视觉工作记忆的同类别存储优势

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孙彦良¹, 宋佳汝¹, 辛晓雯², 丁晓伟³(

), 李寿欣¹(

)

¹山东师范大学心理学院, 济南 250358
²中国石油大学(华东)党委学生工作处, 山东青岛 266580
³中山大学心理学系, 广州 510006

收稿日期:2020-10-15出版日期:2021-11-25发布日期:2021-09-23
通讯作者:丁晓伟,李寿欣E-mail:dingxw3@mail.sysu.edu.cn;shouxinli@sdnu.edu.cn

基金资助:国家自然科学基金青年项目(31800911);国家自然基金面上项目(31871100);教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(19YJC190004);高校基本科研业务费中山大学青年教师重点培育项目(19wkzd23);广东省自然科学基金(2021A1515011103)

Same-category advantage on the capacity of visual working memory

SUN Yanliang¹, SONG Jiaru¹, XIN Xiaowen², DING Xiaowei³(

), LI Shouxin¹(

)

¹School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
²Department of Party Committee Student Affairs, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
³Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China

Received:2020-10-15Online:2021-11-25Published:2021-09-23
Contact:DING Xiaowei,LI Shouxin E-mail:dingxw3@mail.sysu.edu.cn;shouxinli@sdnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 概念规律如记忆项间的类别关系如何影响视觉工作记忆容量是一个有争议的问题。针对该问题, 学界存在两种预测截然不同的假说：(1)混合类别优势假说, (2)同类别优势假说。综述文献发现, 该类研究均采用带有细节特征的真实客体作为实验材料, 因此前人研究中发现的混合类别优势效应或同类别优势效应中必然混有低水平知觉特征的影响。故本研究采用去除细节信息的动物剪影作为记忆材料来排除上述因素的影响, 旨在厘清上述两种假设, 并采用对侧延迟活动作为神经指标, 来进一步探讨概念规律影响工作记忆容量的内在机制。两个行为实验发现, 不论记忆项同时呈现还是序列呈现, 均存在同类别记忆优势效应。脑电实验结果发现相比记忆不同类别客体, 记忆同等数量的同类别客体诱发的对侧延迟活动的幅值更小。上述结果一致表明, 视觉工作记忆可借助概念的方式将同类别客体加以组织, 从而有效扩大视觉工作记忆容量, 支持了同类别优势假说。

图/表 10

图1一个基本类别的12张动物剪影示例。此示例中动物剪影来自开放版权的网站Pixabay (https://pixabay.com), 仅用于展示。

图2实验1流程图(记忆项为4个)

图2实验1流程图(记忆项为4个)

表1实验1八种条件下的K (M ± SD)

姿态相似性	负荷2		负荷4
姿态相似性	相同类别	不同类别	相同类别	不同类别
高相似姿态	1.63 ± 0.20	1.34 ± 0.16	3.09 ± 0.45	1.83 ± 0.69
低相似姿态	1.59 ± 0.25	1.59 ± 0.22	2.50 ± 0.78	1.80 ± 0.60

表1实验1八种条件下的K (M ± SD)

姿态相似性	负荷2		负荷4
姿态相似性	相同类别	不同类别	相同类别	不同类别
高相似姿态	1.63 ± 0.20	1.34 ± 0.16	3.09 ± 0.45	1.83 ± 0.69
低相似姿态	1.59 ± 0.25	1.59 ± 0.22	2.50 ± 0.78	1.80 ± 0.60

图3实验1结果记忆负荷(a)和姿态(b)对相同或不同类别试次的作用, 记忆负荷对高相似低相似姿态试次的作用(c)。误差线代表被试内95%的置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

图3实验1结果记忆负荷(a)和姿态(b)对相同或不同类别试次的作用, 记忆负荷对高相似低相似姿态试次的作用(c)。误差线代表被试内95%的置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

表2实验2八种条件下的K (M ± SD)

姿态相似性	负荷2		负荷4
姿态相似性	相同类别	不同类别	相同类别	不同类别
高相似姿态	1.53 ± 0.27	1.31 ± 0.34	2.78 ± 0.51	1.79 ± 0.46
低相似姿态	1.53 ± 0.27	1.46 ± 0.30	2.48 ± 0.48	1.46 ± 0.75

表2实验2八种条件下的K (M ± SD)

姿态相似性	负荷2		负荷4
姿态相似性	相同类别	不同类别	相同类别	不同类别
高相似姿态	1.53 ± 0.27	1.31 ± 0.34	2.78 ± 0.51	1.79 ± 0.46
低相似姿态	1.53 ± 0.27	1.46 ± 0.30	2.48 ± 0.48	1.46 ± 0.75

图4实验2结果记忆负荷(a)和姿态(b)对同类或不同类试次的作用, 记忆负荷对高低相似姿态试次的作用(c)。误差线代表被试内95%的置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

图5实验3记忆流程图(记忆负荷为2)

图5实验3记忆流程图(记忆负荷为2)

表3实验3四种条件下的K (M ± SD)

类别	负荷2	负荷4
相同类别	0.97 ± 0.23	1.95 ± 0.41
不同类别	0.86 ± 0.24	1.08 ± 0.40

表3实验3四种条件下的K (M ± SD)

类别	负荷2	负荷4
相同类别	0.97 ± 0.23	1.95 ± 0.41
不同类别	0.86 ± 0.24	1.08 ± 0.40

图6实验3行为结果记忆负荷对同类或不同类试次的作用。误差线代表被试内95%的置信区间, **p < 0.01

图7(a)记忆负荷为2和4时大脑顶叶(P8/P7、P6/P5、P4/P3)和顶枕(PO8/PO7、PO6/PO5、PO4/PO3)区域对侧减同侧波幅。灰色线段表示记忆项序列呈现时段。灰色矩形表示CDA时间窗口。(b)图为平均的对侧延迟活动(CDA)波幅。CDA从记忆序列消失后400 ms开始测量, 误差线表示95%的置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01。

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