关键词:再生稻; 水肥处理; 根际土壤酶活性; 根际微生物 Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilizer Application Regimes on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Functional Diversity in Rhizosphere of Ratooning Rice CHEN Hong-Fei1,*, PANG Xiao-Min1,*, ZHANG Ren2, ZHANG Zhi-Xing1, XU Qian-Hua3, FANG Chang-Xun1, LI Jing-Yong4, LIN Wen-Xiong1,* 1 College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University / Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2Agriculture Bureau of Jianyang District, Nanping City, Fujian Province, Jianyang 353000, China
3Planting Technique Extension Station of Fujian Province Agriculture Department, Fuzhou 350001, China
4Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
Fund:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300508), the Natural Foundation of Fujian Higher Education Institutions for Young Scientists (Key Project) (JZ160435), and the Sci-tech Innovation Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (CXZX2016076, CXZX2016077). AbstractIrrigation and fertilizer application regime is one of key measures for high and stable yield of ratooning rice, especially for middle or low stubble ratooning rice by machine-harvest. Ascertaining rational management of water and fertilization is important for improving the axillary bud germination rate of lower nodes in middle or low stubble ratooning rice by machine-harvest. With Luyoumingzhan as a test material, the effects of different irrigation and fertilizer application regimes on ratooning tillers, soil enzyme activity and rhizosphere microbial functional diversity of ratooning rice were studied by setting up three treatments: (1) dry-wet alternate irrigation and nitrogen application for ratooning bud development (GN); (2) dry-wet alternate irrigation and no nitrogen application for ratooning bud development (G); (3) flooding irrigation and no nitrogen application for ratooning bud development (S). The different irrigation and fertilization treatments had a significant impact on the rhizosphere Eh potential and rhizosphere soil enzymes. On the 10th day after treatment, the rhizosphere soil Eh levels and the activities of rhizosphere soil polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phosphate monoester enzyme and hydrogen peroxide enzyme were significantly improved in G than in S. The activities of rhizosphere soil polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, urease, invertase, phosphate monoester enzyme and hydrogen peroxide enzyme were significantly improved in GN than in G. The rhizosphere soil microbe differed significantly in use of single carbon sources and diversity of carbon metabolism under different treatments. On the 10th day after treatment, the uses of single carbon sources and diversity of carbon metabolism in GN and G were significantly greater than those in S. The abilities to utilize amino acids, phenolic acids, carboxylic acid in GN were higher than those in G. Compared with S, bleeding rate of GN and G was increased by 27.27% and 14.84%, ratooning rice tiller and yield were increased by 102.50%-111.11%, 42.50%-44.44% and 91.41%-108.72%, 37.93%-40.94%, respectively. All these results indicated that dry-wet alternate irrigation or nitrogen application for ratooning bud development could improve rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and promote the uses of single carbon sources and diversity of carbon metabolism, which is conducive to increasing the effectiveness of nutrient, the formation of new roots and the axillary buds germination. The effects of dry-wet alternate irrigation coupling with fertilizer are the best for ratooning rice growth.
Keyword:Ratoon rice; Irrigation and fertilization treatments; Rhizosphere soil enzymes; Rhizosphere microorganisms Show Figures Show Figures
表1 再生季稻不同生育时期氮肥施用 Table 1 Nitrogen application at different growth stages in ratooning rice
处理 Treatment
施氮量 Nitrogen application (g pot-1)
头季割后3 d Three days after harvest of first cropping rice
割后14 d 14 days after harvest of first cropping rice
割后28 d 28 days after harvest of first cropping rice
干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理GN
1.6
0.7
0.7
干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理G
0
0.7
0.7
淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理S
0
0.7
0.7
GN: dry-wet alternate irrigation with nitrogen application for bud development; G: dry-wet alternate irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; S: flood irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development.
表1 再生季稻不同生育时期氮肥施用 Table 1 Nitrogen application at different growth stages in ratooning rice
图1 再生稻不同水肥调控下再生分蘖情况 GN: 干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理; G: 干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理; S: 淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理。Fig. 1 Tiller amounts of ratooning rice under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments GN: dry-wet alternate irrigation with nitrogen application for bud development; G: dry-wet alternate irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; S: flood irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development.
表2 不同水肥处理下再生季水稻盆栽产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Yield and its components of ratooning rice in pot experiment under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments
处理 Treatment
单穴穗数 Panicles per cavity
每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
产量 Yield (g)
2014
干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理GN
16.2 a
56 a
21.01 a
73.65 b
14.03 a
干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理G
11.4 b
58 a
20.89 a
73.22 b
10.11 b
淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理S
8.0 c
51 a
21.11 a
85.15 a
7.33 c
2015
干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理GN
19.0 a
63 a
20.63 a
75.59 b
18.66 a
干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理G
13.0 b
62 a
20.79 a
75.21 b
12.60 b
淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理S
9.0 c
56 a
20.54 a
86.39 a
8.94 c
Values followed by different small letters within the same column and year are significantly different at the 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列同年数据后标以不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。缩写同表1。
表2 不同水肥处理下再生季水稻盆栽产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Yield and its components of ratooning rice in pot experiment under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments
2.2 不同水肥处理对再生季稻根系伤流强度的影响根系伤流量的变化可以间接地反映水稻的根系活力情况。再生稻不同水肥处理之间的根系伤流量存在显著差异(表3), 与处理前相比, 3个处理的再生季根系伤流量均有所提高, 但提高幅度不同, 再生季水肥处理后10 d, GN处理的根系伤流量为116.72 g m-2 h-1, G处理的根系伤流量为105.34 g m-2 h-1, GN处理比G处理提高10.82%, GN处理和G处理分别比S处理(91.71 g m-2 h-1)提高27.27%和14.84%, 差异达显著水平, 表明再生季合理的水分管理或肥料措施均对根系特性有显著影响, 且水肥耦合促进再生季稻根系特性的效应较单一措施更为显著。 表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 不同水肥处理下再生季稻根系伤流强度的变化 Table 3 Bleeding rate of ratooning crop under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments (g m-2 h-1)
处理 Treatment
水肥处理前 BIFT
水肥处理后10 d AIFT
干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理GN
84.12 a
91.71 c
干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理G
84.12 a
105.32 b
淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理S
84.12 a
116.72 a
Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different at the 5% probability level. BIFT: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments. AIFT: 10 d after irrigation and fertilizer treatments. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后标以不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。其余缩写同表1。
表3 不同水肥处理下再生季稻根系伤流强度的变化 Table 3 Bleeding rate of ratooning crop under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments (g m-2 h-1)
图2 再生季水肥调控对根际土壤酶活性的影响 图柱上不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图1。Fig. 2 Effect of different irrigation and fertilizer treatments on rhizospheric soil enzyme activities in ratooning riceBars indexed with different small letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1.
图3 不同水肥调控对再生季水稻土壤Eh、pH值的影响 图柱上不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图1。Fig. 3 Effect of different irrigation and fertilizer treatments on rhizospheric soil Eh and pH values in ratooning rice Bars indexed with different small letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1.
图4 再生季水肥处理前后根际土壤所有碳源平均颜色(AWCD值)随时间的变化情况 GN10: 干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理后10 d; G10: 干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; S10: 淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; BIFT: 水肥处理前。Fig. 4 Average well colour development (AWCD) of rhizospheric soil before and after treating GN10: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation with nitrogen application for bud development; G10: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; S10: 10 d after flood irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development. BIFT: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments.
表4 再生季不同水肥运筹方式下根际土壤细菌群落多样性和均匀度指数分析 Table 4 Diversity and evenness analysis of rhizospheric soil bacterial communities under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments in ratooning rice
处理 Treatment
辛普森多样性指数 Simpson index (J)
香农-维纳多样性指数Shannon-Wiener index (H)
均匀度指数 Shannon evenness index (E)
GN
0.933 a
2.876 a
0.893 a
G
0.909 b
2.709 b
0.813 b
S
0.874 c
2.269 c
0.757 c
BIFT
0.863 c
2.260 c
0.755 c
Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different at the 5% probability level. BIFT: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后标以不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。BIFT: 水肥处理前, 其余缩写同表1。
表4 再生季不同水肥运筹方式下根际土壤细菌群落多样性和均匀度指数分析 Table 4 Diversity and evenness analysis of rhizospheric soil bacterial communities under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments in ratooning rice
图5 不同水肥处理下根际土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢利用 GN10: 干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥处理后10 d; G10: 干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; S10: 淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; BIFT: 水肥处理前。Fig. 5 Effect of different irrigation and fertilizer treatments on utilization of different sources of carbon in rhizospheric soil microbes GN10: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation with nitrogen application for bud development; G10: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; S10: 10 d after flood irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development. BIFT: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments.
图6 BIOLOG主成分分析图(A)和聚类分析图(B) (A) 1~3: GN处理; 4~6: G处理; 7~9: S处理; 10~12: 水肥处理前。(B) GN10.1, GN10.2, GN10.3: 干湿交替施用促苗肥处理后10 d; G10.1, G10.2, G10.3: 干湿交替不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; S10.1, S10.2, S10.3: 淹水不施用促苗肥处理后10 d; X1, X2, X3: 水肥处理前; A1~A31: 31种碳源。Fig. 6 Classification of treatments by principal component (A) and cluster (B) analysis with BIOLOG data (A) 1-3: GN treatment; 4-6: G treatment; 7-9: S treatment; 10-12: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments. (B) GN10.1, GN10.2, GN10.3: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation with nitrogen application for bud development; G10.1, G10.2, G10.3: 10 d after dry-wet alternate irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; S10.1, S10.2, S10.3: 10 d after flood irrigation without nitrogen application for bud development; X1, X2, X3: before irrigation and fertilizer treatments. A1-A31: thirty-one kinds of carbon sources.
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