适应性时间管理：死亡意识对时间知觉和跨期决策的影响

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王鹏¹, 王晓田²(

), 高娟¹^,³, 黎夏岚¹, 徐静¹

1 华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海 200062
2 香港中文大学人文社科学院, 深圳 518172
3 上海电机学院, 上海 201306

收稿日期:2019-05-10出版日期:2019-12-25发布日期:2019-10-21
通讯作者:王晓田E-mail:xtwang@cuhk.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目资助(31971025)

Adaptive time management: The effects of death awareness on time perception and intertemporal choice

WANG Peng¹, WANG Xiaotian²(

), GAO Juan¹^,³, LI Xialan¹, XU Jing¹

1 School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
2 School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
3 Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China

Received:2019-05-10Online:2019-12-25Published:2019-10-21
Contact:WANG Xiaotian E-mail:xtwang@cuhk.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 死亡意识是个体对自身死亡必然性的认识; 基于进化适应性的考量, 作者认为具有前瞻性的死亡意识作为人类特有的认知能力和个体生命史的终极坐标, 不仅可能引起恐惧感和防御反应, 更重要的是可以帮助人们做出适应性的时间管理。据此推论, 死亡意识的启动会加强人们对时间有限性的关注, 体验出更强的时间流逝感, 影响人们对时间的评估, 以及人们对不同时间点的成本与收益进行权衡而做出的跨期决策。本研究采用死亡凸显范式启动死亡意识, 通过两个实验探讨了死亡意识、时间知觉和跨期决策三者之间的关系。结果发现, 死亡意识启动使被试低估时间距离, 并表现出较低的跨期决策延迟折扣率, 从而在较小的即时获益与更大的延迟的获益之间更为偏好未来导向的选项。进一步的分析显示, 时间知觉在死亡意识和跨期决策延迟折扣率之间起到部分中介变量的作用。以上的研究结果初步揭示了死亡意识在时间管理上的适应性价值。

图/表 4

图1不同组别被试的时距评估值

图1不同组别被试的时距评估值

表1情绪和主观预期寿命的描述性统计结果(实验1)

控制变量	死亡意识启动实验组		非死亡意识启动控制组
控制变量	M	SD	M	SD
正性情绪	3.30	0.55	3.18	0.57
负性情绪	2.34	0.56	2.31	0.68
预期寿命	84.29	9.99	85.12	10.83

表1情绪和主观预期寿命的描述性统计结果(实验1)

控制变量	死亡意识启动实验组		非死亡意识启动控制组
控制变量	M	SD	M	SD
正性情绪	3.30	0.55	3.18	0.57
负性情绪	2.34	0.56	2.31	0.68
预期寿命	84.29	9.99	85.12	10.83

表2跨期决策任务

当前获得的收益/元	延迟至未来获得的收益
840	31天后获得3480元
2730	4天后获得8190元
1680	939天后获得2311元
3570	183天后获得4620元
3990	527天后获得4200元
3150	25天后获得5160元
1260	184天后获得2760元

表2跨期决策任务

当前获得的收益/元	延迟至未来获得的收益
840	31天后获得3480元
2730	4天后获得8190元
1680	939天后获得2311元
3570	183天后获得4620元
3990	527天后获得4200元
3150	25天后获得5160元
1260	184天后获得2760元

表3情绪和主观预期寿命的描述性统计结果(实验2)

控制变量	死亡意识启动实验组		非死亡意识启动控制组
控制变量	M	SD	M	SD
正性情绪	3.08	0.63	3.18	0.67
负性情绪	2.27	0.66	2.15	0.67
预期寿命	80.63	9.24	81.77	12.19

表3情绪和主观预期寿命的描述性统计结果(实验2)

控制变量	死亡意识启动实验组		非死亡意识启动控制组
控制变量	M	SD	M	SD
正性情绪	3.08	0.63	3.18	0.67
负性情绪	2.27	0.66	2.15	0.67
预期寿命	80.63	9.24	81.77	12.19

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