![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
南京师范大学文学院, 南京 210097
收稿日期:
2019-04-04出版日期:
2020-06-25发布日期:
2020-04-22通讯作者:
梁丹丹E-mail:ldd233@163.com基金资助:
* 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(简称PAPD)Lexical tone perception mechanism in 2- to 4-year-old Mandarin-speaking children in the pre-attention stage
YANG Wanqing, XIAO Rong, LIANG Dandan(![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
School of Chinese Language and Culture, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
Received:
2019-04-04Online:
2020-06-25Published:
2020-04-22Contact:
LIANG Dandan E-mail:ldd233@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要: 以MMN、p-MMR作为汉语词汇声调感知的神经关联物, 探究2~4岁汉语普通话儿童前注意阶段对声调刺激的失匹配响应, 关注范畴信息和偏差大小两个因素对儿童感知水平的影响。结果显示:在范畴间大偏差条件下(T1/T3), 诱发明显的MMN; 在范畴内或小偏差条件下(T3a/T3、T3b/T3、T2/T3), 都未诱发显著的MMR。表明:2~4岁普通话儿童正处于声调感知能力的发展过程中, 音位信息和声学信息共同影响其声调感知。
图/表 19
表1汉语普通话儿童声调感知神经机制的发展脉络
年龄 | T1/T3 | T2/T3 |
---|---|---|
新生儿组(出生13天内) | p-MMR | 无MMRs |
6月龄组(6个月15天内) | MMN | p-MMR |
12月龄组(11; 22~12; 14) | MMN | p-MMR |
18月龄组(17; 25~18; 17) | MMN | p-MMR |
24月龄组(24; 1~24; 18) | MMN | 无MMRs |
3岁 | 未知 | 未知 |
4岁组(4; 1~4; 11) | MMN | 弱p-MMR或无MMRs |
5岁组(5; 0~5; 11) | MMN | p-MMR或无MMRs |
6岁组(6; 0~6; 11) | MMN | p-MMR或无MMRs |
表1汉语普通话儿童声调感知神经机制的发展脉络
年龄 | T1/T3 | T2/T3 |
---|---|---|
新生儿组(出生13天内) | p-MMR | 无MMRs |
6月龄组(6个月15天内) | MMN | p-MMR |
12月龄组(11; 22~12; 14) | MMN | p-MMR |
18月龄组(17; 25~18; 17) | MMN | p-MMR |
24月龄组(24; 1~24; 18) | MMN | 无MMRs |
3岁 | 未知 | 未知 |
4岁组(4; 1~4; 11) | MMN | 弱p-MMR或无MMRs |
5岁组(5; 0~5; 11) | MMN | p-MMR或无MMRs |
6岁组(6; 0~6; 11) | MMN | p-MMR或无MMRs |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_1.png)
图1T1-T3声调感知连续统
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_1.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_2.png)
图2T2-T3声调感知连续统
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_2.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_3.png)
图3全部刺激的频谱图
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_3.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_4.png)
图4范畴间不同刺激诱发的ERP总平均波形(时间窗:190~250 ms)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_4.png)
表2范畴间大偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T1 | T3 | T1-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | -0.65 (2.44) | 1.34 (2.12) | -1.99 (3.33) | -2.39 | 0.031* | -0.87 |
Fz | -1.53 (3.71) | 1.87 (2.01) | -3.40 (4.08) | -3.33 | 0.005* | -1.14 |
F4 | -1.47 (3.63) | 1.62 (1.97) | -3.09 (4.44) | -2.78 | 0.014* | -1.06 |
C3 | -1.53 (3.18) | 0.99 (1.69) | -2.52 (3.84) | -2.622 | 0.019* | -0.99 |
Cz | -2.22 (4.71) | 1.17 (1.47) | -3.39 (5.82) | -2.33 | 0.034* | -0.97 |
C4 | -1.58 (3.73) | 1.25 (1.84) | -2.83 (4.56) | -2.483 | 0.025* | -0.96 |
表2范畴间大偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T1 | T3 | T1-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | -0.65 (2.44) | 1.34 (2.12) | -1.99 (3.33) | -2.39 | 0.031* | -0.87 |
Fz | -1.53 (3.71) | 1.87 (2.01) | -3.40 (4.08) | -3.33 | 0.005* | -1.14 |
F4 | -1.47 (3.63) | 1.62 (1.97) | -3.09 (4.44) | -2.78 | 0.014* | -1.06 |
C3 | -1.53 (3.18) | 0.99 (1.69) | -2.52 (3.84) | -2.622 | 0.019* | -0.99 |
Cz | -2.22 (4.71) | 1.17 (1.47) | -3.39 (5.82) | -2.33 | 0.034* | -0.97 |
C4 | -1.58 (3.73) | 1.25 (1.84) | -2.83 (4.56) | -2.483 | 0.025* | -0.96 |
表3范畴间小偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T2 | T3 | T2-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.81 (4.00) | 1.34 (2.12) | -0.53 (4.04) | -0.53 | 0.606 | -0.16 |
Fz | 1.68 (3.71) | 1.86 (2.01) | -0.18 (3.56) | -0.20 | 0.844 | -0.06 |
F4 | 0.59 (3.82) | 1.62 (1.97) | -1.03 (3.56) | -1.12 | 0.266 | -0.34 |
C3 | 0.46 (3.54) | 0.99 (1.69) | -0.53 (3.75) | -0.57 | 0.575 | -0.19 |
Cz | 0.76 (3.57) | 1.17 (1.47) | -0.41 (4.05) | -0.41 | 0.687 | -0.15 |
C4 | -0.10 (3.68) | 1.25 (1.85) | -1.35 (4.49) | -1.20 | 0.248 | -0.46 |
表3范畴间小偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T2 | T3 | T2-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.81 (4.00) | 1.34 (2.12) | -0.53 (4.04) | -0.53 | 0.606 | -0.16 |
Fz | 1.68 (3.71) | 1.86 (2.01) | -0.18 (3.56) | -0.20 | 0.844 | -0.06 |
F4 | 0.59 (3.82) | 1.62 (1.97) | -1.03 (3.56) | -1.12 | 0.266 | -0.34 |
C3 | 0.46 (3.54) | 0.99 (1.69) | -0.53 (3.75) | -0.57 | 0.575 | -0.19 |
Cz | 0.76 (3.57) | 1.17 (1.47) | -0.41 (4.05) | -0.41 | 0.687 | -0.15 |
C4 | -0.10 (3.68) | 1.25 (1.85) | -1.35 (4.49) | -1.20 | 0.248 | -0.46 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_5.png)
图5范畴内不同刺激诱发的ERP总平均波形(时间窗:190~250 ms)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_5.png)
表4范畴内大偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3a | T3 | T3a-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.77 (2.88) | 1.18 (2.34) | 0.59 (2.23) | 1.05 | 0.309 | 0.22 |
Fz | 1.25 (3.65) | 1.03 (1.92) | 0.22 (3.23) | 0.28 | 0.786 | 0.08 |
F4 | 1.87 (3.58) | 1.13 (2.63) | 0.74 (2.92) | 1.03 | 0.322 | 0.24 |
C3 | 0.78 (2.15) | 0.66 (1.37) | 0.12 (2.39) | 0.20 | 0.844 | 0.07 |
Cz | 1.01 (2.76) | 1.66 (1.91) | -0.65 (3.56) | -0.73 | 0.476 | -0.27 |
C4 | 1.04 (3.19) | 0.86 (1.52) | 0.18 (3.17) | 0.22 | 0.827 | 0.07 |
表4范畴内大偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3a | T3 | T3a-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.77 (2.88) | 1.18 (2.34) | 0.59 (2.23) | 1.05 | 0.309 | 0.22 |
Fz | 1.25 (3.65) | 1.03 (1.92) | 0.22 (3.23) | 0.28 | 0.786 | 0.08 |
F4 | 1.87 (3.58) | 1.13 (2.63) | 0.74 (2.92) | 1.03 | 0.322 | 0.24 |
C3 | 0.78 (2.15) | 0.66 (1.37) | 0.12 (2.39) | 0.20 | 0.844 | 0.07 |
Cz | 1.01 (2.76) | 1.66 (1.91) | -0.65 (3.56) | -0.73 | 0.476 | -0.27 |
C4 | 1.04 (3.19) | 0.86 (1.52) | 0.18 (3.17) | 0.22 | 0.827 | 0.07 |
表5范畴内小偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3b | T3 | T3b-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.36 (2.25) | 1.18 (2.34) | 0.18 (1.89) | 0.38 | 0.713 | 0.08 |
Fz | 1.43 (2.54) | 1.03 (1.92) | 0.40 (1.64) | 0.99 | 0.339 | 0.18 |
F4 | 1.86 (2.28) | 1.13 (2.63) | 0.73 (2.05) | 1.43 | 0.173 | 0.30 |
C3 | 1.05 (2.11) | 0.66 (1.37) | 0.39 (1.59) | 0.99 | 0.340 | 0.22 |
Cz | 1.68 (3.20) | 1.66 (1.91) | 0.02 (2.12) | 0.04 | 0.970 | 0.01 |
C4 | 1.09 (1.36) | 0.87 (1.52) | 0.22 (1.34) | 0.67 | 0.515 | 0.15 |
表5范畴内小偏差刺激与标准刺激的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3b | T3 | T3b-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.36 (2.25) | 1.18 (2.34) | 0.18 (1.89) | 0.38 | 0.713 | 0.08 |
Fz | 1.43 (2.54) | 1.03 (1.92) | 0.40 (1.64) | 0.99 | 0.339 | 0.18 |
F4 | 1.86 (2.28) | 1.13 (2.63) | 0.73 (2.05) | 1.43 | 0.173 | 0.30 |
C3 | 1.05 (2.11) | 0.66 (1.37) | 0.39 (1.59) | 0.99 | 0.340 | 0.22 |
Cz | 1.68 (3.20) | 1.66 (1.91) | 0.02 (2.12) | 0.04 | 0.970 | 0.01 |
C4 | 1.09 (1.36) | 0.87 (1.52) | 0.22 (1.34) | 0.67 | 0.515 | 0.15 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_6.png)
图6范畴间大小偏差刺激与标准刺激相减得到的差异波比较(时间窗:268~328 ms)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_6.png)
表6范畴间小偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T2-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.45 (3.38) | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.19 |
Fz | 1.32 (3.43) | 1.59 | 0.13 | 0.54 |
F4 | 0.81 (3.27) | 1.02 | 0.32 | 1.12 |
C3 | 0.04 (2.89) | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.02 |
Cz | 1.08 (3.95) | 1.12 | 0.28 | 0.39 |
C4 | 0.21 (2.78) | 0.31 | 0.76 | 0.11 |
表6范畴间小偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T2-T3 | t(15) | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.45 (3.38) | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.19 |
Fz | 1.32 (3.43) | 1.59 | 0.13 | 0.54 |
F4 | 0.81 (3.27) | 1.02 | 0.32 | 1.12 |
C3 | 0.04 (2.89) | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.02 |
Cz | 1.08 (3.95) | 1.12 | 0.28 | 0.39 |
C4 | 0.21 (2.78) | 0.31 | 0.76 | 0.11 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_7.png)
图7范畴内大、小偏差刺激与标准刺激相减得到的差异波比较(时间窗:318~378 ms)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_7.png)
表7范畴内大偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3a-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.13 (2.73) | 1.65 | 0.119 | 0.56 |
Fz | 0.68 (3.15) | 0.87 | 0.398 | 0.31 |
F4 | 0.24 (2.62) | 0.37 | 0.717 | 0.13 |
C3 | 0.34 (2.35) | 0.58 | 0.569 | 0.20 |
Cz | 0.14 (3.97) | 0.14 | 0.890 | 0.50 |
C4 | 0.13 (2.62) | 0.02 | 0.984 | 0.07 |
表7范畴内大偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3a-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 1.13 (2.73) | 1.65 | 0.119 | 0.56 |
Fz | 0.68 (3.15) | 0.87 | 0.398 | 0.31 |
F4 | 0.24 (2.62) | 0.37 | 0.717 | 0.13 |
C3 | 0.34 (2.35) | 0.58 | 0.569 | 0.20 |
Cz | 0.14 (3.97) | 0.14 | 0.890 | 0.50 |
C4 | 0.13 (2.62) | 0.02 | 0.984 | 0.07 |
表8范畴内小偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3b-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.39 (3.07) | 0.51 | 0.617 | 0.18 |
Fz | 1.26 (3.18) | 1.58 | 0.136 | 0.56 |
F4 | 1.19 (2.57) | 1.85 | 0.084 | 0.65 |
C3 | 0.58 (2.18) | 1.06 | 0.307 | 0.38 |
Cz | 1.43 (3.21) | 1.79 | 0.094 | 0.63 |
C4 | 0.85 (2.33) | 1.46 | 0.164 | 0.52 |
表8范畴内小偏差对所诱发差异波的平均波幅(μV)和标准差
电极 | T3b-T3 | t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | 0.39 (3.07) | 0.51 | 0.617 | 0.18 |
Fz | 1.26 (3.18) | 1.58 | 0.136 | 0.56 |
F4 | 1.19 (2.57) | 1.85 | 0.084 | 0.65 |
C3 | 0.58 (2.18) | 1.06 | 0.307 | 0.38 |
Cz | 1.43 (3.21) | 1.79 | 0.094 | 0.63 |
C4 | 0.85 (2.33) | 1.46 | 0.164 | 0.52 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_8.png)
图8四种类型偏差刺激与标准刺激相减得到的差异波波幅比较(时间窗:190~250 ms)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-6/Images/0439-755X-52-6-730/img_8.png)
表9四种条件下差异波的平均振幅与年龄的相关系数
范畴间大偏差 | 范畴间小偏差 | 范畴内大偏差 | 范畴内小偏差 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz |
-0.05 | -0.53 | -0.25 | -0.34 | -0.29 | -0.47 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.07 | -0.23 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 |
表9四种条件下差异波的平均振幅与年龄的相关系数
范畴间大偏差 | 范畴间小偏差 | 范畴内大偏差 | 范畴内小偏差 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz |
-0.05 | -0.53 | -0.25 | -0.34 | -0.29 | -0.47 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.07 | -0.23 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 |
表10四种条件下差异波的潜伏期与年龄的相关系数
范畴间大偏差 | 范畴间小偏差 | 范畴内大偏差 | 范畴内小偏差 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz |
-0.17 | 0.14 | -0.21 | -0.06 | -0.16 | -0.28 | -0.19 | -0.17 | -0.26 | -0.36 | -0.25 | -0.32 | -0.32 | -0.06 | -0.44 | -0.43 | -0.22 | -0.40 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.24 | 0.38 | -0.18 | -0.16 |
表10四种条件下差异波的潜伏期与年龄的相关系数
范畴间大偏差 | 范畴间小偏差 | 范畴内大偏差 | 范畴内小偏差 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz | F3 | F4 | C3 | C4 | Fz | Cz |
-0.17 | 0.14 | -0.21 | -0.06 | -0.16 | -0.28 | -0.19 | -0.17 | -0.26 | -0.36 | -0.25 | -0.32 | -0.32 | -0.06 | -0.44 | -0.43 | -0.22 | -0.40 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.24 | 0.38 | -0.18 | -0.16 |
表112~4岁儿童在4种条件下的感知机制表现
失匹配响 应成分 | 范畴间刺激 | 范畴内刺激 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1/T3 | T2/T3 | T3a/T3 | T3b/T3 | |
MMN | 显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 |
p-MMR | — | 不显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 |
表112~4岁儿童在4种条件下的感知机制表现
失匹配响 应成分 | 范畴间刺激 | 范畴内刺激 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1/T3 | T2/T3 | T3a/T3 | T3b/T3 | |
MMN | 显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 |
p-MMR | — | 不显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 |
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