摘要采用旱棚盆栽试验, 以郑单958为材料设置3个水分水平(正常水分W3、轻度水分胁迫W2、重度水分胁迫W1)和高氮N3 (施纯氮315 kg hm-2)、中氮N2 (施纯氮210 kg hm-2)、低氮N1 (施纯氮105 kg hm-2)、不施氮N0四个控释尿素施氮水平, 探讨控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响。结果表明, 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性具有显著影响。相同水分条件下, 夏玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加, W1条件下增产13.17%~20.96%, W2条件下增产13.93%~32.48%, W3条件下增产14.37%~21.83%。相同施氮水平下, 产量也随水分增加而增加, W2N3、W3N2和W3N3的产量在所有处理中较高。水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率的影响显著, W1条件下N3、N2和N1处理间差异不显著, 均显著高于N0, W2、W3各施氮处理的净光合速率随施氮量增加而增加, W3各处理的平均净光合速率高于其他2个水分处理, W2N3比W3N3和W3N2前期略低, 后期无显著差异。水氮耦合效应能有效减缓穗位叶的实际光化学效率 ΦPSII、叶片光化学猝灭系数 qP以及PSII反应中心的最大光能转换效率的下降速率, 提高光能利用率。控释尿素水氮耦合能有效提高夏玉米花后穗位叶净光合速率, 保证籽粒对营养物质的需求, 提高穗位叶实际和最大光化学效率, 从而提高夏玉米的产量, 产量构成因素中增加千粒重和穗粒数的优势较大。综合产量与光合特性、荧光特性的表现, 在田间持水量为75%±5%的土壤条件下, 控释尿素施氮量以纯氮210 kg hm-2为最佳; 在田间持水量为55%±5%的土壤条件下, 控释尿素施氮量以纯氮315 kg hm-2为宜。
关键词:夏玉米; 控释尿素; 水氮耦合; 产量; 光合特性 Effects of Coupling Controlled Release Urea with Water on Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Summer Maize LI Guang-Hao, ZHAO Bin*, DONG Shu-Ting*, LIU Peng, ZHANG Ji-Wang, HE Zai-Ju Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China
AbstractA experiment using Zhengdan 958 (a summer maize cultivar planted widely in China), with treatments of three water levels (normal water W3, mild water stress W2, severe water stress W1) and four amounts of controlled release urea nitrogen (N) (N3 was 315 kg ha-1, N2 was 210 kg ha-1, N1 was 105 kg ha-1 and N0 was no nitrogen) was carried out under the waterproof shed and potting conditions. The results showed there was significant influence of coupling water with controlled release urea on yield and photosynthetic characteristics in summer maize. Under the condition of same soil moisture, the yield showed a increasing trend with the amounts of N application increased. The yield increased by 13.17%-20.96% under severe water stress (W1), by 13.93%-32.48% under mild water stress (W2), and by 14.37%-21.83% under the condition of normal water (W3). Under the same amounts of N application, the yield was also improved with the increase of the soil moisture. The yields of W2N3, W3N2, and W3N3 were the highest among these treatments. The coupling effects of water and controlled release urea were significant on the photosynthetic rate in ear leaf. The photosynthetic rates of N3, N2, and N1 had no significant differences in W1, and were higher than these of N0 significantly. The photosynthetic rate of W2 and W3 treatments increased with the increase of N fertilizer application, the average photosynthetic rate in W3 was higher than that of W2 and W1, that of W2N3 was slightly lower than that of W3N3 and W3N2 at early flowering, and no significant difference in the late stage. The coupling effects of water and controlled release urea nitrogen could effectively improve the efficiency of light energy utilization and slow down the decline rates of the actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, coefficient of photochemical quenching ( qP) of leaf and PSII reaction center of light conversion. High photosynthetic rate, actual and maximal photochemical efficiency of ear leaf after flowering in summer maize ensured the nutrients needs of grain filling, thus increased the yield. Higher yield was obtained due to the significant increase of kernels per ear and thousand seed weight among yield components. Under this experimental condition, controlled release urea N application rate of 210 kg ha-1 was the best treatment as the soil moisture content was 75%±5% of field capacity. We suggested that coupling controlled release urea N application rate of 315 kg ha-1 with soil moisture content of 55%±5% of field capacity is optimum.
Keyword:Summer maize; Controlled release urea; Water and nitrogen coupling; Yield; Photosynthetic characteristics Show Figures Show Figures
表1 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on yield and yield components of summer maize
处理 Treatment
穗行数 Row number
行粒数 Kernels per row
穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)
穗长 Ear length (cm)
千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
穗粒数 Kernels per ear
单株产量 Yield per plant (g)
W1N0
15.5 cd
19.0 e
4.8 bc
11.8 d
277.7 c
294.5 g
76.9 f
W1N1
18.0 ab
21.0 de
4.7 cd
12.5 d
253.1 d
378.0 f
87.0 e
W1N2
19.0 a
22.5 d
4.9 b
13.2 c
244.3 e
427.5 e
88.4 e
W1N3
16.0 c
26.0 bc
4.6 d
15.0 b
254.8 d
416.0 e
93.0 de
W2N0
18.0 ab
23.5 cd
5.1 a
13.8 c
277.2 c
423.0 e
104.7 d
W2N1
18.0 ab
25.3 c
5.2 a
15.3 b
310.3 a
455.9 d
119.3 c
W2N2
18.0 ab
26.0 bc
5.1 a
15.0 b
314.8 a
468.0 cd
123.1 c
W2N3
18.4 a
30.5 b
5.2 a
15.0 b
294.8 b
561.2 a
138.7 ab
W3N0
16.0 c
30.0 b
4.9 b
15.8 b
291.6 b
480.0 c
118.8 c
W3N1
16.6 b
30.9 b
5.1 a
16.8 a
295.6 b
512.9 b
130.9 b
W3N2
16.8 b
34.3 a
5.2 a
17.9 a
315.5 a
576.7 a
144.7 a
W3N3
16.0 c
35.0 a
5.1 a
17.5 a
321.7 a
560.0 a
144.0 a
W1: severe water stress; W2: mild water stress; W3: normal water condition; N0: no nitrogen; N1: N application of 105 kg hm-2; N2: N application of 210 kg hm-2; N3: N application of 315 kg hm-2. Data in the table are the mean of two years. Means followed by a different letter within columns are significantly different at P< 0.05. W1: 重度水分胁迫; W2: 轻度水分胁迫; W3: 正常水分条件; N0: 施纯氮0 kg hm-2; N1: 施纯氮105 kg hm-2; N2: 施纯氮210 kg hm-2; N3: 施纯氮315 kg hm-2。表中数据为2012和2013两年平均值, 不同字母表示差异达到显著水平。
表1 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on yield and yield components of summer maize
表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量影响显著性检验 Table 2 Significant analysis of effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on yield of summer maize
变异来源 Variation source
平方和 SS
自由度 df
均方 MS
F值 F-value
显著水平 Significance level
区组 Block
22.565
3
7.522
2.950*
0.04694
水分 Water
19939.732
2
9969.866
101.640* *
0.00002
氮肥 Nitrogen
4125.286
3
1375.095
14.019* *
0.00405
氮肥× 水分 Nitrogen × water
588.539
6
98.090
38.473* *
0.00000
误差 Error
84.135
33
2.550
* and * * indicate significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively. * 和* * 分别代表在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。
表2 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量影响显著性检验 Table 2 Significant analysis of effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on yield of summer maize
图1 夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率变化缩写同表1。Fig. 1 Changes of photosynthetic rate in summer maize ear leafAbbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率Pn影响的显著性检验(F值) Table 3 Significant analysis of effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on photosynthetic rate in summer maize ear leaf
变异来源 Variation source
开花后天数Days after anthesis
0 d
15 d
30 d
45 d
水分 Water
268.4530* *
155.1959* *
75.7914* *
30.9388* *
氮肥 Nitrogen
30.1188* *
13.0741* *
8.5914*
2.6310*
氮肥× 水分 Nitrogen × water
13.4980* *
47.5732* *
130.9926* *
83.1024* *
* and * * indicate significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively. * 和* * 分别代表在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。
表3 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率Pn影响的显著性检验(F值) Table 3 Significant analysis of effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on photosynthetic rate in summer maize ear leaf
表4 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶气孔导度Gs的影响 Table 4 Effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on Gs in summer maize ear leaf (mmol m-2 s-1)
处理 Treatment
开花后天数 Days after anthesis
平均 Average
0 d
15 d
30 d
45 d
W1N0
115.8 e
86.7 g
66.7 h
32.5 f
75.4 f
W1N1
120.4 de
98.5 ef
84.3 f
43.2 e
86.6 e
W1N2
123.3 d
93.3 f
77.5 g
42.0 e
84.0 e
W1N3
126.0 d
102.0 e
88.0 f
45.0 e
90.3 e
W2N0
136.0 cd
128.8 d
116.7 e
63.0 d
111.1 d
W2N1
140.2 c
132.3 cd
125.7 d
75.0 c
118.3 c
W2N2
157.0 b
147.0 c
136.3 c
83.5 b
131.0 bc
W2N3
164.3 b
159.3 b
145.7 b
89.0 b
139.6 b
W3N0
143.0 c
140.0 c
139.1 c
84.0 b
126.5 c
W3N1
162.0 b
157.0 b
151.0 b
94.8 ab
141.2 b
W3N2
193.5 a
182.7 a
169.0 a
99.5 a
161.2 a
W3N3
195.7 a
178.3 a
165.0 a
98.0 a
159.3 a
Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. Data in the table are the mean of two years. Means followed by a different letter within columns are significantly different at P< 0.05. 缩写同表1。表中数据为2年平均值, 不同字母表示差异达到显著水平。
表4 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶气孔导度Gs的影响 Table 4 Effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on Gs in summer maize ear leaf (mmol m-2 s-1)
图2 夏玉米开花后穗位叶叶绿素含量的变化缩写同表1。Fig. 2 Changes of chlorophyll content in summer maize ear leaf after anthesisAbbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
图3 控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米花后叶面积指数的影响缩写同表1。Fig. 3 Effects of coupling controlled release urea with water on leaf area index after anthesis of summer maizeAbbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.
4 结论控释尿素与水分在提高夏玉米的光合特性方面具有显著的耦合效应, 水分为主效应, 控释尿素为次效应, 合理的水氮运筹能够有效提高夏玉米穗位叶的叶绿素含量, 增强花后穗位叶的光合和荧光特性, 促进光合产物向籽粒的运转与分配, 进而提高产量, 特别是能提高产量构成因素中的千粒重和穗粒数。控释尿素施纯氮210 kg hm-2和田间持水量为75%± 5%的条件下耦合效应最佳, 在田间持水量为55%± 5%条件下, 控释尿素施纯氮以315 kg hm-2为宜。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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