摘要2011—2012和2012—2013年生长季, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦干物质积累、氮效率、土壤硝态氮积累及产量的影响。与单施氮肥(对照)相比, 秸秆还田显著提高冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量, 降低开花前干物质积累量及其占全生育期比例; 秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm-2处理的氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、氮素收获指数分别提高7.5%、6.4%和5.2%。秸秆还田显著降低了不同土层硝态氮积累量, 尤其是0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层。秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm-2的产量最高, 且显著高于其他处理, 增产幅度最大, 因此可作为当地秸秆还田模式下适宜推荐的施氮量。
关键词:冬小麦; 秸秆还田; 氮肥; 氮效率; 硝态氮 Effects of Straw Returning Plus Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Utilization and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat CHEN Jin1,**, TANG Yu-Hai1,2,**, YIN Yan-Ping1, PANG Dang-Wei1, CUI Zheng-Yong1, ZHENG Meng-Jing1, PENG Dian-Liang1, YANG Wei-Bing1, YANG Dong-Qing1, LI Yan-Xia1, WANG Zhen-Lin1,*, LI Yong1,* 1Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China
2Weifang University of Science & Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
** Contributed equally to this work
AbstractA field experiment was conducted in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons to assess the effects of straw returning plus nitrogen (N) fertilizer on wheat yield and N use efficiency. Compared to only N fertilizer applied (control), straw returning resulted in the increase of dry matter accumulation during the whole growing period and the decrease of the proportion of dry matter accumulation before anthesis to that in whole growing period. The partial factor productivity of applied N, N use efficiency, and N harvest index increased by 7.5%, 6.4%, and 5.2%, respectively, in the straw returning plus pure N 225 kg ha-1 treatment compared with the control. Under straw returning condition, the nitrate N accumulation in soil decreased significantly, especially in 0-30 and 30-60 cm layer. The grain yield of straw returning plus pure N 225 kg ha-1 treatment was significantly higher than those of other treatments, showing the largest increment over the control. Therefore, it is a suitable technique in local cropping patterns.
Keyword:Winter wheat; Straw returning; Nitrogen fertilizer; Nitrogen efficiency; Nitrate nitrogen Show Figures Show Figures
表1 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦不同器官氮素再转运及其对籽粒氮素贡献率的影响 Table 1 Effects of straw returning and N application on N remobilization and its contribution from different organs to grain (kg hm-2)
处理 Treatment
氮素再转运量 Amount of N remobilization
再转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率 Contribution of remobilized N to grain
叶片 Leaf
茎+叶鞘 Stem + sheath
穗轴+颖壳 Rachis + glume
叶片 Leaf
茎+叶鞘 Stem + sheath
穗轴+颖壳 Rachis + glume
总和 Total
2011-2012
无秸秆还田 Non-straw returning
N
77.19 bc
52.91 b
51.14 a
0.35 ab
0.24 a
0.23 a
0.82 a
N-
58.18 d
37.45 d
34.76 d
0.33 b
0.21 b
0.20 b
0.74 bc
N+
75.04 bc
47.48 c
47.40 ab
0.36 ab
0.23 a
0.23 a
0.82 a
N++
77.34 bc
43.87 c
38.74 c
0.38 a
0.23 a
0.19 b
0.80 ab
秸秆还田 Straw returning
N
74.11 c
48.20 c
46.46 ab
0.37 a
0.24 a
0.23 a
0.84 a
N-
61.64 d
38.69 d
37.99 cd
0.33 b
0.20 b
0.20 b
0.73 c
N+
82.29 ab
55.03 ab
51.75 a
0.36 ab
0.24 a
0.23 a
0.83 a
N++
86.34 a
57.85 a
52.29 a
0.36 ab
0.24 a
0.22 a
0.82 a
2012-2013
无秸秆还田 Non-straw returning
N
73.36 b
56.47 c
49.60 cd
0.34 a
0.25 bc
0.23 b
0.82 ab
N-
62.58 d
45.14 e
39.88 e
0.33 ab
0.24 c
0.21 c
0.78 b
N+
71.41 bc
63.23 b
53.03 bc
0.31 bcd
0.28 ab
0.23 b
0.82 ab
N++
64.98 cd
62.03 bc
44.12 d
0.30 cd
0.28 ab
0.20 c
0.78 b
秸秆还田 Straw returning
N
78.80 a
71.48 a
60.61 a
0.32 abc
0.29 a
0.25 a
0.86 a
N-
61.19 d
50.54 d
45.15 d
0.29 d
0.24 c
0.21 c
0.73 c
N+
65.77 cd
64.77 b
57.23 ab
0.29 d
0.29 a
0.25 a
0.83 a
N++
66.44 cd
57.25 c
47.95 d
0.30 c
0.26 bc
0.21 c
0.77 b
N: N-moderate; N-: N-reduced; N+: N-increased; N++: N-luxurious. In each growing year, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05 (LSD method). N: 适氮; N-: 减氮; N+: 增氮; N++: 超氮。同一年度中, 每列数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05, LSD法)。
表1 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦不同器官氮素再转运及其对籽粒氮素贡献率的影响 Table 1 Effects of straw returning and N application on N remobilization and its contribution from different organs to grain (kg hm-2)
表2 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦氮效率的影响 Table 2 Effects of straw returning and N application on N efficiency of winter wheat (kg kg-1)
处理 Treatment
2011-2012
2012-2013
氮肥偏生产力 PFPN
氮素利用效率 NUE
氮素收获指数 NHI
氮肥偏生产力 PFPN
氮素利用效率 NUE
氮素收获指数 NHI
无秸秆还田 Non-straw returning
N
31.93 c
25.02 c
0.79 a
33.37 c
27.78 c
0.76 b
N-
45.10 a
31.81 a
0.74 b
46.96 a
32.69 a
0.80 ab
N+
25.04 d
25.59 cd
0.79 a
26.48 d
27.24 c
0.78 b
N++
21.23 e
24.80 d
0.75 b
22.11 e
28.32 bc
0.78 b
秸秆还田 Straw returning
N
34.14 b
26.82 c
0.81 a
36.05 b
29.33 b
0.82 a
N-
44.75 a
28.92 b
0.78 ab
46.26 a
29.69 b
0.83 a
N+
25.61 d
23.94 d
0.78 ab
27.19 d
27.77 c
0.77 b
N++
21.86 e
22.81 d
0.78 ab
22.41 e
27.50 c
0.76 b
N: N-moderate; N-: N-reduced; N+: N-increased; N++: N-luxurious. PFPN: partial factor productivity of N applied; NUE: N use efficiency; NHI: N harvest index. In each growing year, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05 (LSD method). N: 适氮; N-: 减氮; N+: 增氮; N++: 超氮。同一年度中, 每列数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05, LSD法)。
表2 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦氮效率的影响 Table 2 Effects of straw returning and N application on N efficiency of winter wheat (kg kg-1)
表3 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对0~120 cm各土层土壤硝态氮积累的影响 Table 3 Effects of straw returning and N application rate on residual nitrate-N content in 0-120 cm soil layers (mg kg-1)
土层 Soil layer
处理 Treatment
2011-2012
2012-2013
播种前 Before sowing
拔节期 Jointing
收获后 After harvest
播种前 Before sowing
拔节期 Jointing
收获后 After harvest
0-30 cm
适氮 N-moderate
NS
13.73
7.33 c
23.47 b
10.46 b
14.41 d
24.75 b
S
13.73
4.23 e
12.37 e
8.94 b
11.78 e
8.69 e
减氮 N-decreased
NS
13.73
6.55 d
21.05 c
13.82 a
13.86 d
20.27 c
S
13.73
3.88 f
9.64 f
5.93 c
9.91 f
7.98 f
增氮 N-increased
NS
13.73
9.66 b
24.98 ab
9.31 b
15.91 c
27.47 a
S
13.73
4.47 e
15.84 d
8.73 b
14.21 d
9.39 d
超氮 N-luxurious
NS
13.73
12.25 a
26.63 a
12.67 a
21.05 a
29.08 a
S
13.73
5.14 d
21.69 c
12.04 a
18.39 b
21.08 c
30-60 cm
适氮 N-moderate
NS
11.11
5.92 b
18.22 b
10.25 b
11.88 b
18.64 b
S
11.11
2.44 e
8.36 e
8.82 c
11.58 b
7.39 f
减氮 N-decreased
NS
11.11
4.88 c
20.75 a
9.80 b
10.06 c
17.13 c
S
11.11
2.47 e
6.58 e
5.52 e
9.06 d
6.37 f
增氮 N-increased
NS
11.11
6.15 b
17.95 b
8.86 c
11.27 c
21.16 a
S
11.11
2.87 d
9.08 d
7.67 d
12.79 b
8.58 e
超氮 N-luxurious
NS
11.11
11.10 a
21.80 a
12.5 a
15.76 a
22.94 a
S
11.11
3.34 d
14.32 c
9.84 b
15.40 a
10.69 d
60-90 cm
适氮 N-moderate
NS
8.39
3.29 b
10.95 a
9.99 a
11.30 b
11.70 a
S
8.39
2.65 c
5.35 d
7.56 c
11.00 b
5.22 d
减氮 N-decreased
NS
8.39
3.38 b
9.30 b
6.65 c
8.90 c
10.06 b
S
8.39
2.41 d
4.11 e
4.73 d
8.24 c
3.72 e
增氮 N-increased
NS
8.39
3.42 b
11.01 a
6.94 c
10.16 b
12.22 a
S
8.39
2.55 c
8.60 b
6.17 c
12.74 a
7.09 c
超氮 N-luxurious
NS
8.39
5.90 a
11.56 a
10.21 a
13.60 a
13.19 a
S
8.39
2.69 c
7.14 c
9.06 b
12.44 a
7.60 c
90-120 cm
适氮 N-moderate
NS
8.14
3.22 b
6.05 b
7.18 a
10.70 b
6.54 c
S
8.14
2.50 c
4.57 c
6.96 a
10.58 b
4.87 e
减氮 N-decreased
NS
8.14
3.28 b
5.15 c
5.90 b
8.80 c
5.06 d
S
8.14
2.26 c
3.01 d
4.39 c
7.73 d
2.62 f
增氮 N-increased
NS
8.14
3.22 b
7.05 a
6.88 a
9.41 c
8.29 b
S
8.14
2.33 c
5.91 b
4.44 c
12.62 a
6.49 c
超氮 N-luxurious
NS
8.14
5.16 a
7.29 a
7.45 a
13.60 a
9.78 a
S
8.14
2.44 c
5.33 c
7.01 a
12.31 a
5.41 d
NS: non-straw returning; S: straw returning. In each soil layer, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05 (LSD method). NS: 无秸秆还田; S: 秸秆还田。每列数据后不同字母表示同一土层的处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05, LSD法)。
表3 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对0~120 cm各土层土壤硝态氮积累的影响 Table 3 Effects of straw returning and N application rate on residual nitrate-N content in 0-120 cm soil layers (mg kg-1)
表4 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和产量构成的影响 Table 4 Effects of straw returning and N application rate on yield and yield components of winter wheat
处理 Treatment
2011-2012
2012-2013
穗数 Spike number (× 106 hm-2)
穗粒数 Grain number per spike
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
穗数 Spike number (× 106 hm-2)
穗粒数 Grain number per spike
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
无秸秆还田 Non-straw returning
N
7.62 a
31.27 a
39.20 bc
7662.60 bc
6.80 ab
34.28 ab
40.12 ab
8008.05 bc
N-
7.02 b
29.03 b
39.79 bc
7441.50 bc
6.31 cd
32.20 bc
39.71 ab
7748.55 bc
N+
7.81 a
30.47 ab
38.96 c
7512.60 bc
6.95 a
32.74 b
39.37 b
7943.40 bc
N++
7.61 a
29.10 b
38.76 c
7641.45 bc
6.93 ab
32.65 b
39.07 b
7961.25 bc
秸秆还田 Straw returning
N
6.88 bc
32.17 a
43.52 a
8193.45 a
6.71 abc
36.35 a
41.73 a
8650.95 a
N-
6.57 c
31.70 a
41.94 ab
7384.05 c
6.14 d
35.19 a
41.65 a
7633.65 c
N+
6.81 bc
31.17 a
42.60 a
7683.15 bc
6.42 cd
32.05 bc
40.88 ab
8155.50 b
N++
6.63 bc
32.13 a
41.25 abc
7870.35 ab
6.53 bcd
30.26 c
40.38 ab
8068.20 b
N: N-moderate; N-: N-reduced; N+: N-increased; N++: N-luxurious. In each growing year, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05 (LSD method). N: 适氮; N-: 减氮; N+: 增氮; N++: 超氮。同一年度中, 每列数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05, LSD法)。
表4 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和产量构成的影响 Table 4 Effects of straw returning and N application rate on yield and yield components of winter wheat
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, 李勇
表1 秸秆还田及氮肥用量对冬小麦不同器官氮素再转运及其对籽粒氮素贡献率的影响 Table 1 Effects of straw returning and N application on N remobilization and its contribution from different organs to grain (kg hm-2)
