) 认知与人类行为湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410081
收稿日期:2020-06-14出版日期:2020-12-25发布日期:2020-10-26通讯作者:陈杰E-mail:xlxchen@163.com基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金(31771240);湖南省哲学社会科学基金(15YBA263);湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(18A036)The relationship between musical training and inhibitory control: An ERPs study
CHEN Jiejia, ZHOU Yi, CHEN Jie() Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410081, China
Received:2020-06-14Online:2020-12-25Published:2020-10-26Contact:CHEN Jie E-mail:xlxchen@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 抑制控制是人类非常重要的认知功能之一, 它对个体适应环境具有重要的意义。本研究将抑制控制细分为反应抑制和冲突控制, 采用Go/No-go和Stroop任务从行为和脑电层面, 考察了音乐训练与抑制控制能力的关系及其认知神经机制。结果发现：在行为指标上, 音乐训练组比控制组的Stroop干扰效应更小, 但两组被试在Go/No-go任务表现上没有差异。在脑电指标上, 在Go/No-go任务中音乐训练组的N2差异波和P3差异波波幅(No-go减Go条件)显著大于控制组, 在Stroop任务中音乐训练组的N450差异波波幅(不一致减一致条件)也显著大于控制组, 但两组被试的SP差异波波幅(不一致减一致条件)无显著差异。结果表明：音乐训练组被试在反应抑制任务中可能具有更强的冲突监控和运动抑制能力, 在冲突控制任务中也具有更强的冲突监控能力。本研究从电生理的层面反映了音乐训练与抑制控制能力的提升具有一定的关联。
图/表 7
表1被试人口学资料
| 编号 | 年龄(岁) | 社会经济地位 | 智力 | 训练开始 年龄(岁) | 训练时长 (年) | 乐器(首个为主修乐器) | 每周练习 时间(小时) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | |
| 1 | 19 | 23 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 小提琴, 吉他 | 无 | 18 | 无 |
| 2 | 18 | 18 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 陶笛 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
| 3 | 18 | 18 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 6 | 无 |
| 4 | 22 | 20 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 无 | 15 | 无 | 小提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 9 | 无 |
| 5 | 23 | 19 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴, 小提琴 | 无 | 14 | 无 |
| 6 | 22 | 23 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 7 | 20 | 20 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 手风琴 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
| 8 | 20 | 17 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 13 | 无 |
| 9 | 21 | 19 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3 | 12 | 5 | 无 | 15 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 16 | 无 |
| 10 | 19 | 19 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 无 | 11 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴 | 无 | 12 | 无 |
| 11 | 20 | 18 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 12 | 20 | 20 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 无 | 9 | 无 | 大提琴 | 无 | 9 | 无 |
| 13 | 20 | 19 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 11 | 11 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 中提琴, 小提琴, 吉他 | 无 | 8 | 无 |
| 14 | 20 | 22 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 无 | 13 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 11 | 无 |
| 15 | 19 | 24 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 无 | 10 | 无 | 小提琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 16 | 19 | 19 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴, 扬琴 | 无 | 15 | 无 |
| 17 | 20 | 20 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 12 | 无 |
| 18 | 20 | 19 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 扬琴, 大提琴 | 无 | 13 | 无 |
| 19 | 20 | 18 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 笙, 钢琴, 葫芦丝, 唢呐, 萧 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 20 | 19 | 20 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 8 | 无 |
| 21 | 19 | 18 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 无 | 10 | 无 | 小提琴, 中提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 6 | 无 |
| 22 | 20 | 19 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 无 | 13 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 23 | 20 | 25 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 小提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
表1被试人口学资料
| 编号 | 年龄(岁) | 社会经济地位 | 智力 | 训练开始 年龄(岁) | 训练时长 (年) | 乐器(首个为主修乐器) | 每周练习 时间(小时) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | M | C | |
| 1 | 19 | 23 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 小提琴, 吉他 | 无 | 18 | 无 |
| 2 | 18 | 18 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 陶笛 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
| 3 | 18 | 18 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 6 | 无 |
| 4 | 22 | 20 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 无 | 15 | 无 | 小提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 9 | 无 |
| 5 | 23 | 19 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴, 小提琴 | 无 | 14 | 无 |
| 6 | 22 | 23 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 7 | 20 | 20 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 手风琴 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
| 8 | 20 | 17 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 13 | 无 |
| 9 | 21 | 19 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3 | 12 | 5 | 无 | 15 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 16 | 无 |
| 10 | 19 | 19 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 无 | 11 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴 | 无 | 12 | 无 |
| 11 | 20 | 18 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 12 | 20 | 20 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 无 | 9 | 无 | 大提琴 | 无 | 9 | 无 |
| 13 | 20 | 19 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 11 | 11 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 中提琴, 小提琴, 吉他 | 无 | 8 | 无 |
| 14 | 20 | 22 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 无 | 13 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 11 | 无 |
| 15 | 19 | 24 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 无 | 10 | 无 | 小提琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 16 | 19 | 19 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴, 扬琴 | 无 | 15 | 无 |
| 17 | 20 | 20 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 无 | 14 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 12 | 无 |
| 18 | 20 | 19 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 古筝, 钢琴, 扬琴, 大提琴 | 无 | 13 | 无 |
| 19 | 20 | 18 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 无 | 8 | 无 | 笙, 钢琴, 葫芦丝, 唢呐, 萧 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 20 | 19 | 20 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 8 | 无 |
| 21 | 19 | 18 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 无 | 10 | 无 | 小提琴, 中提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 6 | 无 |
| 22 | 20 | 19 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 无 | 13 | 无 | 钢琴 | 无 | 10 | 无 |
| 23 | 20 | 25 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 无 | 12 | 无 | 小提琴, 钢琴 | 无 | 5 | 无 |
图1Go/No-go和Stroop实验中音乐训练组和控制组行为表现。(a) Go/No-go辨别力指数d'分数 = z(No-go击中率) - z(Go虚报率); (b)反应时的Stroop干扰效应 = 不一致试次反应时减一致试次反应时, 正确率的Stroop干扰效应 = 一致试次正确率减不一致试次正确率。n.s.表示 p > 0.05即没有显著差异, * p < 0.05。
图1Go/No-go和Stroop实验中音乐训练组和控制组行为表现。(a) Go/No-go辨别力指数d'分数 = z(No-go击中率) - z(Go虚报率); (b)反应时的Stroop干扰效应 = 不一致试次反应时减一致试次反应时, 正确率的Stroop干扰效应 = 一致试次正确率减不一致试次正确率。n.s.表示 p > 0.05即没有显著差异, * p < 0.05。表2两组被试在Go/No-go和Stroop任务中的正确率(%)、反应时(ms)和ERP波幅(μV)的差异比较
| 抑制控制 | 控制组M (SD) | 音乐训练组M (SD) | F(1, 44) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go/No-go | ||||
| 行为 | ||||
| Go正确率 | 99.35 (1.72) | 99.83 (0.65) | 1.55 | 0.22 |
| No-go正确率 | 96.22 (4.40) | 96.00 (3.93) | 0.03 | 0.86 |
| ERP | ||||
| Go N2 | 2.72 (3.33) | 7.85 (4.51) | 19.24 | 0.001*** |
| No-go N2 | 1.69 (3.62) | 5.27 (5.55) | 6.69 | 0.013* |
| Go P3 | 6.49 (3.62) | 11.83 (4.76) | 18.37 | 0.001*** |
| No-go P3 | 8.05 (4.12) | 15.27 (5.98) | 22.70 | 0.001*** |
| Stroop | ||||
| 行为 | ||||
| 一致 正确率 | 89.30 (7.89) | 93.26 (5.11) | 4.07 | 0.05* |
| 不一致 正确率 | 75.70 (12.91) | 84.48 (8.64) | 7.36 | 0.01** |
| 一致 反应时 | 636.48 (41.50) | 584.39 (61.18) | 11.42 | 0.002** |
| 不一致 反应时 | 700.90 (42.88) | 657.93 (70.24) | 6.27 | 0.016* |
| ERP | ||||
| 一致 N450 | 1.20(3.00) | 4.13 (5.13) | 5.62 | 0.022* |
| 不一致 N450 | 0.41 (2.55) | 2.29 (4.19) | 3.39 | 0.07 |
| 一致 SP | -5.08 (3.26) | -4.84 (4.40) | 0.04 | 0.84 |
| 不一致 SP | -3.54 (3.14) | -3.49 (3.88) | 0.003 | 0.96 |
表2两组被试在Go/No-go和Stroop任务中的正确率(%)、反应时(ms)和ERP波幅(μV)的差异比较
| 抑制控制 | 控制组M (SD) | 音乐训练组M (SD) | F(1, 44) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go/No-go | ||||
| 行为 | ||||
| Go正确率 | 99.35 (1.72) | 99.83 (0.65) | 1.55 | 0.22 |
| No-go正确率 | 96.22 (4.40) | 96.00 (3.93) | 0.03 | 0.86 |
| ERP | ||||
| Go N2 | 2.72 (3.33) | 7.85 (4.51) | 19.24 | 0.001*** |
| No-go N2 | 1.69 (3.62) | 5.27 (5.55) | 6.69 | 0.013* |
| Go P3 | 6.49 (3.62) | 11.83 (4.76) | 18.37 | 0.001*** |
| No-go P3 | 8.05 (4.12) | 15.27 (5.98) | 22.70 | 0.001*** |
| Stroop | ||||
| 行为 | ||||
| 一致 正确率 | 89.30 (7.89) | 93.26 (5.11) | 4.07 | 0.05* |
| 不一致 正确率 | 75.70 (12.91) | 84.48 (8.64) | 7.36 | 0.01** |
| 一致 反应时 | 636.48 (41.50) | 584.39 (61.18) | 11.42 | 0.002** |
| 不一致 反应时 | 700.90 (42.88) | 657.93 (70.24) | 6.27 | 0.016* |
| ERP | ||||
| 一致 N450 | 1.20(3.00) | 4.13 (5.13) | 5.62 | 0.022* |
| 不一致 N450 | 0.41 (2.55) | 2.29 (4.19) | 3.39 | 0.07 |
| 一致 SP | -5.08 (3.26) | -4.84 (4.40) | 0.04 | 0.84 |
| 不一致 SP | -3.54 (3.14) | -3.49 (3.88) | 0.003 | 0.96 |
图2音乐训练组和控制组被试在Go/No-go任务Fz点上(a) Go和No-go条件N2波形图; (b) Go和No-go条件N2地形图; (c) N2差异波的波形图(No-go减Go条件); (d) N2差异波的地形图(No-go减Go条件)。
图2音乐训练组和控制组被试在Go/No-go任务Fz点上(a) Go和No-go条件N2波形图; (b) Go和No-go条件N2地形图; (c) N2差异波的波形图(No-go减Go条件); (d) N2差异波的地形图(No-go减Go条件)。
图3音乐训练组和控制组被试在Go/No-go任务Cz点上 (a) Go和No-go条件P3波形图; (b) Go和No-go条件P3地形图; (c) P3差异波的波形图(No-go减Go条件); (d ) P3差异波的地形图(No-go减Go条件)。
图3音乐训练组和控制组被试在Go/No-go任务Cz点上 (a) Go和No-go条件P3波形图; (b) Go和No-go条件P3地形图; (c) P3差异波的波形图(No-go减Go条件); (d ) P3差异波的地形图(No-go减Go条件)。
图4音乐训练组和控制组被试在Stroop任务FCz点上 (a) 一致和不一致条件N450波形图; (b) 一致和不一致条件N450地形图; (c) N450差异波的波形图(不一致减一致); (d ) N450差异波的地形图(不一致减一致)。
图4音乐训练组和控制组被试在Stroop任务FCz点上 (a) 一致和不一致条件N450波形图; (b) 一致和不一致条件N450地形图; (c) N450差异波的波形图(不一致减一致); (d ) N450差异波的地形图(不一致减一致)。
图5音乐训练组和控制组被试在Stroop任务Pz点上 (a) 一致和不一致条件SP波形图; (b) 一致和不一致条件SP地形图; (c) SP差异波的波形图(不一致减一致); (d ) SP差异波的地形图(不一致减一致)。
图5音乐训练组和控制组被试在Stroop任务Pz点上 (a) 一致和不一致条件SP波形图; (b) 一致和不一致条件SP地形图; (c) SP差异波的波形图(不一致减一致); (d ) SP差异波的地形图(不一致减一致)。参考文献 51
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