关键词:海河低平原; 深松播种; 夏玉米; 根系; 生理生态; 节水增产效应 Effects of Subsoiling-Seeding on Root Physiological Indices, Water-Saving and Yield-Increasing Behaviors in Summer Maize ( Zea mays L.) in Haihe Lowland Plain of China YIN Bao-Zhong1, ZHEN Wen-Chao1,*, FENG Yue2 1 College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei / Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
2 Information Engineering School of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
AbstractThe study was carried out in Shenzhou Experimental Station, Arid Farming Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in 2012-2013. The maize variety Zhengdan 958 was used in this experiment with two treatments including sub-soiling seeding (SRT) and no-tillage seeding (NT). From seedling emergence to maturity, the root morphology, physiological parameters and microstructure, canopy photosynthetic characteristics, and leaf area index were regularly measured. At maturity, the yields and the water use efficiency and water storage in 2 m soil layer were investigated. The results showed that SRT increased the root dry mass, surface area, length and active absoiling area ratio in 0-60 cm soil layer, with the increase of 30.5%, 24.6%, 29.7%, and 56.3%, respectively, in comparison with NT. In addition, SRT also increased the proline content, nitrate reductase activity and activity of roots compared with NT in this soil layer, with the increase of 140.0%, 37.0%, and 36.5%, respectively. The total root bleeding sap in SRT increased by 15.2% compared with NT in the whole growth stage. In 0-40 cm soil layer, the hydraulic conductivity in single root and the roots per plant around whole growth stage in SRT increased by 15.8% and 17.0% respectively, in comparison with NT. In SRT, the diameter of stele vessel was increased, cell walls of pericycle and stele parenchyma were thickened, and the number of pith cells were increased, but its section area ratio in stale decreased compared with NT. Moreover, the numbers and diameter of xylem vessel in SRT increased, but the cortical thickness in roots decreased. In 0-20 cm soil layer, although the middle cortical cells of root in SRT were larger than those of NT, but there number was only 86.2% of NT. SRT also increased the LAI and photosynthetic rate. The grain-filling rate in SRT treatment was also increased, with 5.0% higher than in NT. In two growth seasons, compared with NT, the spike kernels, 1000-grain weight, and yield in SRT treatment were increased by 2.4%, 3.9%, and 8.2%, respectively, whereas the water consumption was reduced by 9.1%, the water use efficiency was increased by 14.4%, and the water storage amount in 2 m soil layer was increased by 31.7%.
Keyword:Haihe Lowland Plain; Subsoiling-seeding; Summer maize; Root; Physiological ecology; Water-saving and yield-increasing effect Show Figures Show Figures
图1 不同处理夏玉米根系时空分布 SRT: 深松播种处理; NT: 免耕播种处理。Fig. 1 Spatial and temporal distribution of the summer maize root under different treatments SRT: subsoiling-seeding treatment; NT: no-tillage seeding treatment.
图2 不同处理玉米脯氨酸含量、根系活力与硝酸还原酶活性 各处理缩写同图1。Fig. 2 Proline contents, root activity, and nitrate reductase activity under different treatments Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1.
图3 不同处理玉米根系伤流液总量 SDS: 苗期; JTS: 拔节期; BMS: 大喇叭口期; SKS: 抽雄期; MKS: 乳熟期; MTS: 完熟期。各处理缩写同图1。Fig. 3 Total volume of root bleeding sap under different treatments SDS: seedling stage; JTS: jointing stage; BMS: bell-mouthed stage; SKS: tasseling stage; MKS: milking stage; MTS: maturity stage. SRT: subsoiling-seeding treatment; NT: no-tillage seedling treatment. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1.
表1 Table 1 表1(Table 1)
表1 不同处理夏玉米根系微观结构数据 Table 1 Root microstructure of summer maize under different treatments
深度 Depth (cm)
处理 Treatment
皮层细胞层数 Cortex cell number
皮层厚度 Cortex thickness (μ m)
皮层占根系 直径比例 Proportion of cortex diameters to root (%)
中柱直径 Stele diameter (μ m)
髓腔占中柱 横切面积比例 Proportion of pith to the stele section area (%)
导管直径 Conduit diameter (μ m)
2012
0-20
SRT
10.3 b
201 b
27.2 b
1029 a
56.1 b
51.6 a
NT
12.0 a
232 a
32.2 a
888 b
63.8 a
43.4 b
20-40
SRT
9.8 a
121 a
35.0 b
425 a
42.2 b
38.9 a
NT
10.2 a
102 b
39.5 a
356 b
55.9 a
35.1 b
40-60
SRT
7.6 a
59 a
36.0 a
105 a
51.6 a
19.2 a
NT
7.3 a
56 ab
34.8 ab
105 a
53.1 a
20.0 a
2013
0-20
SRT
10.9 b
186 b
15.7 b
998 a
55.2 b
67.6 a
NT
12.6 a
194 a
18.3 a
868 b
66.7 a
45.1 b
20-40
SRT
8.7 a
128 a
21.4 b
470 a
48.9 b
32.1 a
NT
9.8 a
112 b
22.5 a
455 b
52.3 a
28.9 b
40-60
SRT
6.3 ab
70 a
35.2 a
129 a
56.1 a
20.1 a
NT
6.6 a
65 ab
33.9 ab
127 ab
53.8 a
18.6 a
Values followed by a different letter within line of the same growing season and same soil layer are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. 同一生长季、同一土层中同行不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。各处理缩写同图1。
表1 不同处理夏玉米根系微观结构数据 Table 1 Root microstructure of summer maize under different treatments
图4 不同处理0~20 cm土层夏玉米根系微观结构 A和B: 深松处理根系中柱、导管和髓腔; C和D: 免耕处理根系中柱、导管和髓腔; E和F: 深松处理根系皮层; G和H: 免耕处理根系皮层。a: 导管; b: 髓腔; c: 中柱; d: 皮层。A、C、E和G为2012年数据; B、D、F和H为2013年数据。Fig. 4 Root microstructure of summer maize root grown in 0-20 cm soil layer under different treatments A and B: stele, vessel and pulp cavity of sub-soiling treatment; C and D: stele, vessel and pulp cavity of no-tillage treatment; E and F: root cortex of sub-soiling treatment; G and H: root cortex of no-tillage treatment. a: stele; b: pulp cavity; c: vessel; d: cortex. A, C, E, and G: data in 2012; B, D, F, and H: data in 2013.
Values followed by a different letter within line of the same growing season and same soil layer are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. 同一生长季、同一土层中同行不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。
表2 不同处理夏玉米根系导水率 Table 2 Root hydraulic conductivity of summer maize under different treatments
表3 不同处理玉米产量构成及水分利用效率 Table 3 Yield components and water use efficiency of maize in different treatments
处理 Treatment
穗粒数 Kernels per ear
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)
0~200 cm土体贮水量 Soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer (mm)
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2012
深松播种处理SRT
491.1 a
313.6 a
9169.5 a
366.1 b
143.4 a
24.39 a
免耕播种处理NT
479.6 a
304.1 b
8543.5 b
405.1 a
104.5 b
21.66 b
2013
深松播种处理SRT
500.8 a
300.1 a
8942.2 a
355.1 b
155.1 a
25.20 a
免耕播种处理NT
488.6 a
286.3 b
8196.9 b
388.0 a
122.2 b
21.69 b
Values followed by a different letter within columns of the same growing season are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. 同一生长季中同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。
表3 不同处理玉米产量构成及水分利用效率 Table 3 Yield components and water use efficiency of maize in different treatments
图5 不同处理夏玉米光合速率、叶面积指数和光合势 缩写同图1和图3。Fig. 5 Photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, and photosynthetic potential of summer maize under different treatments Abbreviations are the same as those shown in Figures 1 and 3.
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