) 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所), 北京 100101
中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049
收稿日期:2020-06-23出版日期:2021-06-15发布日期:2021-04-25通讯作者:李纾E-mail:lishu@psych.ac.cn基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(71761167001);国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA358)How can a selected and a rejected option turn out to be the same one?
HUANG Yuan-Na, LI Yun-Xiao, LI Shu() CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received:2020-06-23Online:2021-06-15Published:2021-04-25Contact:LI Shu E-mail:lishu@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 选项的排列和描述方式会对人们的决策产生重大影响, 选择和拒绝反应模式作为描述方式中的特殊变式, 其研究价值和应用潜力被研究者低估。靠“选择和拒绝”反应模式达成决策时的差异表现在认知努力、选择注意力、决策标准等5个层面, 近30年来逐渐发展出了丰富选项范式、分阶段缩小技术和直接询问法等研究范式, 并探索出兼容性假说、承诺假说和强调假说等较为成熟的理论假说, 用以阐述选择和拒绝反应模式差异的内在机制。选择和拒绝反应模式已在消费者行为、医疗卫生等领域中发挥出实在的推动作用, 未来研究可考虑着眼于选择和拒绝反应模式作为助推手段的应用价值和助推实践。
图/表 3
表1丰富选项和贫乏选项的情景
| 情景 | 贫乏选项 | 丰富选项 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 情景一： 孩子监护权情景 | 家长A | 普通收入 | 家长B | 高于平均水平的收入 |
| 平均健康水平 | 与孩子的关系非常密切 | |||
| 普通的工作时间 | 社会生活极端活跃 | |||
| 与孩子关系一般 | 频繁出公差 | |||
| 相对稳定的社会生活 | 健康有些小问题 | |||
| 情景二： 度假胜地情景 | 度假胜地A | 天气一般 | 度假胜地B | 天气晴朗 |
| 海滩一般 | 美丽的海滩和珊瑚礁 | |||
| 普通酒店 | 超现代酒店 | |||
| 中等温度水域 | 非常冷的水域 | |||
| 夜生活一般 | 没有夜生活 |
表1丰富选项和贫乏选项的情景
| 情景 | 贫乏选项 | 丰富选项 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 情景一： 孩子监护权情景 | 家长A | 普通收入 | 家长B | 高于平均水平的收入 |
| 平均健康水平 | 与孩子的关系非常密切 | |||
| 普通的工作时间 | 社会生活极端活跃 | |||
| 与孩子关系一般 | 频繁出公差 | |||
| 相对稳定的社会生活 | 健康有些小问题 | |||
| 情景二： 度假胜地情景 | 度假胜地A | 天气一般 | 度假胜地B | 天气晴朗 |
| 海滩一般 | 美丽的海滩和珊瑚礁 | |||
| 普通酒店 | 超现代酒店 | |||
| 中等温度水域 | 非常冷的水域 | |||
| 夜生活一般 | 没有夜生活 |
图1据Goldstone (1993)刺激重构示意图
图1据Goldstone (1993)刺激重构示意图 表2不同研究范式下, 选择和拒绝反应模式在三个维度上的异同
| 研究范式 | 选项内容是否一致 | 提问方式是否一致 | 是否可追踪决策过程 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 丰富选项范式 | 不同选项(丰富选项 vs 贫乏选项) | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 无法追踪 |
| 分阶段缩小技术 | 同一选项 | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 可追踪决策过程 |
| 直接询问法 | 同一选项 | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 无法追踪 |
表2不同研究范式下, 选择和拒绝反应模式在三个维度上的异同
| 研究范式 | 选项内容是否一致 | 提问方式是否一致 | 是否可追踪决策过程 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 丰富选项范式 | 不同选项(丰富选项 vs 贫乏选项) | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 无法追踪 |
| 分阶段缩小技术 | 同一选项 | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 可追踪决策过程 |
| 直接询问法 | 同一选项 | 选择 vs 拒绝 | 无法追踪 |
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