摘要在陇东黄土旱塬覆盖黑垆土大田, 利用陇鉴301进行了连续10年的定位试验, 观测长期施用不同氮源有机肥(发酵有机肥、农家肥)或小麦秸秆还田各处理对冬小麦产量相关性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果显示, 小麦产量和水分利用效率年际间变化较大, 与降雨量有直接关系; 不同有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥处理对提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率具有明显作用。在干旱、平水和丰水年型, 较不施肥对照分别增产53.1%~103.7%、40.3%~79.3%和73.1%~94.8%, 较单施化肥对照分别增产6.6%~41.8%、7.0%~36.8%和-2.9%~9.3%。以发酵有机肥做替代物处理的产量和水分利用效率最高, 增产幅度最大, 10年平均产量较不施肥和单施化肥对照分别增加88.9%和25.4%, 水分利用效率和边际水分利用率也最高, 分别为10.8 kg mm-1 hm-2和1.03 kg m-3; 并且产量构成因素和植株生理指标也优于其他处理。因此, 发酵有机肥是陇东半湿润偏旱雨养农业区(年降水量约550 mm)冬小麦生产上替代部分含氮化肥的首选有机氮源。
关键词:黄土旱塬; 冬小麦连作; 定位施肥; 产量; 水分效率 Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Response to Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer from Different Nitrogen Resources Replacing Partial Chemical Nitrogen in Dry Land of Eastern Gansu Province ZHANG Jian-Jun*, FAN Ting-Lu, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, LI Shang-Zhong Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Water Utilization of Dry Land Farming, Lanzhou 730070, China
AbstractThe objective of this study was to find the possibility of organic fertilizers replacing partial chemical fertilizer continuous winter wheat cropping system through evaluating yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Using winter wheat variety “Longjian 301”, we carried out a ten-year field experiment in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu province with two controls (no-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) and three treatments of organic fertilizer (fermented organic fertilizer, farm manure, and wheat straw) replacing partial chemical fertilizer. The yield and water use efficacy of winter wheat varied greatly across years, with a direct effect of precipitation amount on them. Organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer had positive effects on winter wheat yield and WUE, and the yield-increased rates were 53.1%-103.7%, 40.3%-79.3%, and 73.1%-94.8% over the no-fertilizer control and 6.6%-41.8%, 7.0%-36.8%, and -2.9% to 9.3% compared with chemical fertilizer control in dry, normal and wet year, respectively. Among all treatments, the fermented organic fertilizer treatment showed the highest yield and WUE, as well as the largest yield-increased rate. In this treatment, the average yield of 10 years increased by 88.9% and 25.4% compared with no-fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer controls, respectively, and WUE and marginal water use efficiency were 10.8 kg mm-1 hm-2 and 1.03 kg m-3, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield components and plant physiological parameters in this treatment were also superior to those in other treatments. As a result, we suggest fermented organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer in the semi-humid rain-fed area of eastern Gansu province, where annual precipitation is around 550 mm.
Keyword:Dry Loess Pleatu; Continuous cropping winter wheat; Long-term fixed fertilization; Yield; Soil water efficiency Show Figures Show Figures
表1 试验年度的降水量及其类型划分 Table 1 Precipitations during the experiment and types of production years
生产年 Production year
生产年总降水量 Total precipitation (mm)
占生产年均降水量百分比 Percentage over the average total precipitation (%)
生育期降水量 Precipitation during wheat growth (mm)
占生育期年均降水量百分比 Percentage over the average precipitation during growth (%)
降水年型 Type of precipitation year
2005-2006
541.9
108.2
131.5
66.6
NY
2006-2007
483.0
96.4
177.2
89.8
NY
2007-2008
458.9
91.6
117.1
59.4
DY
2008-2009
301.9
60.3
156.1
79.1
DY
2009-2010
363.4
72.5
178.3
90.4
NY
2010-2011
476.1
95.0
143.5
72.7
NY
2011-2012
642.9
128.3
343.1
173.9
WY
2012-2013
488.4
97.5
184.0
93.3
NY
2013-2014
699.5
139.6
277.2
140.5
WY
2014-2015
552.9
110.4
265.3
134.5
WY
The average annual precipitation (from July to next June) over the 10 years was 500.9 mm and the average precipitation during wheat growth was 197.3 mm. Normal, dry and wet years were classified according to the percentage over the average total precipitation, i.e., precipitation variation within 10% for “ normal year” , less than 10% for “ dry year” , and more than 10% for “ wet year” [12]. NY: normal year; DY: dry year; WY: wet year. 试验期内10个生产年(7月至翌年的6月)的平均降水量为500.9 mm, 小麦生育期的平均降水量为197.3 mm。按生产年的平均降水量来划分降水年型, 增减10%以内为“ 平水” , 减少10%以上为“ 干旱” , 增加10%以上为“ 丰水” [13]。NY: 平水年; DY: 干旱年; WY: 丰水年。
表1 试验年度的降水量及其类型划分 Table 1 Precipitations during the experiment and types of production years
表2 不同处理无机和有机氮源种类及用量 Table 2 Chemical and organic fertilizer types and amounts used in different treatments (kg hm-2)
处理 Treatment
总氮 Total nitrogen
总磷 Total phosphorous
化肥 Chemical fertilizer
有机肥 Organic fertilizer
N
P2O5
T1
180
105
120.0
75.0
1200
T2
180
105
125.5
83.5
6000
T3
180
105
72.0
5.0
40000
CK2
180
105
180.0
105.0
0
CK1
0
0
0
0
0
The organic fertilizer were different in treatments. T1, T2, and T3 were fermented manure, wheat straw, and common manure, respectively. 不同处理施用的有机氮源种类不同, 分别是发酵有机肥(T1)、小麦秸秆(T2)和普通农家肥(T3)。
表2 不同处理无机和有机氮源种类及用量 Table 2 Chemical and organic fertilizer types and amounts used in different treatments (kg hm-2)
表7 不同处理冬小麦灌浆中后期的生理指标(2014) Table 7 Physiological parameters at middle to late filling stage of winter wheat in different treatments (2014)
处理 treatment
冠层温度 Canopy temperature (° C)
植被归一化指数 NDVI
光合速率 Pn (μ mol m-2 s-1)
气孔导度 Gs (mol m-2 s-1)
蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol m-2 s-1)
T1
25.6 a
0.72 a
7.2 a
0.068 a
2.5 a
T2
24.2 bc
0.42 b
6.4 a
0.053 ab
2.2 ab
T3
24.1 bc
0.66 a
6.5 a
0.063 a
2.4 a
CK2
25.0 ab
0.46 b
4.4 b
0.041 b
1.6 bc
CK1
23.6 c
0.38 b
4.4 b
0.039 b
1.5 c
In each year values marked with different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05. 同一年份中相同指标数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表7 不同处理冬小麦灌浆中后期的生理指标(2014) Table 7 Physiological parameters at middle to late filling stage of winter wheat in different treatments (2014)
2.6 不同施肥处理冬小麦产量与耗水量的变化关系不同降水年型各处理的产量与相应耗水量存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系(图1)。各处理的边际水分利用效率排序为T1 (1.03 kg m-3) > T3 (0.95 kg m-3) > CK2 (0.87 kg m-3) > T2 (0.85 kg m-3) > CK1 (0.59 kg m-3), T1较CK2和CK1分别高18.4%和74.6%, 说明T1在提高单位水分利用效率中的作用最明显。 图1 Fig. 1
鲁如坤, 刘鸿翔, 闻大中, 钦绳武, 郑剑英, 王周琼. 我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究: III. 全国和典型地区养分循环和平衡现状. , 1996, 27: 193-196Lu RK, Liu HX, Wen DZ, Qin SW, Zheng JY, Wang ZQ. Study on nutriment cycling and balance in agricultural eco-system in typical areas in China: III. Nutriment cycling and balance status of typical parts of the country. , 1996, 27: 193-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[3]
孙志梅, 武志杰, 陈利军, 刘永刚. 农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展. , 2006, 37: 782-786Sun ZM, Wu ZJ, Chen LJ, Liu YG. Research advances in nitrogen fertilization and its environmental effects. , 2006, 37: 782-786 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[4]
马文奇, 张福锁, 张卫锋. 关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业. , 2005, 27(3): 33-40Ma WQ, Zhang FS, Zhang WF. Fertilizer production and consumption and the resources, environment, food security and sustainable development in China. , 2005, 27(3): 33-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[5]
王激清, 马文奇, 张福锁, 江荣风. 养分资源综合管理与中国粮食安全. , 2008, 30: 415-422Wang JQ, Ma WQ, Zhang FS, Jiang RF. Integrated soil nutrients management and China’s food security. , 2008, 30: 415-422 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[6]
陈芳, 肖同建, 朱震, 杨兴明, 冉炜, 沈其荣. 生物有机肥对甜瓜根结线虫病的田间防治效果研究. , 2011, 17: 1262-1267ChenF, Xiao TJ, ZhuZ, Yang XM, RanW, Shen QR. Effect of bio-organic fertilizers on root-knot nematode of muskmelon in field. , 2011, 17: 1262-1267 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[7]
Morgan JA. Interaction of water supply and N in wheat. , 1984, 76: 112-117[本文引用:1]
[8]
张立新, 吕殿青, 王九军, 赵二龙, 徐福利, 李立科. 渭北旱塬不同水肥配比冬小麦根系效应的研究. , 1996, 14(4): 22-28Zhang LX, Lyu DQ, Wang JJ, Zhao EL, Xu FL, Li LK. Research on responses of winter wheat root system to different soil water and fertilizer application on Weibei rainfed highland . , 1996, 14(4): 22-28 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[9]
徐萌, 山仑. 不同水分条件下无机营养对春小麦水分状况和渗透调节的影响. , 1992, 34: 596-602XuM, ShanL. Effects of mineral nutrition on water status and osmotic adjustment in spring wheat under different moisture conditions. , 1992, 34: 596-602 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[10]
黄大明. 土壤养分循环及有机肥效率研究进展. , 1994, 25(7): 2-3Huang DM. Research advance of nutrient cycling and organic fertilizer use efficiency. , 1994, 25(7): 2-3 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[11]
沈善敏. 长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值. 植物营养与肥料学报, 1995, l: 1-9Shen S M. The scientific value of long-term soil fertility experiment. Plant Nutr Fert Sci #/magtechI #, 1995, l: 1-9 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
[12]
Halvorson AD, Reule CA, Peterson GA. Long-term N fertilization effects on soil organic C and N. , 1996, 54: 276-280[本文引用:1]
[13]
郝明德, 王旭刚, 党廷辉, 李丽霞, 高长青. 黄土高原旱地小麦多年定位施用化肥的产量效应分析. , 2004, 30: 1108-1112Hao MD, Wang XG, Dang TH, Li LX, Gao CQ. Analysis of long-term fertilization effect on yield of wheat in dry-land on Loess Plateau. , 2004, 30: 1108-1112 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[14]
Fan TL, Stewart BA, WangY, Luo JJ, Zhou GY. Long-term fertilization effects on grain yield, water-use efficiency and soil fertility in the dryland of Loess Plateau in China. , 2005, 106: 313-329[本文引用:2]
[15]
Yadav RL, Dwivedi BS, PrasadK, Tomar OK, Shurpali NJ, Pand ey PS. Yield trends and changes in soil organic-C and available NPK in a long-term rice-wheat system under integrated use of manures and fertilizers. , 2000, 68: 219-246[本文引用:1]
[16]
Manna MC, SwarupA, Wanjari RH, Ravankar HN, MishraB, Saha MN, Singh YV, Sahi DK, Sarap PA. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. , 2005, 93: 264-280[本文引用:1]
[17]
Wang XB, Wu HJ, DaiK, Zhang DC, Feng ZH, Zhao QS, Wu XP, JinK, Cai DX, OenemaO, W B Hoogmoed. Tillage and crop residue effects on rainfed wheat and maize production in northern China. , 2012, 132: 106-116[本文引用:1]
[18]
刘义国, 刘永红, 刘洪军, 商健, 于淙超, 林琪. 秸秆还田量对土壤理化性状及小麦产量的影响. , 2013, 29(3): 131-135Liu YG, Liu YH, Liu HJ, ShangJ, Yu ZC, LinQ. Effects of straw returning amount on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of wheat. , 2013, 29(3): 131-135 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[19]
张锋, 李鹏, 张凤云, 李新华, 孙明柱, 高国强. 玉米秸秆还田对不同类型小麦产量和品质的影响. , 2011, (3): 30-32ZhangF, LiP, Zhang FY, Li XH, Sun MZ, Gao GQ. Effects of corn stalk returning on yield and quality of different types of wheat. , 2011, (3): 30-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
KumarK, Goh KM. Nitrogen release from crop residues and organic amendments as affected by biochemical composition. , 2003, 34: 2441-2460[本文引用:1]
[22]
王志勇, 白由路, 杨俐苹, 卢艳丽, 王磊, 王贺. 低土壤肥力下施钾和秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响. , 2012, 18: 900-906Wang ZY, Bai YL, Yang LP, Lu YL, WangL, WangH. Effects of application of potassium fertilizer and straw returning on crop yields and soil potassium balance in low-yielding fields. , 2012, 18: 900-906 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[23]
WuJ, Guo XS, Wang YQ, Xu ZY, Zhang XL, Lu JW. Decomposition characteristics of rapeseed and wheat straw under different water regimes and straw incorporating models. , 2011, 9: 572-577[本文引用:1]
[24]
曹靖, 胡恒觉. 不同肥料组合对冬小麦水分供需状况的研究. , 2000, 11: 713-717CaoJ, Hu HJ. Effect of different fertilizer combinations on water supply-demand status of winter wheat. , 2000, 11: 713-717 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
[25]
Davidson EA, Verchot LV, Cattânio JH, Ackerman LL, Carvalho J E M. Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia. , 2000, 48: 53-69[本文引用:1]
[26]
陶磊, 褚贵新, 刘涛, 唐诚, 李俊华, 梁永超. 有机肥替代部分化肥对长期连作棉田产量、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响. , 2014, 34: 6137-6146TaoL, Chu GX, LiuT, TangC, Li JH, Liang YC. Impacts of organic organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer on cotton yield, soil microbial community and enzyme activities in mono-cropping system in drip irrigation condition. , 2014, 34: 6137-6146 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[27]
唐小明. 有机肥的保水培肥效果及对冬小麦产量的影响. , 2003, 10(1): 130-132Tang XM. Effects of manure on soil water-conversation and fertilizer betterment winter wheat yield in loess plateau dryland . , 2003, 10(1): 130-132 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
[28]
Wang BS, Sun NB, Jiang HC, Feng XY. Characters of bio-organic fertilizer and trails on its effect when applied to peach. , 2013, 14: 1132-1136[本文引用:1]
[29]
李凤民, 王静, 赵松林. 半干旱黄土高原集水旱地农业的发展. , 1999, 19: 259-264Li FM, WangJ, Zhao SL. The rainwater harvesting technology approach for dryland agriculture in semi-arid loess plateau of China. , 1999, 19: 259-264 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[30]
HatiK, SwarupA, DwivediA, MisraA, Band yopadhyayK. Changes in soil physical properties and organic carbon status at the topsoil horizon of a vertisol of central India after 28 years of continuous cropping, fertilization and manuring. , 2007, 119: 127-134[本文引用:1]
[31]
苏秦, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 李永平, 王俊鹏, 杨宝平. 宁南旱区有机培肥对土壤水分和作物生产力影响的研究. , 2009, 15: 1466-1469SuQ, Jia ZK, Han QF, Li YP, Wang JP, Yang BP. Effects of organic fertilization on soil moisture and crop productivity in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. , 2009, 15: 1466-1469 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[32]
李忠芳, 徐明岗, 张会民, 孙楠, 娄翼来. 长期施肥条件下我国南方双季稻产量的变化趋势. , 2013, 39: 943-949Li ZF, Xu MG, Zhang HM, SunN, Lou YL. Yield trends of double-cropping rice under long-term fertilizations in southern China. , 2013, 39: 943-949 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[33]
李秀英, 李燕婷, 赵秉强, 李小平, 王丽霞, 张振山. 褐潮土长期定位不同施肥制度土壤生产功能演化研究. , 2006, 32: 683-689Li XY, Li YT, Zhao BQ, Li XP, Wang LX, Zhang ZS. The dynamic of crop yield under different fertilization systems in drab fluvo-aquic soil. , 2006, 32: 683-689 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[34]
王晓娟, 贾志宽, 梁连友, 韩清芳, 杨保平, 丁瑞霞, 崔荣美, 卫婷. 旱地施有机肥对土壤水分和玉米经济效益影响. , 2012, 28(6): 144-149Wang XJ, Jia ZK, Liang LY, Han QF, Yang BP, Ding RX, Cui RM, WeiT. Effects of organic fertilizer application on soil moisture and economic returns of maize in dryland farming. , 2012, 28(6): 144-149 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]