关键词:小麦; 品种改良; 根系形态; 籽粒产量; 氮肥响应 Genetic Improvement of Root Growth and Its Relationship with Grain Yield of Wheat Cultivars in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River TIAN Zhong-Wei, FAN Yong-Hui, YIN Mei, WANG Fang-Rui, CAI Jian, JIANG Dong, DAI Ting-Bo* Agronomy College of Nanjing Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
AbstractExploring the characteristics of root growth, root physiology and their relationships to grain yield in wheat cultivars released in different decades will facilitate the development of new wheat cultivars, with stable and high yields and low nitrogen fertilizer input. Four wheat cultivars Nanda 2419, Yangmai 1, Yangmai 158, and Yangmai 16, which were bred or widely planted in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Basin after 1950, were used in field and pot experiments in 2010-2011 with three nitrogen rates (pure N 0, 225, and 300 kg ha-1). The results showed that, grain yield was improved with the genetic improvement in wheat breeding and the sensitivity of modern cultivars to N was greater as compared with early released cultivars. The root dry matter accumulation (DMA) and growth rate from jointing to anthesis of modern cultivars were higher than these of early released cultivars. The root length, root surface area, root volume and density of root weight in 0-60 cm soil layer were enhanced with the genetic improvement in wheat breeding, while no change was found in proportion of root distribution. The root activity, MDA concentration and SOD activity in modern cultivars were improved significantly. Higher N application increased root growth and physiological performance, with larger effects in modern cultivars, indicating that the response to N and high-N tolerance were promoted with genetic improvement in wheat breeding. In addition, these were significantly positive relations of grain yield with total root length, root surface area, root biomass and density of root weight in 0-60 cm soil layer. Therefore, higher contact area of the roots with soil and high-N adaptability, enhanced root physiological activity and N assimilation capacity, and delayed senescence of root system should be the important characteristics in cultivar evolution in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River, which are the main purpose getting in high-yield and high efficiency cultivation in this region.
Keyword:Wheat; Genetic improvement; Root morphology; Grain yield; Nitrogen response Show Figures Show Figures
表1 盆栽试验3种施氮水平下不同年代小麦品种单株根系生物量(RB)、生长速率(RGR)和根冠比(RSR) Table 1 Root biomass (RB), growth rate (RGR), root-shoot ratio (RSR) of a single plant under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
品种 Cultivar
播种至拔节 Sowing to jointing
拔节至开花 Jointing to anthesis
根冠比 RSR
生物量 RB (g plant-1)
生长速率 RGR (mg plant-1 d-1)
生物量 RB (g plant-1)
生长速率 RGR (mg plant-1 d-1)
孕穗期 Booting
开花期 Anthesis
N0
南大2419 Nanda 2419
0.89 a
0.65 a
0.39 b
1.31 b
0.77 a
0.51 b
扬麦1号 Yangmai 1
0.84 a
0.62 a
0.74 a
2.47 a
0.70 a
0.61 a
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
0.70 b
0.52 b
0.91 a
3.04 a
0.68 a
0.64 a
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
0.67 b
0.50 b
0.82 a
2.74 a
0.55 b
0.44 b
N225
南大2419 Nanda 2419
1.20 a
0.88 a
0.83 b
2.76 b
0.42 ab
0.37 a
扬麦1号 Yangmai 1
1.06 b
0.78 b
1.11 a
3.71 a
0.44 a
0.35 a
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
1.17 ab
0.86 ab
1.26 a
4.19 a
0.31 b
0.40 a
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
1.21 a
0.89 a
1.26 a
4.20 a
0.36 b
0.43 a
N300
南大2419 Nanda 2419
1.32 c
0.97 c
0.64 b
2.13 b
0.26 b
0.29 b
扬麦1号 Yangmai 1
1.27 c
0.93 c
0.92 a
3.05 a
0.43 a
0.38 ab
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
1.68 a
1.24 a
0.74 b
2.46 b
0.35 a
0.36 ab
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
1.47 b
1.08 b
1.07 a
3.56 a
0.41 a
0.40 a
Values for the same N level within a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P< 0.05. 各列数据后不同字母表示同一施氮水平下品种间差异在P< 0.05水平显著。
表1 盆栽试验3种施氮水平下不同年代小麦品种单株根系生物量(RB)、生长速率(RGR)和根冠比(RSR) Table 1 Root biomass (RB), growth rate (RGR), root-shoot ratio (RSR) of a single plant under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
表2 盆栽试验3种氮肥水平下不同年代小麦品种单株总根长(RL)、根表面积(RSA)和根体积(RV) Table 2 Root length (RL), surface area (RSA), and volume (RV) of a single plant under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
品种 Cultivar
拔节期 Jointing
孕穗期 Booting
开花期 Anthesis
RL (m)
RSA (cm2)
RV (cm3)
RL (m)
RSA (cm2)
RV (cm3)
RL (m)
RSA (cm2)
RV (cm3)
N0
南大2419 Nanda 2419
19.18 c
222.42 d
2.05 d
45.49 c
478.74 c
4.01 c
79.30 c
833.78 c
6.98 c
扬麦1号 Yangmai 1
30.04 b
316.49 c
2.65 c
48.17 c
506.89 c
4.24 c
77.82 c
818.27 c
6.85 c
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
44.51 a
468.47 a
3.92 a
77.31 b
812.94 b
6.80 b
83.08 b
873.50 b
7.31 b
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
36.93 a
388.83 b
3.26 b
84.10 a
884.20 a
7.40 a
93.55 a
983.47 a
8.23 a
N225
南大2419 Nanda 2419
45.61 c
479.97 c
4.02 c
80.28 d
844.14 d
7.06 d
121.26 c
1274.51 c
10.66 c
扬麦1号Yangmai 1
60.08 a
631.99 a
5.29 a
86.91 c
913.77 c
7.64 c
128.30 b
1348.38 b
11.28 b
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
56.43 ab
593.68 ab
4.97 ab
133.78 b
1405.92 b
11.76 b
190.99 a
2006.78 a
16.78 a
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
53.00 b
556.24 b
4.64 b
160.05 a
1681.84 a
14.06 a
192.25 a
2020.05 a
16.89 a
N300
南大2419 Nanda 2419
35.14 c
390.03 c
3.45 c
81.01 c
851.80 c
7.13 c
93.14 d
979.19 d
8.19 d
扬麦1号Yangmai 1
63.95 ab
672.63 ab
5.63 ab
92.18 b
969.04 b
8.11 b
112.56 c
1183.05 c
9.90 c
扬麦158 Yangmai 158
61.87 b
650.71 b
5.45 b
151.32 a
1590.14 a
13.30 a
188.27 b
1978.17 b
16.54 b
扬麦16 Yangmai 16
66.10 a
695.14 a
5.82 a
149.84 a
1469.65 a
11.47 a
202.17 a
2124.23 a
17.76 a
Values for the same N level within a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P< 0.05. 各列数据后不同字母表示同一施氮水平下品种间差异在P< 0.05水平差异显著。
表2 盆栽试验3种氮肥水平下不同年代小麦品种单株总根长(RL)、根表面积(RSA)和根体积(RV) Table 2 Root length (RL), surface area (RSA), and volume (RV) of a single plant under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
图1 大田试验3种氮肥水平下不同年代小麦品种孕穗期(A)和开花期(B) 0~60 cm土层根重密度Fig. 1 Root weight density at booting (A) and anthesis (B) from 0 to 60 cm soil layer under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in field experiment
图2 盆栽试验3种氮肥水平下不同年代小麦品种不同生育时期根系活力的变化Fig. 2 Changes of root activity at different growth stages under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
2.5 根系MDA含量和SOD活性小麦根系丙二醛(MDA)含量随品种育成年代推进呈逐步下降的趋势(图3)。施氮量在0~225 kg hm-2范围内, 增施氮肥显著降低了小麦根系MDA含量。小麦旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着育种年代推进呈逐步升高的趋势, 且随着施氮量的增加而提高, 但在225~300 kg hm-2范围内增施氮肥对SOD活性影响不显著。说明品种改良和适量施氮降低了根系膜酯化氧化程度, 增强了小麦清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2?)的能力, 从而延缓了根系衰老。 图3 Fig. 3
图3 盆栽试验不同年代小麦品种开花期根系SOD活性(A)和MDA含量(B)变化特征及其对氮肥的响应Fig. 3 Changes of root SOD activity (A) and MDA content (B) at anthesis in wheat cultivars released in different years and their response to nitrogen fertilizer in pot experiment
2.6 根系形态及分布与籽粒产量的关系小麦籽粒产量随着品种育成年代推进呈增加趋势, 在纯氮0~225 kg hm-2范围内, 施氮显著提高了不同年代小麦籽粒产量, 且氮肥对现代品种的增产效应显著大于早期品种(图4)。当施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时, 早期品种产量降低幅度显著高于现代品种。说明现代品种对氮肥的响应和对高氮的耐性增强。 图4 Fig. 4
图4 不同年代小麦品种的籽粒产量及其对氮肥的响应 A: 大田试验; B: 盆栽试验。Fig. 4 Grain yield of wheat cultivars released in different years and their response to nitrogen fertilizer A: field experiment; B: pot experiment.
图5 开花期根系总根长(TRL)、表面积(RSA)、生物量(RB)及根重密度(RWD)与籽粒产量的关系Fig. 5 Relationships between grain yield and total root length (TRL), root surface area (RSA), root biomass (RB), and root weight density (RWD) at anthesis
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表1 盆栽试验3种施氮水平下不同年代小麦品种单株根系生物量(RB)、生长速率(RGR)和根冠比(RSR) Table 1 Root biomass (RB), growth rate (RGR), root-shoot ratio (RSR) of a single plant under three nitrogen levels in wheat cultivars released in different years in pot experiment
