苏的适宜节枝比分别为2.5、3.5和4.0~4.5[22]。五是果枝及叶片角度分布合理。新疆高产棉花, 在盛铃吐絮期冠层由上至下, 叶倾角由大到小, 上部76° ~61° , 分别比中部下部大17° ~12° 和36° ~25° [23, 24, 25, 26]。 图2 Fig. 2
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