关键词:栽培技术; 小麦; 根系活力; 根系垂直分布; 产量 Regulative Effect of Optimized Cultivation Practice to the Root Vertical Distribution and Activity in Winter Wheat LI Hua-Wei1,2, SI Ji-Sheng1,2, XU Yue2,3, LI Sheng-Dong1,2, WU Jian-Jun1, WANG Fa-Hong1,2,* 1 Shandong Luyan Seed Co., Ltd, Jinan 250100, China
2 Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
3 College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
AbstractTo find out the cultivation practices, optimizing the construction of winter wheat root system, promoting root function, and enhancing the final grain yield, in the growing seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, we compared the root vertical distribution and activity in 0-90 cm soil layers, as well as grain yield and its components of winter wheat cultivar Luyuan 502, with three treatments of cultivate techniques, viz., plow tillage-surface fertilization (PT-SF), rotary tillage-surface fertilization (RT-SF) and seedling belt rotary tillage-subsoiling-deep fertilization in different soil layers (SRT-SS-DF). Compared to PT-SF and RT-SF, SRT-SS-DF significantly increased thousand-kernel weight and spike number per hectare, resulting in 3.96-13.29% increase of grain yield. Root growth was stimulated in SRT-SS-DF treatment. For example, the root length density and dry weight density in 15-60 cm soil layer and total root surface area and active absorption area in 30-75 cm soil layer were significantly higher in SRT-SS-DF than in other treatments after jointing stage, especially in the fertilized soil layer (15-30 cm). At 20 days after anthesis (DAA), the total absorbing surface area and the active absorbing area of root in SRT-SS-DF were 66.3% and 56.5% higher than those in PT-SF and 75.9% and 59.8% higher than those in RT-SF, respectively. Besides, SRT-SS-DF alleviated the decline of root activity at late grain filling stage. From anthesis stage to 20 DAA, the reduction of root activity in 15-30 soil layer was 28.5% and 14.9% lower in SRT-SS-DF than in RT-SF and PT-SF, respectively. At 20 DAA, low root MDA content and high SOD activity in 15-90 cm soil layer were observed in SRT-SS-DF. Especially, the SOD activity in 15-30 cm soil layer in SRT-SS-DF was 20.6% and 10.9% higher than those in RP-SF and PR-SF, respectively. The root activity and the ratio of root dry weight (root dry weight in different soil layers/total root dry weight in 0-90 cm soil layer) in 15-90 cm had a significant positive correlation with final grain yield. Our results suggest that optimizing integrated practices of seedling belt rotary tillage, seedling belt subsoiling and deep fertilization could be able to extend the root distribution in deep soil and increase the root activity, especially in fertilized soil layer, resulting in higher grain yield.
Keyword:Cultivation technique; Wheat; Root activity; Root vertical distribution; Yield Show Figures Show Figures
表1 不同处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on yield and yield components of winter wheat
处理 Treatment
穗数 Spike number (104 hm-2)
穗粒数 Kernel number per spike
千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
籽粒产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
生物量 Biomass (kg hm-2)
收获指数 HI
2012-2013
SRT-SS-DF
667.4 a
32.2 a
39.2 a
7395 a
21068 a
0.351 a
PT-SF
648.4 b
31.6 a
38.5 b
6840 b
20116 b
0.340 b
RT-SF
617.7 c
31.8 a
38.1 b
6531 c
19614 c
0.333 c
2013-2014
SRT-SS-DF
655.6 a
36.1 a
45.6 a
9570 a
25250 a
0.379 a
PT-SF
638.4 b
36.4 a
44.2 b
9205 b
24745 b
0.372 b
RT-SF
603.8 c
36.7 a
44.3 b
8721 c
23573 c
0.370 b
F值 F-value
处理 Treatment (T)
2012-2013
9.21*
0.04
3.72
37.35* *
85.85* *
12.45*
2013-2014
28.47* *
0.02
11.81*
52.42* *
12.56*
8.93*
年份 Year (Y)
5.29*
9.03*
962.33* *
944.17* *
464.01* *
428.98* *
Y × T
0.04
0.04
1.12
0.70
0.99
2.78
Trait data are the means of three replicates, and different letters afterwards indicate significant difference among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and * * after an F-value indicate significance at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. SRT-SS-DF: Seedling belt rotary tillage-subsoiling-deep fertilization in different soil layers; PT-SF: Plow tillage-surface fertilization; RT-SF: rotary tillage-surface fertilization; HI: Harvest index. 性状数据为3个小区的平均值, 数据后不同字母表示同一年度中不同处理间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。F值后* 和* * 分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著。SRT-SS-DF: 苗带旋耕-间隔深松-分层深施肥; PT-SF: 深翻-基肥撒施; RT-SF: 旋耕-基肥撒施; HI: 收获指数。
表1 不同处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on yield and yield components of winter wheat
表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 不同处理对冬小麦主要生育期根干重密度垂直分布的影响 Table 2 Effect of different treatments on vertical distribution of dry root weight density at major growth stages of winter wheat (× 104 g cm-3)
生育期 Growth stage
处理 Treatment
土层 Soil layer
0-15 cm
15-30 cm
30-45 cm
45-60 cm
60-75 cm
75-90 cm
2012-2013
拔节期 Jointing
SRT-SS-DF
5.22 b
1.32 a
0.95 a
0.54 a
0.29 a
0.12 a
RT-SF
5.34 a
0.88 b
0.64 c
0.36 c
0.12 b
0.12 a
PT-SF
4.83 c
1.16 a
0.75 b
0.45 b
0.18 b
0.10 a
开花期 Anthesis
SRT-SS-DF
8.67 b
2.39 a
1.08 a
0.77 a
0.45 a
0.20 a
RT-SF
8.89 a
1.28 c
0.66 c
0.52 c
0.29 b
0.11 a
PT-SF
7.95 c
1.85 b
0.79 b
0.63 b
0.36 ab
0.16 a
花后20 d 20 days after anthesis
SRT-SS-DF
6.96 a
2.79 a
1.28 a
0.96 a
0.77 a
0.28 a
RT-SF
6.79 a
1.62 c
0.72 c
0.59 c
0.32 b
0.11 b
PT-SF
6.34 b
2.45 b
0.83 b
0.65 b
0.44 b
0.17 b
2013-2014
拔节期 Jointing
SRT-SS-DF
5.97 b
1.66 a
1.12 a
0.61 a
0.31 a
0.14 a
RT-SF
6.18 a
1.07 b
0.72 c
0.33 c
0.12 b
0.15 a
PT-SF
5.49 c
1.63 a
0.81 b
0.41 b
0.13 b
0.13 a
开花期 Anthesis
SRT-SS-DF
8.88 ab
3.27 a
1.59 a
0.82 a
0.48 a
0.21 a
RT-SF
9.04 a
2.06 c
0.82 c
0.58 b
0.33 b
0.19 a
PT-SF
8.59 b
2.64 b
0.97 b
0.79 a
0.42 a
0.18 a
花后20 d 20 days after anthesis
SRT-SS-DF
8.11 a
3.09 a
1.55 a
1.11 a
0.73 a
0.22 a
RT-SF
8.09 a
1.62 c
0.88 c
0.64 c
0.35 b
0.16 b
PT-SF
7.87 b
2.77 b
1.09 b
0.71 b
0.41 ab
0.16 b
Data are the means of three replicates, and different letters afterwards indicate significant difference among treatments within the same stage (P < 0.05). Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 数据为3个小区的平均值, 数据后不同字母表示同一生育期处理间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。缩写同表1。
表2 不同处理对冬小麦主要生育期根干重密度垂直分布的影响 Table 2 Effect of different treatments on vertical distribution of dry root weight density at major growth stages of winter wheat (× 104 g cm-3)
表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 不同处理对冬小麦根长密度垂直分布的影响 Table 3 Effect of different treatments on the root length density vertical distribution in different growing stage (cm cm-3)
生育期 Growth stage
处理 Treatment
土层 Soil layer
0-15 cm
15-30 cm
30-45 cm
45-60 cm
60-75 cm
75-90 cm
2012-2013
拔节期 Jointing
SRT-SS-DT
3.49 a
1.29 a
0.49 a
0.13 a
0.02 a
0.01 a
RT-SF
3.45 a
1.03 b
0.22 c
0.05 c
0.02 a
0.01 a
PT-SF
3.21 b
1.18 a
0.31 b
0.08 b
0.02 a
0.01 a
开花期 Anthesis
SRT-SS-DT
6.20 a
2.11 a
0.92 a
0.41 a
0.21 a
0.09 a
RT-SF
6.18 a
1.32 b
0.34 c
0.20 c
0.14 b
0.03 b
PT-SF
5.59 b
2.01 a
0.52 b
0.34 b
0.17 b
0.04 b
花后20 d 20 days after anthesis
SRT-SS-DT
4.78 a
2.85 a
1.92 a
0.84 a
0.39 a
0.13 a
RT-SF
4.73 a
1.86 b
0.93 c
0.45 c
0.26 b
0.15 a
PT-SF
4.29 b
2.74 a
1.12 b
0.72 b
0.32 ab
0.16 a
2013-2014
拔节期 Jointing
RT-SS-DT
4.22 b
1.89 a
0.55 a
0.21 a
0.03 a
0.11 a
RT-SF
4.41 a
1.61 b
0.28 c
0.09 c
0.02 a
0.03 a
PT-SF
4.07 c
1.87 a
0.42 b
0.13 b
0.02 a
0.04 a
开花期 Anthesis
RT-SS-DT
6.41 ab
2.39 a
1.09 a
0.45 a
0.19 a
0.07 a
RT-SF
6.58 a
1.73 b
0.49 c
0.27 c
0.11 b
0.04 b
PT-SF
6.16 b
2.22 a
0.67 b
0.36 b
0.17 a
0.04 b
花后20 d 20 days after anthesis
RT-SS-DT
5.33 a
2.59 a
2.11 a
0.95 a
0.36 a
0.18 a
RT-SF
5.21 a
1.81 b
0.99 c
0.51 c
0.19 b
0.11 a
PT-SF
5.09 b
2.44 a
1.76 b
0.79 b
0.21 b
0.17 a
Data are the means of three replicates, and different letters afterwards indicate significant difference among treatments within the same stage (P < 0.05). Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 数据为3个小区的平均值, 数据后不同字母表示同一生育期处理间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。缩写同表1。
表3 不同处理对冬小麦根长密度垂直分布的影响 Table 3 Effect of different treatments on the root length density vertical distribution in different growing stage (cm cm-3)
图1 不同处理对冬小麦根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收表面积垂直分布的影响(2012-2013)Fig. 1 Effect of different treatments on the root total absorbing surface and active absorbing surface (2012-2013)
图3 不同处理对花后20 d根系SOD活性(A)和MDA含量(B)的影响(2012-2013)Fig. 3 Effect of different treatments on SOD activity (A) and MDA content (B) in roots at 20 DAA (2012-2013)
表4 冬小麦花后20 d不同土层根系特性与籽粒产量的相关性系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficient between root traits in different soil layers and grain yield at 20 days after anthesis of winter wheat
根系特性 Root trait
土层 Soil layer
0-15 cm
15-30 cm
30-45 cm
45-60 cm
60-75 cm
75-90 cm
根系干重Root dry weight
0.485
0.794*
0.881* *
0.861* *
0.823* *
0.859* *
根重占比 Radio of root dry weight
-0.923* *
0.661
0.816* *
0.949* *
0.951* *
0.918* *
根系活力Root activity
0.425
0.912* *
0.912* *
0.951* *
0.969*
0.972* * *
* , * * , and * * * indicate significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively. * 、* * 和* * * 分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平显著。
表4 冬小麦花后20 d不同土层根系特性与籽粒产量的相关性系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficient between root traits in different soil layers and grain yield at 20 days after anthesis of winter wheat
王化岑, 刘万代, 王晨阳. 超高产小麦根系生长规律与垂直分布状态研究. , 2002, 18(2): 6-7Wang HC, Liu WD, Wang CY. The growing regulation and vertival distribution of super-high yeilding wheat. , 2002, 18(2): 6-7 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[2]
汪晓丽, 陶玥玥, 盛海君, 封克. 硝态氮供应对小麦根系形态发育和氮吸收动力学的影响. , 2010, 30: 129-134Wang XL, Tao YY, Sheng HJ, FengK. Effects of nitrate supply on morphology development and nitrate uptake kinetics of wheat roots. , 2010, 30: 129-134 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 1.007]
[3]
王法宏, 王旭清, 李松坚, 边麦玲, 于振文, 余松烈. 高产小麦生育后期不同层次土壤中根系活性的研究. , 2001, 27: 891-895Wang FH, Wang XQ, Li SQ, Bian ML, Yu ZW, Yu SL. Studies on the root activities in different layers of soil of high yielding wheat at the late growth period. , 2001, 27: 891-895 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.667]
[4]
王法宏, 王旭清, 李松坚, 于振文, 余松烈. 小麦根系扩展深度对旗叶衰老及光合产物分配的影响. , 2003, 23(1): 53-57Wang FH, Wang XQ, Li SJ, Yu ZW, Yu SL. Effect of vertical distribution of root on senescence of flag leaf and partition of dry matter in high yielding winter wheat. , 2003, 23(1): 53-57 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:6][CJCR: 1.007]
[5]
王月福, 于振文, 李尚霞, 余松烈. 土壤肥力和施氮量对小麦根系氮同化及子粒蛋白质含量的影响. , 2003, 9: 39-44Wang YF, Yu ZW, Li SX, Yu SL. Effects of nitrogen rates and soil fertility levels on root nitrogen absorption and assimilation and grain protein content of winter wheat. , 2003, 9: 39-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:3][CJCR: 1.883]
[6]
苗果园, 高志强, 张云亭, 尹钧, 张爱良. 水肥对小麦根系整体影响及其与地上部相关的研究. , 2002, 28: 445-450Miao GY, Gao ZQ, Zhang YT, YinJ, Zhang AL. Effect of water and fertilizer to root system and its correlation with tops in wheat. , 2002, 28: 445-450 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 1.667]
[7]
冯福学, 黄高宝, 柴强, 于爱忠, 乔海军, 黄涛. 不同耕作措施对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响. , 2009, 29: 2499-2506Feng FX, Huang GB, ChaiQ, Yu AZ, Qiao HJ, HuangL. Effects of different tillage on spatiotemporal distribution of winter wheat root and yield. , 2009, 29: 2499-2506 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:4]
[8]
李国清, 石岩. 深松和翻耕对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响. , 2012, 32: 500-502Li GQ, ShiY. Effect of subsoiling tillage and ploughing tillage on the root senescence after anthesis and yeild of wheat in dry land . , 2012, 32: 500-502 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:4][CJCR: 1.007]
[9]
GajriP, PriharS, CheemaH, KapoorA. Irrigation and tillage effects on root development, water use and yield of wheat on coarse textured soils. , 1991, 12: 161-168[本文引用:4][JCR: 2.289]
[10]
LampurlanésJ, Cantero-MartínezC. Soil bulk density and penetration resistance under different tillage and crop management systems and their relationship with barley root growth. , 2003, 95: 526-536[本文引用:6][JCR: 1.518]
[11]
EllisF, ElliottJ, BarnesB, HowseK. Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals. , 1977, 89: 631-643[本文引用:3][JCR: 2.041]
[12]
BennieA, BothaF. Effect of deep tillage and controlled traffic on root growth, water-use efficiency and yield of irrigated maize and wheat. , 1986, 7: 85-95[本文引用:5][JCR: 2.367]
[13]
Munoz-RomeroV, Benítez-VegaJ, López-BellidoL, López- Bellido R J. Monitoring wheat root development in a rainfed vertisol: tillage effect. , 2010, 33: 182-187[本文引用:4][JCR: 2.8]
[14]
王法宏, 王旭清, 任德昌, 于振文, 余松烈. 土壤深松对小麦根系活性的垂直分布及旗叶衰老的影响. , 2003, 17: 56-61Wang FH, Wang XQ, Ren DC, Yu ZW, Yu SL, Effect of soil deep tillage on root activity and vertival distribution. , 2003, 17: 56-61 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:4]
[15]
Herrera JM, NoulasC, FeilB, StampP, LiedgensM. Nitrogen and genotype effects on root growth and root survivorship of spring wheat. , 2013, 176: 561-571[本文引用:2]
[16]
WangY, HuW, ZhangX, LiL, KangG, FengW, ZhuY, WangC, GuoT. Effects of cultivation techniques on winter wheat root growth parameters and grain yield. , 2014, 156: 208-218[本文引用:2][JCR: 2.474]
[17]
耿伟, 薛绪掌, 王志敏. 肥料分层深施对旱作冬小麦光合生理特性及产量的影响. , 2006, 26(3): 166-168GengW, Xue XZ, Wang ZM. Effects of deep fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat. , 2006, 26(3): 166-168 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:5][CJCR: 1.007]
[18]
石岩, 位东斌, 于振文, 余松烈. 施肥深度对旱地小麦氮素利用及产量的影响. , 2001, 15: 180-183ShiY, Wei DB, Yu ZW, Yu SL. Effects of fertilizer applicaiton depth on nitrogen utilization and yield in dry land wheat. , 2001, 15: 180-183 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:6]
[19]
石岩, 位东斌, 于振文, 余松烈. 施肥深度对旱地小麦花后根系衰老的影响. , 2001, 12: 573-575ShiY, Wei DB, Yu ZW, Yu SL. Influence of fertilization depth on root system senescence of upland wheat after anthesis. , 2001, 12: 573-575 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:6][CJCR: 1.742]
[20]
李华伟, 司纪升, 徐月, 张宾, 吴建军, 尹庆良, 王法宏. 耕层优化双行匀播对小麦产量及叶片光合特性的影响. , 2014, 34: 802-807Li HW, Si JS, XuY, ZhangB, Wu JJ, Yin QL, Wang FH. Effect of double row sowing-topsoil modification technology on the yield, leaf photosynthetic character of winter wheat. , 2014, 34: 802-807 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:3][CJCR: 1.007]
[21]
Bolinder MA, Angers DA, Dubuc JP. Estimating shoot to root ratios and annual carbon inputs in soils for cereal crops. Agric, , 1997, 63: 61-66[本文引用:2][JCR: 2.859]
[22]
邹琦. 植物生理生化实验指导. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1995ZouQ. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1995 (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[23]
李儒, 崔荣美, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 路文涛, 侯贤清. 不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响. , 2011, 44: 3312-3322LiR, Cui RM, Jia ZK, Han QF, Lu WT, Hou XQ. Effects of different furrow-ridge mulching ways on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat. , 2011, 44: 3312-3322 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.667]
[24]
TanW, LiuJ, DaiT, JingQ, CaoW, JiangD. Alterations in photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity in winter wheat subjected to post-anthesis water-logging. , 2008, 46: 21-27[本文引用:3][JCR: 0.862]
[25]
魏道智, 宁书菊, 林文雄. 小麦根系活力变化与叶片衰老的研究. , 2004, 15: 1565-1569Wei DZ, Ning SJ, Lin WQ. Relationship between wheat root activity and leaf senescence. , 2004, 15: 1565-1569 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 1.742]
[26]
QinR, StampP, RichnerW. Impact of tillage on root systems of winter wheat. , 2004, 96: 1523-1530[本文引用:1][JCR: 1.518]
[27]
李华伟, 徐月, 司纪升, 马汇泉, 吴建军, 王法宏. 不同耕作方式对麦田土壤理化特性的影响, , 2014, 34: 1406-1412Li HW, XuY, Si JS, Ma HQ, Wu JJ, Wang FH. Influence of double row sowing- topsoil modification technology on soil physical and chemical properties. , 2014, 34: 1406-1412 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:5][CJCR: 1.007]
[28]
JakobsenB, DexterA. Effect of soil structure on wheat root growth, water uptake and grain yield: a computer simulation model. , 1987, 10: 331-345[本文引用:1][JCR: 2.367]
[29]
Unger PW, Jones OR. Long-term tillage and cropping systems affect bulk density and penetration resistance of soil cropped to dryland wheat and grain sorghum. , 1998, 45: 39-57[本文引用:1][JCR: 2.367]
[30]
TennantD. Root growth of wheat: I. Early patterns of multiplication and extension of wheat roots including effects of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. , 1976, 27: 183-196[本文引用:1][JCR: 1.328]
[31]
BinghamI, BlackwoodJ, StevensonE. Site, scale and time-course for adjustments in lateral root initiation in wheat following changes in C and N supply. , 1997, 80: 97-106[本文引用:2][JCR: 0.657]
[32]
CampbellB, GrimeJ, MackeyJ, JaliliA. The quest for a mechanistic understand ing of resource competition in plant communities: the role of experiments. , 1991, 5: 241-253[本文引用:1][JCR: 4.861]
[33]
BarracloughP, LeighR. The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: the effect of sowing date and soil type on root growth of high-yielding crops. , 1984, 103: 59-74[本文引用:2][JCR: 2.041]
[34]
WangC, LiuW, LiQ, MaD, LuH, FengW, XieY, ZhuY, GuoT. Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen regimes on root growth and its correlation with above-ground plant parts in high-yielding wheat under field conditions. , 2014, 165: 138-149[本文引用:1][JCR: 2.474]
[35]
姜东, 于振文, 苏波, 许玉敏, 余松烈. 不同施氮时期对冬小麦根系衰老的影响. , 1997, 23: 181-190JiangD, Yu ZW, SuB, Xu YM, Yu SL. Effect of different application stage of nitrogen on root senescence in winter wheat. , 1997, 23: 181-190 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 1.667]