) 辽宁师范大学儿童青少年健康人格评定与培养协同创新中心, 大连 116029
收稿日期:2018-09-18出版日期:2020-01-25发布日期:2019-11-21通讯作者:何嘉梅E-mail:jiamei998@126.com基金资助:* 辽宁省教育厅人文社会科学研究项目(W201783656);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJC190005)Effects of episodic foresight on intertemporal decision-making
WANG Panpan, HE Jiamei() Collaborative Innovation Center of Healthy Personality Assessment and Cultivation of Children and Adolescents in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
Received:2018-09-18Online:2020-01-25Published:2019-11-21Contact:HE Jiamei E-mail:jiamei998@126.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 为了探究情景预见对跨期决策的影响机制, 研究采用延迟折扣任务范式, 检验了在情景预见对跨期决策的影响中延迟时间知觉起到的中介作用。两个实验分别操纵了情景预见中未来事件与自我有关的信息和未来事件的情绪特征, 结果均发现情景预见通过改变个体对延迟等待时间的时距知觉影响了跨期决策。想象与自己、与母亲有关的未来事件, 想象积极、中性情绪效价的未来事件都使得被试将延迟等待时间知觉为较短的时间段, 更倾向于选择延迟奖励。想象消极情绪效价的未来事件使得被试将延迟等待时间知觉为较长的时间段, 更加偏好即时奖励。本研究有助于增进人们对情景预见影响跨期决策现象的理解。
图/表 10
表1正式实验跨期决策任务题目
| 即时奖励(元) | 延迟奖励(元) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 11 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 13.5 | 15 | 17.5 | 19.5 | 22.5 |
| 20 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 45 |
| 30 | 33 | 34.5 | 37.5 | 40.5 | 45 | 52.5 | 58.5 | 67.5 |
表1正式实验跨期决策任务题目
| 即时奖励(元) | 延迟奖励(元) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 11 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 13.5 | 15 | 17.5 | 19.5 | 22.5 |
| 20 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 45 |
| 30 | 33 | 34.5 | 37.5 | 40.5 | 45 | 52.5 | 58.5 | 67.5 |
图1前测跨期决策任务流程图
图1前测跨期决策任务流程图
图2后测跨期决策任务流程图
图2后测跨期决策任务流程图
图3被试选择即时奖励的百分比
图3被试选择即时奖励的百分比
图4被试的延迟时间长度估计值
图4被试的延迟时间长度估计值
图5自变量X是情景预见的不同组别, 中介变量M是被试前、后测中对延迟等待时间估计的差值, 因变量Y是被试前、后测中选择即时奖励百分比的差值。中介模型：a是X对M的作用, b是M对Y的作用, c是X对Y的总作用, c’是X对Y的直接作用。路径上标注了非标准化的回归系数(*p < 0.05)。
图5自变量X是情景预见的不同组别, 中介变量M是被试前、后测中对延迟等待时间估计的差值, 因变量Y是被试前、后测中选择即时奖励百分比的差值。中介模型：a是X对M的作用, b是M对Y的作用, c是X对Y的总作用, c’是X对Y的直接作用。路径上标注了非标准化的回归系数(*p < 0.05)。表2想象积极事件组和想象消极事件组的4次情绪自评的两两比较结果
| 组别 | 评定顺序 | 均值差 | 标准误 | p | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 积极组 | 1 2 | -0.65 | 0.12 | 0.601 | 0.06 |
| 1 3 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.856 | 0.03 | |
| 1 4 | -0.97 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.85 | |
| 2 3 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.598 | 0.09 | |
| 2 4 | -0.90 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.85 | |
| 3 4 | -1.00 | 0.22 | 0.000 | 0.90 | |
| 消极组 | 1 2 | -0.20 | 0.13 | 0.136 | 0.18 |
| 1 3 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.227 | 0.19 | |
| 1 4 | 1.33 | 0.18 | 0.000 | 1.35 | |
| 2 3 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 1.000 | 0.00 | |
| 2 4 | 1.53 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 1.66 | |
| 3 4 | 1.53 | 0.14 | 0.000 | 1.84 |
表2想象积极事件组和想象消极事件组的4次情绪自评的两两比较结果
| 组别 | 评定顺序 | 均值差 | 标准误 | p | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 积极组 | 1 2 | -0.65 | 0.12 | 0.601 | 0.06 |
| 1 3 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.856 | 0.03 | |
| 1 4 | -0.97 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.85 | |
| 2 3 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.598 | 0.09 | |
| 2 4 | -0.90 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.85 | |
| 3 4 | -1.00 | 0.22 | 0.000 | 0.90 | |
| 消极组 | 1 2 | -0.20 | 0.13 | 0.136 | 0.18 |
| 1 3 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.227 | 0.19 | |
| 1 4 | 1.33 | 0.18 | 0.000 | 1.35 | |
| 2 3 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 1.000 | 0.00 | |
| 2 4 | 1.53 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 1.66 | |
| 3 4 | 1.53 | 0.14 | 0.000 | 1.84 |
图6被试选择即时奖励的百分比
图6被试选择即时奖励的百分比
图7被试的延迟时间长度估计值
图7被试的延迟时间长度估计值
图8自变量X是情景预见的不同组别, 中介变量M是被试前、后测中对延迟等待时间估计的差值, 因变量Y是被试前、后测中选择即时奖励百分比的差值。中介模型：a是X对M的作用, b是M对Y的作用, c是X对Y的总作用, c’是X对Y的直接作用。路径上标注了非标准化的回归系数(*p < 0.05)。
图8自变量X是情景预见的不同组别, 中介变量M是被试前、后测中对延迟等待时间估计的差值, 因变量Y是被试前、后测中选择即时奖励百分比的差值。中介模型：a是X对M的作用, b是M对Y的作用, c是X对Y的总作用, c’是X对Y的直接作用。路径上标注了非标准化的回归系数(*p < 0.05)。参考文献 84
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