Pilot test on the treatment of medium-concentration domestic sewage in northern China by BFM process based on pure MBBR
CHEN Xiangrui1,, DU Qiangqiang1, HAN Wenjie2, XU Kangkang2, JING Tianqi2, ZHOU Jiazhong2, CAI Yanan3, WU Di2,, 1.Beijing Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100082, China 2.Qingdao SPRING Water Treatment Co. Ltd., Qingdao 266510, China 3.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
Abstract:In order to study the treatment effect of pure MBBR Process on municipal wastewater in northern China, BFM pilot system based on two-stage AO pure MBBR coupling improved magnetic loading sedimentation was used to treat the influent of a WWTP in northern China, and its treatment effect was simultaneously compared with that of activated sludge system in WWTP. At the same time, in order to improve the process design standard, the matrix transformation relationship in BFM process was also studied. The composition of the system flora and the relative abundance of functional bacteria were analyzed by microbial high-throughput sequencing, and the operation effect at a macro-level was explained at a micro level. The results showed that in terms of treatment effect, the HRT of BFM pilot system was 7.76 h with the stable effluent quality of Class-I-A Standard of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002), which was only 30% of the HRT of activated sludge system in WWTP under the same influent conditions, which had a significant land-saving advantage; Under the impact of influent heavy metals, the pilot BFM system was less affected and the recovery time was shorter than conventional activated sludge system, reflecting a strong impact resistance; In terms of matrix transformation relationship, 19.61% of STP could be removed by assimilation phosphorus removal in the biochemical section of BFM system, and the rest TP could be removed by chemical phosphorus removal in section M. The Al/P ratio required for phosphorus removal was calculated to be 2.12, which was significantly lower than the Al/P ratio of 4.35 required for chemical phosphorus removal in the secondary sedimentation tank of WWTP, so both high phosphorus removal efficiency and reagent dosage-saving occurred; From the micro level, the biofilm thickness in the aerobic zone before the mature BFM system was (345.78±74.81) μm. It was higher than (228.83±66.27) μm of the aerobic area in WWTP, it showed that the biomass of pure MBBR biofilm was greater; High throughput sequencing results showed that pure MBBR greatly enhanced the enrichment efficiency of functional bacteria. The relative abundance of Nitrospira in aerobic biofilm reached 15.62%~22.30%, and the calculated biomass of nitrifying bacteria reached (1.13±0.21) g·L?1, which was significantly higher than that of the comparative activated sludge system. The results showed that on the basis of ensuring the stable treatment effect, BFM process had an outstanding land saving effect, high chemical phosphorus removal efficiency and insignificant increase in operation cost compared with the traditional process. It can be used in the construction of compact WWTP. Key words:suspended carrier/ filling materials/ biofilm/ magnetic loading precipitation/ heavy metal/ sludge yield/ high throughput sequencing.
图9BFM中试系统前好氧区与污水处理厂好氧区悬浮载体生物膜厚度测定、生物相测定及载体宏观照片 Figure9.Biofilm thickness measurement, biological phase measurement and macro photos of suspended carrier in pre aerobic area of BFM pilot and aerobic area of WWTP
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1.Beijing Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100082, China 2.Qingdao SPRING Water Treatment Co. Ltd., Qingdao 266510, China 3.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China Received Date: 2021-07-27 Accepted Date: 2021-09-25 Available Online: 2021-12-22 Keywords:suspended carrier/ filling materials/ biofilm/ magnetic loading precipitation/ heavy metal/ sludge yield/ high throughput sequencing Abstract:In order to study the treatment effect of pure MBBR Process on municipal wastewater in northern China, BFM pilot system based on two-stage AO pure MBBR coupling improved magnetic loading sedimentation was used to treat the influent of a WWTP in northern China, and its treatment effect was simultaneously compared with that of activated sludge system in WWTP. At the same time, in order to improve the process design standard, the matrix transformation relationship in BFM process was also studied. The composition of the system flora and the relative abundance of functional bacteria were analyzed by microbial high-throughput sequencing, and the operation effect at a macro-level was explained at a micro level. The results showed that in terms of treatment effect, the HRT of BFM pilot system was 7.76 h with the stable effluent quality of Class-I-A Standard of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002), which was only 30% of the HRT of activated sludge system in WWTP under the same influent conditions, which had a significant land-saving advantage; Under the impact of influent heavy metals, the pilot BFM system was less affected and the recovery time was shorter than conventional activated sludge system, reflecting a strong impact resistance; In terms of matrix transformation relationship, 19.61% of STP could be removed by assimilation phosphorus removal in the biochemical section of BFM system, and the rest TP could be removed by chemical phosphorus removal in section M. The Al/P ratio required for phosphorus removal was calculated to be 2.12, which was significantly lower than the Al/P ratio of 4.35 required for chemical phosphorus removal in the secondary sedimentation tank of WWTP, so both high phosphorus removal efficiency and reagent dosage-saving occurred; From the micro level, the biofilm thickness in the aerobic zone before the mature BFM system was (345.78±74.81) μm. It was higher than (228.83±66.27) μm of the aerobic area in WWTP, it showed that the biomass of pure MBBR biofilm was greater; High throughput sequencing results showed that pure MBBR greatly enhanced the enrichment efficiency of functional bacteria. The relative abundance of Nitrospira in aerobic biofilm reached 15.62%~22.30%, and the calculated biomass of nitrifying bacteria reached (1.13±0.21) g·L?1, which was significantly higher than that of the comparative activated sludge system. The results showed that on the basis of ensuring the stable treatment effect, BFM process had an outstanding land saving effect, high chemical phosphorus removal efficiency and insignificant increase in operation cost compared with the traditional process. It can be used in the construction of compact WWTP.
分别于不同运行阶段内取污水处理厂活性污泥系统生物膜和污泥以及BFM系统前好氧区生物膜进行基于16S rDNA的扩增子测序。实验期间,该污水处理厂好氧区生物膜及活性污泥微生物组成如图11所示。系统中优势微生物包含norank f JG30-KF-CM45、norank f Caldilineaceae、Nitrospira、norank f norank o Saccharimonadales、norank f saprospiraceae、Proteocatella等,其中生物膜中微生物多与硝化或脱氮有关,而活性污泥中微生物多与脱碳及反硝化有关。其中norank f JG30-KF-CM45在生物膜中相对丰度(8.93%~12.53%)明显高于活性污泥(2.47%~6.34%),该菌属多活跃于土壤环境中,且与过氧化氢酶酶活性呈负相关,其具体功能还有待于研究。norank f Caldilineaceae多为丝状菌,且能在低COD和高DO环境下生长,部分菌属具备反硝化能力,其在该污水处理厂好氧区生物膜及活性污泥中的相对丰度分别为3.41%~8.15%和5.84%~8.34%。Nitrospira是一种常见的亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)。有研究表明,Nitrospira部分菌种能够作为全程氨氧化细菌(Comammox)[14-15],并证实了其具有全程氨氧化能力,该结论也打破了传统的两步硝化理论。该菌属具有负责氨氧化的AMO(氨单加氧酶)和 HAO(羟胺氧化还原酶),同时还具有亚硝酸盐氧化必需的 NXR(亚硝氧化酶),可将NH4+-N氧化至NO3?-N。相比其他硝化细菌,该菌属具有更强的基质亲和力,在低NH4+-N环境中更易富集,其在污水厂好氧区生物膜中的相对丰度(5.27%~10.91%)明显高于活性污泥(0.20%~0.96%)。这说明悬浮载体生物膜对硝化菌的富集能力明显强于活性污泥。另外,在2020年6月至11月,随着温度降低,该菌属在生物膜上的相对丰度逐渐由7.97%升至10.91%,期间活性污泥中该菌属相对丰度稳定在0.78%~0.96%。在经历重金属冲击后的12月份,系统生物膜和活性污泥中该菌属相对丰度分别大幅降低至0.20%和5.27%,可见重金属冲击显著降低了该菌属的富集效果。硝化菌相对丰度的降低可能是污水厂运行效果无法恢复的本质原因。norank f norank o Saccharimonadales常存在于土壤环境中,能够降解碳水化合物及芳香烃类物质[16]。在2020年6月至11月,其在本系统生物膜及活性污泥中的相对丰度分别为0.97%~2.55%和4.17%~8.73%。但在经历重金属冲击后,其在生物膜和活性污泥中相对丰度分别升至9.55%、11.08%,该菌属生长代谢可能需要重金属参与,因此,在重金属冲击后系统该菌群相对丰度显著提高。norank f saprospiraceae多为丝状菌,常见于发生丝状膨胀的活性污泥中[17],其在该污水处理厂好氧区生物及活性污泥中的相对丰度分别为1.65%~3.04%和2.85%~4.04%,且在实验期间变化不大。Proteocatella能够降解污水中的结构多糖(纤维素、半纤维素、果胶)[18],有利于污水处理厂难降解有机物的去除。该菌属于2020年8月份在生物膜和活性污泥中相对丰度分别达到7.97%、1.31%,其他时间则分别稳定在1%以下。分析原因可能与8月份污水处理厂进水水质有关,该时段进水水质更利于Proteocatella的富集。
BFM-B段好氧区生物膜菌群分析结果如图12所示。可以看出,BFM-B段好氧区生物膜中优势微生物包括Proteocatella、Nitrospira、norank f Caldilineaceae、Acetoanaerobium、Trichococcus、Romboutsia等,多执行脱氮除碳相关功能。由上述结果可知,Proteocatella是一种能够降解糖类物质的菌属,同污水处理厂类似,其在2020年6月和8月份的相对丰度分别为12.05%和16.73%,但在11月和12月份却突降至0.5%以下,这可能与污水处理厂进水水质变化有关。Nitrospira在BFM-B段好氧区生物膜中始终保持较高的相对丰度(15.62%~22.30%),这也是本系统具有较强硝化能力和抗冲击能力的重要原因。在重金属冲击后,该菌属相对丰度并未发生显著变化,这也是BFM系统抗冲击能力强的内在体现。norank f Caldilineaceae多为丝状菌,其在本系统中的相对丰度为2.08%~9.99%。Acetoanaerobium能够在厌氧条件下降解蛋白质和氨基酸,并产生NH4+-N[19],所以Acetoanaerobium能降将有机氮转化成NH4+-N,有利于促进系统TN的去除。与Proteocatella相对丰度变化趋势类似,该菌属在2020年6月和8月份的相对丰度分别为2.58%和8.61%,但在11月和12月份却突降至0.5%以下,其原因可能仍然与进水水质变化或温度降低有关。Trichococcus是一种具备有机物降解能力的微生物,该菌属能够将碳水化合物分解成乳酸、甲酸、乙酸盐和甲醇等产物[20],其在本系统中的相对丰度为1.63%~3.93%。Romboutsia是一种专性厌氧菌,能够在有限数量的碳水化合物上生长,能利用d-果糖、l-岩藻糖、d-半乳糖、d-葡萄糖和部分碳水化合物等[21],其在本系统中的相对丰度为0.95%~2.64%。经分析发现,Proteocatella、Trichococcus、Romboutsia均具有有机物降解功能,这3种菌群的存在是BFM中试具有较强COD去除效果的主要原因,也是BFM-B段抗有机物冲击的保障。此外,同污水处理厂活性污泥系统类似,norank f norank o Saccharimonadales在2020年12月经历重金属冲击后,在生物膜中相对丰度由0.5%以下升至3.93%。这再次说明了该菌属生长代谢可能与重金属具有较强相关性。