), 李寿欣() 山东师范大学心理学院, 济南 250358
收稿日期:2020-05-13出版日期:2021-07-25发布日期:2021-05-24通讯作者:张倩,李寿欣E-mail:zhangqian_psy@126.com;shouxinli@sdnu.edu.cn基金资助:国家自然科学基金面上项目(31871100)Precision requirement of working memory representations influences attentional guidance
CHE Xiaowei, XU Huiyun, WANG Kaixuan, ZHANG Qian(), LI Shouxin() School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
Received:2020-05-13Online:2021-07-25Published:2021-05-24Contact:ZHANG Qian,LI Shouxin E-mail:zhangqian_psy@126.com;shouxinli@sdnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 采用注意捕获范式, 通过行为和事件相关脑电位(ERP)实验, 探讨工作记忆表征精度加工需求对注意引导的影响, 行为结果发现, 在低精度加工需求条件下, 只有一个工作记忆表征引导注意, 且处于高激活状态的工作记忆表征产生的注意捕获大于低激活状态; 而在高精度加工需求条件下, 有两个工作记忆表征引导注意, 且处于高、低激活状态的工作记忆表征产生的注意捕获没有差异。ERP结果显示, 高精度加工需求条件下诱发的NSW和LPC大于低精度加工需求条件; 在高精度加工需求条件下, 干扰项与记忆项匹配比不匹配时, 诱发更大的N2和更小的N2pc, 而在低精度加工需求条件下, 干扰项与记忆项匹配和不匹配时诱发的N2、N2pc没有差异。研究表明, 工作记忆表征精度加工需求影响注意引导的机制可能是高精度加工需求下, 工作记忆表征消耗的认知资源增加, 搜索目标获得的资源减少, 干扰项捕获的注意增加。
图/表 9
图1CIELab颜色环(Zhang & Luck, 2008)
图1CIELab颜色环(Zhang & Luck, 2008) 
图2实验1~4单一试次流程图(第一行是实验1抑制语音编码条件下的实验流程图; 第二行是实验1促进语音编码条件下的实验流程图; 第三行是实验2的实验流程图; 第四行是实验3的实验流程图; 第五行是实验4的实验流程图; 在单一试次中, 视觉搜索任务和记忆检测任务随机呈现一种。图中, 图形中的纹理代表的是不同的彩色)
图2实验1~4单一试次流程图(第一行是实验1抑制语音编码条件下的实验流程图; 第二行是实验1促进语音编码条件下的实验流程图; 第三行是实验2的实验流程图; 第四行是实验3的实验流程图; 第五行是实验4的实验流程图; 在单一试次中, 视觉搜索任务和记忆检测任务随机呈现一种。图中, 图形中的纹理代表的是不同的彩色)表1实验1~4各条件下, 工作记忆任务的正确率和反应时(M ± 95% CI)
| 实验 | 实验条件 | 高精度加工需求 | 低精度加工需求 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正确率 | 反应时 (ms) | 正确率 | 反应时 (ms) | ||
| 实验1 | |||||
| 抑制语音编码 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | |||
| 促进语音编码 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |||
| 实验2 | |||||
| 高优先项目 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 699 ± 53 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 611 ± 29 | |
| 低优先项目 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 878 ± 88 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 755 ± 61 | |
| 实验3 | |||||
| 记忆1个项目 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |||
| 记忆2个项目 | 0.76 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | |||
| 实验4 | |||||
| 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | ||||
表1实验1~4各条件下, 工作记忆任务的正确率和反应时(M ± 95% CI)
| 实验 | 实验条件 | 高精度加工需求 | 低精度加工需求 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正确率 | 反应时 (ms) | 正确率 | 反应时 (ms) | ||
| 实验1 | |||||
| 抑制语音编码 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | |||
| 促进语音编码 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |||
| 实验2 | |||||
| 高优先项目 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 699 ± 53 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 611 ± 29 | |
| 低优先项目 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 878 ± 88 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 755 ± 61 | |
| 实验3 | |||||
| 记忆1个项目 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |||
| 记忆2个项目 | 0.76 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | |||
| 实验4 | |||||
| 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | ||||
表2实验1~4各条件下, 视觉搜索任务的正确率和反应时(M ± 95% CI)
| 实验 | 实验条件 | 匹配情况 | 高精度加工需求 | 低精度加工需求 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正确率 | 反应时(ms) | 正确率 | 反应时(ms) | |||
| 实验1 | ||||||
| 抑制语音编码 | 基线 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 440 ± 91 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 438 ± 110 | |
| 不匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 475 ± 83 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 470 ± 99 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 543 ± 88 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 492 ± 103 | ||
| 促进语音编码 | 基线 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 418 ± 75 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 430 ± 81 | |
| 不匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 450 ± 66 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 468 ± 76 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 547 ± 75 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 517 ± 78 | ||
| 实验2 | ||||||
| 基线 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 554 ± 138 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 514 ± 113 | ||
| 不匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 577 ± 121 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 570 ± 102 | ||
| 高优先匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 614 ± 123 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 610 ± 103 | ||
| 低优先匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 630 ± 127 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 574 ± 108 | ||
| 实验3 | ||||||
| 记忆1个项目 | 基线 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 470 ± 128 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 471 ± 132 | |
| 匹配0 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 523 ± 119 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 488 ± 109 | ||
| 匹配1 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 565 ± 108 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 554 ± 123 | ||
| 记忆2个项目 | 基线 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 480 ± 132 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 477 ± 125 | |
| 匹配0 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 492 ± 111 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 498 ± 116 | ||
| 匹配1 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 544 ± 116 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 500 ± 99 | ||
| 匹配2 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 593 ± 111 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 541 ± 117 | ||
| 实验4 | ||||||
| 基线 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 755 ± 51 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 756 ± 48 | ||
| 不匹配 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 747 ± 42 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 755 ± 48 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 817 ± 47 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 803 ± 51 | ||
表2实验1~4各条件下, 视觉搜索任务的正确率和反应时(M ± 95% CI)
| 实验 | 实验条件 | 匹配情况 | 高精度加工需求 | 低精度加工需求 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正确率 | 反应时(ms) | 正确率 | 反应时(ms) | |||
| 实验1 | ||||||
| 抑制语音编码 | 基线 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 440 ± 91 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 438 ± 110 | |
| 不匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 475 ± 83 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 470 ± 99 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 543 ± 88 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 492 ± 103 | ||
| 促进语音编码 | 基线 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 418 ± 75 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 430 ± 81 | |
| 不匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 450 ± 66 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 468 ± 76 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 547 ± 75 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 517 ± 78 | ||
| 实验2 | ||||||
| 基线 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 554 ± 138 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 514 ± 113 | ||
| 不匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 577 ± 121 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 570 ± 102 | ||
| 高优先匹配 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 614 ± 123 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 610 ± 103 | ||
| 低优先匹配 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 630 ± 127 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 574 ± 108 | ||
| 实验3 | ||||||
| 记忆1个项目 | 基线 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 470 ± 128 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 471 ± 132 | |
| 匹配0 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 523 ± 119 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 488 ± 109 | ||
| 匹配1 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 565 ± 108 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 554 ± 123 | ||
| 记忆2个项目 | 基线 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 480 ± 132 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 477 ± 125 | |
| 匹配0 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 492 ± 111 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 498 ± 116 | ||
| 匹配1 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 544 ± 116 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 500 ± 99 | ||
| 匹配2 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 593 ± 111 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 541 ± 117 | ||
| 实验4 | ||||||
| 基线 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 755 ± 51 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 756 ± 48 | ||
| 不匹配 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 747 ± 42 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 755 ± 48 | ||
| 匹配 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 817 ± 47 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 803 ± 51 | ||
图3实验1~3各条件下基于工作记忆的注意捕获效应量(其中, 图A是实验1的结果; 图B是实验2的结果; 图C是实验3的结果; 竖线表示95%置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01)
图3实验1~3各条件下基于工作记忆的注意捕获效应量(其中, 图A是实验1的结果; 图B是实验2的结果; 图C是实验3的结果; 竖线表示95%置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) 
图4实验4高低精度条件下记忆项诱发的NSW成分(灰色区域表示600~1000 ms时间窗口)
图4实验4高低精度条件下记忆项诱发的NSW成分(灰色区域表示600~1000 ms时间窗口)
图5实验4高低精度条件下记忆项诱发的LPC成分(灰色区域表示450~1000 ms时间窗口)
图5实验4高低精度条件下记忆项诱发的LPC成分(灰色区域表示450~1000 ms时间窗口)
图6实验4不同条件下, 搜索项诱发的N2及其波幅值(其中, 图A是高精度加工需求条件下Fz、FCz和Cz电极点的N2波形图; 图B 是低精度加工需求条件下Fz、FCz和Cz电极点的N2波形图; 图C是N2波形图的标尺; 图D是不同条件下N2的平均波幅, 竖线表示95%置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01)
图6实验4不同条件下, 搜索项诱发的N2及其波幅值(其中, 图A是高精度加工需求条件下Fz、FCz和Cz电极点的N2波形图; 图B 是低精度加工需求条件下Fz、FCz和Cz电极点的N2波形图; 图C是N2波形图的标尺; 图D是不同条件下N2的平均波幅, 竖线表示95%置信区间, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) 
图7实验4不同条件下搜索项诱发的N2pc及其波幅值(图A是高精度加工需求条件下目标项出现同侧、对侧PO7/8电极点的波形图以及搜索目标项诱发的N2pc波形图; 图B 是低精度加工需求条件下目标项出现同侧、对侧PO7/8电极点的波形图以及搜索目标项诱发的N2pc波形图; 图C是N2pc波形图的标尺, 灰色区域表示260~360 ms时间窗口; 图D是不同条件下N2pc的平均波幅, 竖线表示95%置信区间, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001)
图7实验4不同条件下搜索项诱发的N2pc及其波幅值(图A是高精度加工需求条件下目标项出现同侧、对侧PO7/8电极点的波形图以及搜索目标项诱发的N2pc波形图; 图B 是低精度加工需求条件下目标项出现同侧、对侧PO7/8电极点的波形图以及搜索目标项诱发的N2pc波形图; 图C是N2pc波形图的标尺, 灰色区域表示260~360 ms时间窗口; 图D是不同条件下N2pc的平均波幅, 竖线表示95%置信区间, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) 参考文献 55
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