拖延行为的发展认知机制及神经基础

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冯廷勇, 王雪珂, 苏缇(

)

西南大学心理学部, 重庆 400715

收稿日期:2020-06-12出版日期:2021-04-15发布日期:2021-02-22

基金资助:国家自然科学基金面上项目(31971026);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(SWU2009104);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(SWU1909445);2020年度教育部教育科学基础研究项目资助

Developmental cognitive mechanism and neural basis of procrastination

FENG Tingyong, WANG Xueke, SU Ti(

)

Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

Received:2020-06-12Online:2021-04-15Published:2021-02-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 拖延是指尽管预见到拖延会带来不利后果, 人们仍自愿推迟开始或完成某一计划好的任务。研究表明, 不同文化背景下有15%~20%的成年人存在慢性拖延, 超过70%的学生承认自己存在学业拖延, 部分学生还会形成特质性拖延。严重的拖延不仅影响人们的学业、工作和生活, 甚至还会危害到人们的身心健康。鉴于目前对于拖延产生的核心机制、形成的关键期以及发展认知神经机制还不是很清楚, 本项目拟从拖延的时间决策理论出发, 首先系统探明拖延决策的核心机制, 尤其是远期价值评估、延迟折扣和自我控制能力等在拖延决策过程中的认知加工机制和神经基础; 其次结合行为-环境变量-脑的多模态数据, 从发展角度探究拖延形成的关键期(敏感期)、影响因素以及发展认知神经机制; 最后从行为干预和脑的可塑性角度出发, 试图制定各关键年龄阶段拖延预防与干预的临床方案。本研究的开展对于把握拖延形成的认知机制、神经基础及其发展规律具有重要的科学价值, 对于拖延行为的预防和干预也具有直接的现实意义。

图/表 2

图1拖延的时间决策模型(资料来源：Zhang & Feng, 2019; S. Zhang et al. 2019) 注：被试在接收任务的同时会产生实时任务厌恶(real-time task aversivness), 和实时任务结果效用(real-time outcome utility)。通常, 被试不会立即执行任务, 而是会预期任务厌恶(Task-delay aversiveness)会在随着时间流逝在未来某段时间内有所下降, 但预期的任务过程效用(Task-delay outcome utility)的评估权重由于离任务截止日期较远会被逐渐折扣。此时, 被试会有一个预期的, 较短的拖延时间(the expected delay)。然而, 事实上, 实时的任务厌恶(real-time task aversivness)并不会呈持续下降的变化趋势, 就像今天和一个星期后的考试, 个体所感知的实际痛苦或厌恶程度可能相等, 因此, 实时的任务厌恶程度可能呈水平趋势变化。而实时的任务结果效用(real-time outcome utility)则随着任务截止日期的临近, 缓慢增长。当在某一时间点上, 实时的任务结果效用接近任务厌恶的评估权重时, 由刚开始接收任务到这个时间点的时间才是被试实际拖延的时间(the actual delay)。

图2项目的研究框架与技术路线图

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