) 首都师范大学心理学院, 北京 100048
收稿日期:2020-08-09出版日期:2021-08-25发布日期:2021-06-25通讯作者:赵婧E-mail:conanzj@126.com基金资助:*国家自然科学基金(31871117)The development of visual simultaneous processing skill subcomponents of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia and the relationship with reading
LI Jie, YANG Yue, ZHAO Jing() School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
Received:2020-08-09Online:2021-08-25Published:2021-06-25Contact:ZHAO Jing E-mail:conanzj@126.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 通过分别以高频汉字(实验1)和图形非言语材料(实验2)为刺激的两个联合视觉注意任务, 并采用基于Budensen视觉注意理论的参数估计方法, 系统地探查小学三~六年级汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉同时性加工技能缺陷的内在机制。以43名汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和46名生理年龄匹配典型发展儿童为被试, 每类被试均被分为小学中年级组(三、四年级)和高年级组(五、六年级)。两个实验均发现不同年级组的阅读障碍儿童在知觉加工速度参数上显著小于控制组儿童。在空间注意分布权重参数上, 实验1的结果显示, 不同于控制组儿童向左侧化发展的注意分布模式, 两个年级组的阅读障碍儿童均表现为无偏的注意分布; 而实验2未发现显著组别差异。且这两种同时性加工子技能分别与不同水平的汉语阅读技能密切相关。结果表明, 汉语阅读障碍儿童在同时加工多个视觉刺激时存在持续的知觉加工速度缓慢的问题, 在同时加工言语类刺激时还表现出异常的空间注意分布模式。本研究有助于从基础认知层面揭示汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的缺陷机理, 为进一步设计相关的提高阅读效率的干预方案提供理论依据。
图/表 9
表1不同年级组DD和TD儿童各项数据的比较[M (SD)]
| 项目 | 中年级组 | 高年级组 | DD (n= 43) | TD (n= 46) | t | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | t | DD (n= 22) | TD (n= 23) | t | ||||
| 年龄(岁) | 9.25 (0.75) | 9.28 (0.62) | -0.17 | 11.46 (0.73) | 11.34 (0.67) | 0.55 | 10.37 (1.33) | 10.31 (1.22) | 0.24 |
| 识字量 | 1005 (307) | 1945 (417) | -8.57*** | 2265 (254) | 3195 (96) | -16.08*** | 1650 (696) | 2570 (699) | -6.22*** |
| 瑞文智力测试 | 40.43 (4.99) | 40.04 (3.10) | 0.30 | 43.45 (5.48) | 44.65 (3.42) | -0.88 | 41.98 (5.40) | 42.35 (3.98) | -0.37 |
| 数字快速命名(秒) | 14.28 (3.11) | 11.21 (2.44) | 3.66** | 12.61 (3.04) | 10.19 (2.59) | 2.89** | 13.43 (3.15) | 10.70 (2.54) | 4.51*** |
| 字朗读速度(字/分钟) | 80.29 (21.90) | 100.87 (16.48) | -3.54** | 95.55 (17.92) | 114.91 (21.08) | -3.31** | 88.09 (21.18) | 107.89 (20.01) | -4.54*** |
| 句子朗读速度(字/分钟) | 121.54 (65.73) | 149.59 (24.16) | -1.85 | 150.00 (36.72) | 232.88 (131.40) | -2.85** | 136.10 (54.21) | 191.24 (102.46) | -3.14** |
表1不同年级组DD和TD儿童各项数据的比较[M (SD)]
| 项目 | 中年级组 | 高年级组 | DD (n= 43) | TD (n= 46) | t | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | t | DD (n= 22) | TD (n= 23) | t | ||||
| 年龄(岁) | 9.25 (0.75) | 9.28 (0.62) | -0.17 | 11.46 (0.73) | 11.34 (0.67) | 0.55 | 10.37 (1.33) | 10.31 (1.22) | 0.24 |
| 识字量 | 1005 (307) | 1945 (417) | -8.57*** | 2265 (254) | 3195 (96) | -16.08*** | 1650 (696) | 2570 (699) | -6.22*** |
| 瑞文智力测试 | 40.43 (4.99) | 40.04 (3.10) | 0.30 | 43.45 (5.48) | 44.65 (3.42) | -0.88 | 41.98 (5.40) | 42.35 (3.98) | -0.37 |
| 数字快速命名(秒) | 14.28 (3.11) | 11.21 (2.44) | 3.66** | 12.61 (3.04) | 10.19 (2.59) | 2.89** | 13.43 (3.15) | 10.70 (2.54) | 4.51*** |
| 字朗读速度(字/分钟) | 80.29 (21.90) | 100.87 (16.48) | -3.54** | 95.55 (17.92) | 114.91 (21.08) | -3.31** | 88.09 (21.18) | 107.89 (20.01) | -4.54*** |
| 句子朗读速度(字/分钟) | 121.54 (65.73) | 149.59 (24.16) | -1.85 | 150.00 (36.72) | 232.88 (131.40) | -2.85** | 136.10 (54.21) | 191.24 (102.46) | -3.14** |
图1基于言语材料的视觉同时性加工技能子成分测查任务示意图
图1基于言语材料的视觉同时性加工技能子成分测查任务示意图表2汉字材料下视觉同时性加工子成分的描述统计[M (SD)]及差异检验
| 项目 | 中年级 | 高年级 | F(组别) | F(年级组) | F(交互作用) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | DD (n= 22) | TD (n =23) | ||||
| C | 6.91 (1.57) | 8.26 (0.96) | 7.93 (1.34) | 8.85 (1.05) | 18.68*** | 9.22** | 0.66 |
| K | 3.30 (0.04) | 3.31 (0.05) | 3.28 (0.58) | 3.29 (0.04) | 1.12 | 2.22 | 0.04 |
| ω | 0.49 (0.05) | 0.49 (0.03) | 0.50 (0.04) | 0.50 (0.02) | 0.05 | 1.32 | 0.45 |
| α | 8.10×e-7 (6.80×e-7) | 9.13×e-7 (1.05×e-6) | 9.55×e-7 (1.23×e-6) | 4.78×e-7 (3.84×e-7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
表2汉字材料下视觉同时性加工子成分的描述统计[M (SD)]及差异检验
| 项目 | 中年级 | 高年级 | F(组别) | F(年级组) | F(交互作用) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | DD (n= 22) | TD (n =23) | ||||
| C | 6.91 (1.57) | 8.26 (0.96) | 7.93 (1.34) | 8.85 (1.05) | 18.68*** | 9.22** | 0.66 |
| K | 3.30 (0.04) | 3.31 (0.05) | 3.28 (0.58) | 3.29 (0.04) | 1.12 | 2.22 | 0.04 |
| ω | 0.49 (0.05) | 0.49 (0.03) | 0.50 (0.04) | 0.50 (0.02) | 0.05 | 1.32 | 0.45 |
| α | 8.10×e-7 (6.80×e-7) | 9.13×e-7 (1.05×e-6) | 9.55×e-7 (1.23×e-6) | 4.78×e-7 (3.84×e-7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
表3汉字和图形材料下视觉同时性加工子成分C、ω与阅读测试成绩的全相关分析
| 阅读测试 | 汉字材料 | 图形材料 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | ω | C | |
| 字朗读 | 0.19 | 0.22* | 0.16 |
| 句子朗读速度 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
表3汉字和图形材料下视觉同时性加工子成分C、ω与阅读测试成绩的全相关分析
| 阅读测试 | 汉字材料 | 图形材料 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | ω | C | |
| 字朗读 | 0.19 | 0.22* | 0.16 |
| 句子朗读速度 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
表4汉字材料下视觉同时性加工子成分C、ω与阅读测试成绩的回归分析
| 任务 | 步骤 | 预测变量 | R2 | F | ΔR2 | ΔF | β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.10 | 4.72* | 0.10 | 4.72* | ||
| 年龄 | 0.29* | ||||||
| IQ | 0.10 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.29 | 11.77*** | 0.20 | 23.41*** | 0.51*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.31 | 9.51*** | 0.02 | 2.23 | -0.15 | |
| 第四层 | ω | 0.35 | 8.78*** | 0.03 | 4.34* | 0.19* | |
| 第三层 | ω | 0.33 | 10.37*** | 0.04 | 4.64* | 0.19* | |
| 第四层 | C | 0.35 | 8.78*** | 0.02 | 1.96 | -0.15 | |
| 句子朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.13 | 6.47** | 0.13 | 6.47** | ||
| 年龄 | 年龄 | 0.36** | |||||
| IQ | 0.16 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.24 | 8.71*** | 0.10 | 11.58** | 0.42*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.28 | 8.08*** | 0.04 | 4.97* | -0.26* | |
| 第四层 | ω | 0.28 | 6.43*** | 0.001 | 0.17 | -0.04 | |
| 第三层 | ω | 0.24 | 6.48*** | 0.001 | 0.08 | -0.04 | |
| 第四层 | C | 0.28 | 6.43*** | 0.04 | 5.01* | -0.26* |
表4汉字材料下视觉同时性加工子成分C、ω与阅读测试成绩的回归分析
| 任务 | 步骤 | 预测变量 | R2 | F | ΔR2 | ΔF | β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.10 | 4.72* | 0.10 | 4.72* | ||
| 年龄 | 0.29* | ||||||
| IQ | 0.10 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.29 | 11.77*** | 0.20 | 23.41*** | 0.51*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.31 | 9.51*** | 0.02 | 2.23 | -0.15 | |
| 第四层 | ω | 0.35 | 8.78*** | 0.03 | 4.34* | 0.19* | |
| 第三层 | ω | 0.33 | 10.37*** | 0.04 | 4.64* | 0.19* | |
| 第四层 | C | 0.35 | 8.78*** | 0.02 | 1.96 | -0.15 | |
| 句子朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.13 | 6.47** | 0.13 | 6.47** | ||
| 年龄 | 年龄 | 0.36** | |||||
| IQ | 0.16 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.24 | 8.71*** | 0.10 | 11.58** | 0.42*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.28 | 8.08*** | 0.04 | 4.97* | -0.26* | |
| 第四层 | ω | 0.28 | 6.43*** | 0.001 | 0.17 | -0.04 | |
| 第三层 | ω | 0.24 | 6.48*** | 0.001 | 0.08 | -0.04 | |
| 第四层 | C | 0.28 | 6.43*** | 0.04 | 5.01* | -0.26* |
图2基于非言语材料的视觉同时性加工技能子成分测查任务示意图
图2基于非言语材料的视觉同时性加工技能子成分测查任务示意图表5图形材料下视觉同时性加工技能子成分的描述统计[M(SD)]及差异检验
| 项目 | 中年级 | 高年级 | F(组别) | F(年级组) | F(交互作用) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | DD (n= 22) | TD (n= 23) | ||||
| C | 5.97 (1.61) | 6.72 (1.23) | 6.75 (1.45) | 7.22 (1.08) | 4.56* | 5.06* | 0.23 |
| K | 3.29 (0.05) | 3.29 (0.05) | 3.27 (0.05) | 3.28 (0.05) | 0.40 | 2.23 | 0.08 |
| ω | 0.48 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.50 (0.04) | 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.50 |
| α | 0.001 (0.003) | 8.91×e-7 (8.78×e-7) | 7.95×e-7 (8.26×e-7) | 7.17×e-7 (5.61×e-7) | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 |
表5图形材料下视觉同时性加工技能子成分的描述统计[M(SD)]及差异检验
| 项目 | 中年级 | 高年级 | F(组别) | F(年级组) | F(交互作用) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD (n= 21) | TD (n= 23) | DD (n= 22) | TD (n= 23) | ||||
| C | 5.97 (1.61) | 6.72 (1.23) | 6.75 (1.45) | 7.22 (1.08) | 4.56* | 5.06* | 0.23 |
| K | 3.29 (0.05) | 3.29 (0.05) | 3.27 (0.05) | 3.28 (0.05) | 0.40 | 2.23 | 0.08 |
| ω | 0.48 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.50 (0.04) | 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.50 |
| α | 0.001 (0.003) | 8.91×e-7 (8.78×e-7) | 7.95×e-7 (8.26×e-7) | 7.17×e-7 (5.61×e-7) | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 |
表6图形刺激下视觉同时性加工子成分C与阅读测试成绩的回归分析
| 任务 | 步骤 | 预测变量 | R2 | F | ΔR2 | ΔF | β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.10 | 4.72* | 0.10 | 4.72* | ||
| 年龄 | 0.29* | ||||||
| IQ | 0.07 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.29 | 11.77*** | 0.20 | 23.41*** | 0.45*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.30 | 8.78*** | 0.001 | 0.17 | -0.04 | |
| 句子朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.13 | 6.47** | 0.13 | 6.47** | ||
| 年龄 | 0.33** | ||||||
| IQ | 0.15 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.21 | 8.71*** | 0.10 | 11.58** | 0.37*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.24 | 7.95*** | 0.04 | 4.59* | -0.22* |
表6图形刺激下视觉同时性加工子成分C与阅读测试成绩的回归分析
| 任务 | 步骤 | 预测变量 | R2 | F | ΔR2 | ΔF | β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.10 | 4.72* | 0.10 | 4.72* | ||
| 年龄 | 0.29* | ||||||
| IQ | 0.07 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.29 | 11.77*** | 0.20 | 23.41*** | 0.45*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.30 | 8.78*** | 0.001 | 0.17 | -0.04 | |
| 句子朗读速度 | 第一层 | 0.13 | 6.47** | 0.13 | 6.47** | ||
| 年龄 | 0.33** | ||||||
| IQ | 0.15 | ||||||
| 第二层 | 组别 | 0.21 | 8.71*** | 0.10 | 11.58** | 0.37*** | |
| 第三层 | C | 0.24 | 7.95*** | 0.04 | 4.59* | -0.22* |
附表1汉字和图形刺激的视觉复杂度得分M(SD)
| 编号 | 汉字 | 复杂度 | 图形 | 复杂度 | 编号 | 汉字 | 复杂度 | 图形 | 复杂度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 马 | 2.13 (1.03) | | 2.06 (1.00) | 11 | 巴 | 2.69 (0.79) | | 2.69 (1.20) |
| 2 | 片 | 2.50 (1.10) | | 2.44 (1.15) | 12 | 从 | 2.50 (0.97) | | 2.94 (1.12) |
| 3 | 禾 | 2.31 (0.95) | | 2.25 (1.07) | 13 | 牙 | 2.69 (0.79) | | 2.75 (1.29) |
| 4 | 半 | 2.63 (0.86) | | 2.13 (1.09) | 14 | 业 | 2.75 (0.68) | | 2.00 (1.03) |
| 5 | 目 | 2.31 (1.08) | | 1.63 (0.96) | 15 | 方 | 2.19 (1.05) | | 2.31 (1.20) |
| 6 | 羊 | 2.63 (0.96) | | 2.19 (0.98) | 16 | 什 | 2.19 (0.66) | ||
| 7 | 台 | 2.75 (0.78) | | 2.62 (0.89) | 17 | 今 | 2.19 (0.66) | ||
| 8 | 也 | 2.19 (0.91) | | 2.81 (1.17) | 18 | 化 | 2.31 (0.79) | ||
| 9 | 闪 | 2.50 (1.03) | | 2.31 (1.25) | 19 | 为 | 2.44 (0.89) | ||
| 10 | 比 | 2.87 (0.89) | | 2.13 (1.09) | 20 | 本 | 2.69 (0.79) |
附表1汉字和图形刺激的视觉复杂度得分M(SD)
| 编号 | 汉字 | 复杂度 | 图形 | 复杂度 | 编号 | 汉字 | 复杂度 | 图形 | 复杂度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 马 | 2.13 (1.03) | | 2.06 (1.00) | 11 | 巴 | 2.69 (0.79) | | 2.69 (1.20) |
| 2 | 片 | 2.50 (1.10) | | 2.44 (1.15) | 12 | 从 | 2.50 (0.97) | | 2.94 (1.12) |
| 3 | 禾 | 2.31 (0.95) | | 2.25 (1.07) | 13 | 牙 | 2.69 (0.79) | | 2.75 (1.29) |
| 4 | 半 | 2.63 (0.86) | | 2.13 (1.09) | 14 | 业 | 2.75 (0.68) | | 2.00 (1.03) |
| 5 | 目 | 2.31 (1.08) | | 1.63 (0.96) | 15 | 方 | 2.19 (1.05) | | 2.31 (1.20) |
| 6 | 羊 | 2.63 (0.96) | | 2.19 (0.98) | 16 | 什 | 2.19 (0.66) | ||
| 7 | 台 | 2.75 (0.78) | | 2.62 (0.89) | 17 | 今 | 2.19 (0.66) | ||
| 8 | 也 | 2.19 (0.91) | | 2.81 (1.17) | 18 | 化 | 2.31 (0.79) | ||
| 9 | 闪 | 2.50 (1.03) | | 2.31 (1.25) | 19 | 为 | 2.44 (0.89) | ||
| 10 | 比 | 2.87 (0.89) | | 2.13 (1.09) | 20 | 本 | 2.69 (0.79) |
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