2.中国农业大学,资源与环境学院农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193
1.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
为达到降低厨余垃圾含水率,使其可作为垃圾衍生燃料进行燃烧的目的,选择玉米秸秆和木本泥炭2种辅料与厨余垃圾进行联合生物干化,研究了辅料添加对厨余垃圾生物干化产品燃烧热特性的影响,以不添加任何辅料的厨余垃圾单独进行生物干化作为对照处理,生物干化周期为21 d。结果表明:单独进行厨余垃圾生物干化时挥发性固体(VS)降解率最高,添加木本泥炭处理时VS降解率最低;对照处理对VS降解损失主要的贡献组分为淀粉、纤维素和脂肪,然而,对于添加玉米秸秆和木本泥炭的处理,纤维素、半纤维素和淀粉是VS降解损失主要的贡献组分。随着生物干化反应的进行,物料的燃烧速率和燃烧率均降低,同时燃烬点推后,但燃点基本保持不变。其中,添加木本泥炭的处理燃点最高,燃烬点最低,燃烧率最高。各处理物料燃烧一级动力学方程拟合效果较好(
=0.86~0.97)。生物干化过程使厨余垃圾单独处理第2失重段反应变难,第3失重段反应变易。然而,对于添加辅料的处理,生物干化过程使第2失重段反应变易,第3失重段反应变更难。总体而言,生物干化过程使各处理的表观活化能(
)降低了15.9%~29.4%,使得厨余垃圾的燃烧更加容易。以上研究结果可为厨余垃圾燃料化处理提供参考。
In order to reduce water and preserve energy of kitchen waste for subsequent utilization, e.g., as residue-derived fuels, two types of bulking agents: cornstalks (CS) and wood peat (WP) were selected to conduct a joint bio-drying of kitchen waste, and study the effect of bulking agent amendments on the combustion properties of biological drying products of kitchen waste. A control (CK) treatment was studied using only kitchen waste. The system used 60 L reactors and each test lasted 21 days. Results showed that the CK treatment had the higher VS degradation rate, while the WP treatment had the lower degradation rate. The main contributors to the organic material loss in the CK treatment were the degradation of amylums, cellulose, and lipids, while they were cellulose, hemicellulose and amylums in the CS and WP treatments. The combustion rate decreased and final burnout values delayed after bio-drying along the bio-drying reaction. Nevertheless, the ignition temperature remained steady, the organics degradation could not cause a significant change in ignition temperature. Of which the WP treatment had the highest ignition temperature, the lowest burnout temperature, and the highest mass loss rate. The first-order kinetic equation had a good fit (
=0.83~0.98) for the combustion of each material. For the CK treatment, the bio-drying process made the second combustion stage harder and the third combustion stage easier. However, for the treatments amended with bulking agents, bio-drying made the second combustion stage easier and the third combustion stage harder. At the end of bio-drying, the apparent activation energy (
) decreased by 15.9%~29.4% for all treatments, which led to easier combustion of kitchen waste. This study can provide the data support for the kitchen waste fuel treatment.
.
Diagram of forced aeration bio-drying reactor
TGA-DTG of combustion of samples during bio-drying
Combustion weight-loss Characteristics of mixed samples at the beginning and end of the bio-drying process
Characteristic parameters of combustion of mixed samples at the beginning and end of the bio-drying process
Combustion kinetic parameters of the mixed samples at the beginning and end of the bio-drying process
[1] | 董锁成, 曲鸿敏. 城市生活垃圾资源潜力与产业化对策[J]. 资源科学, 2001, 23(2): 13-16. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1007-7588.2001.02.003 |
[2] | 王桂琴. 不同分类模式下城乡结合部生活垃圾管理体系研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2009. |
[3] | 赵振焕, 金春姬, 张鹏, 等. 酵母菌对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产乙酸的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 2009, 3(10): 1885-1888. |
[4] | 何品晶, 陈淼, 杨娜, 等. 我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中温室气体排放及影响因素: 以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2011, 31(3): 402-407. |
[5] | VELIS C A, LONGHURST P J, DREW G H, et al. Bio-drying for mechanical-biological treatment of wastes: A review of process science and engineering[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(11): 2747-2761. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.026 |
[6] | ADANI F, BAIDO D, CALCATERRA E, et al. The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-bio-drying of municipal solid waste[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83(3): 173-179. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00231-0 |
[7] | GEA T, BARRENA R, ARTOLA A, et al. Optimal bulking agent particle size and usage for heat retention and disinfection in domestic wastewater sludge composting[J]. Waste Management, 2007, 9: 1108-1116. |
[8] | ROCA-PéREZ L, MARTíNEZ C, MARCILLA P, et al. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 75: 781-787. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.058 |
[9] | IQBAL M K, SHAFIQ T, AHMED K. Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 6: 1913-1919. |
[10] | YANG F, LI G X, YANG Q Y, et al. Effect of bulking agents on maturity and gaseous emissions during kitchen waste composting[J]. Chemosphere, 2013, 93: 1393-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.002 |
[11] | CAI L, CHEN T B, GAO D, et al. Influence of forced air volume on water evaporation during sewage sludge bio-drying[J]. Water Research, 2013, 47(13): 4767-4773. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.048 |
[12] | FENG L, LUO J, CHEN Y. Dilemma of sewage sludge treatment and disposal in China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(8): 4781-4782. |
[13] | CAI L, CHEN T, GAO D, et al. Bacterial communities and their association with the bio-drying of sewage sludge[J]. Water Research, 2016, 90: 44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.026 |
[14] | ZHOU H, LONG Y, MENG A, et al. Thermogravimetric characteristics of typical municipal solid waste fractions during co-pyrolysis[J]. Waste Management, 2015, 38: 194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.027 |
[15] | ANSAH E, WANG L, SHAHBAZI A. Thermogravimetric and calorimetric characteristics during co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste components[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 56: 196-206. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.015 |
[16] | QIAO Y, XU F, XU S, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of typical municipal solid waste components and their mixture: Analytical TG-FTIR study[J]. Energy Fuel, 2018, 32(10): 10801-10812. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02571 |
[17] | LI X, MEI Q, DAI X, et al. Effect of anaerobic digestion on sequential pyrolysis kinetics of organic solid wastes using thermogravimetric analysis and distributed activation energy model[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 227: 297-307. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.057 |
[18] | ZHANG D, HE P, SHAO L. Sorting efficiency and combustion properties of municipal solid waste during bio-drying[J]. Waste Management, 2009, 29(11): 2816-2823. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.024 |
[19] | GOERING H K, VAN SOEST P J. Forgae Fibre Analysis. USDA Agricultural Handbook[M]. Washington, DC: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970. |
[20] | American Public Health Association(APHA), American Water Works Association(AWWA), Water Environment Federation(WEF). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater[M]. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1998. |
[21] | NIELSEN S S. Food Analysis [M]. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. |
[22] | ROSS A, JONES J, KUBACKI M, et al. Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behavior[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99(14): 6494-6504. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.036 |
[23] | 曹晓哲, 赵卫东, 刘建忠, 等. 煤泥水煤浆燃烧特性的热重研究[J]. 煤炭学报, 2009, 34(10): 1394-1399. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9993.2009.10.019 |
[24] | 蒲舸, 王炯, 张力. 城市生活垃圾可燃成分燃烧特性热重分析[J]. 重庆大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 32(5): 598-603. |
[25] | JIANG X, HAN X, CUI Z. New technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources[J]. Energy, 2007, 32: 772-777. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2006.05.001 |
[26] | 刘振海. 热分析标准试验方法[J]. 化学研究与应用, 1991(4): 99-104. |
[27] | 武宏香, 李海滨, 赵增立. 煤与生物质热重分析及动力学研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2009, 37(5): 538-545. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2409.2009.05.005 |
[28] | 李玉龙.垃圾源头提质制备RDF及其能源化利用[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳航空航天大学, 2012. |
[29] | 袁京, 张地方, 李赟, 等. 外加碳源对厨余垃圾生物干化效果的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017(2): 628-635. |
[30] | MA B G, LI X G, XU L, et al. Investigation on catalyzed combustion of high ash coal by thermogravimetric analysis[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2006, 445: 19-22. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2006.03.021 |
[31] | YE G, LUO H, REN Z, et al. Evaluating the bioenergy potential of Chinese liquor-industry waste through pyrolysis, thermogravimetric, kinetics and evolved gas analyses[J]. Energy Conversion Management, 2018, 163: 13-21. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.049 |
[32] | óRF?O J J M, ANTUNES F J A, FIGUEIREDO J L. Pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic materials: Three independent reactions model[J]. Fuel, 1999, 78: 349-358. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00156-2 |
[33] | ROBINSON T, BRONSON B, GOGOLEK P, et al. Sample preparation for thermo-gravimetric determination and thermo-gravimetric characterization of refuse derived fuel[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 48: 265-274. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.018 |
[34] | DAMARTZIS T, VAMVUKA D, SFAKIOTAKIS S, et al. Thermal degradation studies and kinetic modeling of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) pyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102(10): 6230-6238. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.060 |
[35] | MISHRA R K, MOHANTY K. Pyrolysis kinetics and thermal behavior of waste sawdust biomass using thermogravimetric analysis[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 251: 63-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.029 |
[36] | QIN C, TIAN W D, XIAO Y H. Analysis of combustion characteristics of RDF by thermogravimetry[J]. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, 2004, 10: 232-236. |
[37] | 浮爱青, 谌伦建, 王建军. 垃圾中典型组分热重分析研究[J]. 环境工程学报, 2007, 1(11): 104-106. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2007.11.021 |
[38] | 李延吉, 张伟, 宋政刚, 等. 高热值垃圾制备RDF成型特性及可行性[J]. 可再生能源, 2013, 31(7): 116-119. |