) 1中国社会科学院社会学所, 北京 100732
2华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海市心理健康与危机干预重点实验室, 上海 200062
3华东师范大学附属精神卫生中心, 上海 200335
收稿日期:2020-07-28出版日期:2021-03-15发布日期:2021-01-26通讯作者:席居哲E-mail:jzxi@psy.ecnu.edu.cn基金资助:国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA231);国家社会科学基金一般项目(18BSH129);上海市哲学社会科学规划一般课题资助(2017BSH004)Reconsideration of Schadenfreude and a proposal of an interactive process model
ZHANG Yan1, WANG Junxiu1, XI Juzhe2,3() 1Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing 100732, China
2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention; School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
3Affiliated Mental Health Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200335, China
Received:2020-07-28Online:2021-03-15Published:2021-01-26Contact:XI Juzhe E-mail:jzxi@psy.ecnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 幸灾乐祸是人类普遍存在的一种社会情绪, 但却是一个远未研究透彻的领域。以往研究将幸灾乐祸视为一种不道德的情绪, 而现在越来越多的研究者认为其有一定的正向意义并循此展开研究。通过对国内外相关研究的全面梳理, 对幸灾乐祸的概念与测量方法的总结及对现有研究的整合, 构想了幸灾乐祸的互动过程模型。该模型的优势在于基于互动视角融合了互动双方(自身和他人)因素, 并基于过程视角明晰了幸灾乐祸乐祸发生的过程和发生后的变化。该模型指出今后研究者应关注幸灾乐祸前后事件的发生情境和情境中的多方互动, 并希冀对其他社会情绪研究具有一定启发意义。
图/表 3
表1测量幸灾乐祸情绪的文献举例
| 3个项目 | 4个项目 | 5个项目 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leach & | 开心、满意和幸灾乐祸 | 开心、微笑、令人发笑、享受 | 满意、喜欢, 微笑, 大笑, 幸灾乐祸 | ||
| 开心、搞笑和难过 | 令人发笑, 高兴, 微笑和满意 | ||||
| 高兴、令人发笑和微笑 | 满意、开心、松了口气、幸灾乐祸 | ||||
| 开心、高兴和满意 | 令人发笑、满意、高兴、同情的 | ||||
表1测量幸灾乐祸情绪的文献举例
| 3个项目 | 4个项目 | 5个项目 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leach & | 开心、满意和幸灾乐祸 | 开心、微笑、令人发笑、享受 | 满意、喜欢, 微笑, 大笑, 幸灾乐祸 | ||
| 开心、搞笑和难过 | 令人发笑, 高兴, 微笑和满意 | ||||
| 高兴、令人发笑和微笑 | 满意、开心、松了口气、幸灾乐祸 | ||||
| 开心、高兴和满意 | 令人发笑、满意、高兴、同情的 | ||||
表2三个阶段中幸灾乐祸影响因素的结构
| 阶段 | 分类 | 影响因素 |
|---|---|---|
| 自我认同期 | 幸灾乐祸方的自身特征 | 性别 |
| 年龄 | ||
| 幸灾乐祸方的自我认同 | 人格特质 | |
| 自我评价 | ||
| 疾病与神经系统 | ||
| 联结期 | 对不幸方的前期认知评价 | 社会比较 |
| 刻板印象 | ||
| 前期之幸的应得性 | ||
| 对不幸方的前期情绪 | 嫉妒 | |
| 厌恶类 | ||
| 憎恨类 | ||
| 人际或群际关系 | 人际或群际关系 | |
| 内群体认同 | ||
| 幸灾乐祸期 | 对后期不幸的认知评价 | 应得性 |
| 合法性 | ||
| 责任性 | ||
| 故意性 |
表2三个阶段中幸灾乐祸影响因素的结构
| 阶段 | 分类 | 影响因素 |
|---|---|---|
| 自我认同期 | 幸灾乐祸方的自身特征 | 性别 |
| 年龄 | ||
| 幸灾乐祸方的自我认同 | 人格特质 | |
| 自我评价 | ||
| 疾病与神经系统 | ||
| 联结期 | 对不幸方的前期认知评价 | 社会比较 |
| 刻板印象 | ||
| 前期之幸的应得性 | ||
| 对不幸方的前期情绪 | 嫉妒 | |
| 厌恶类 | ||
| 憎恨类 | ||
| 人际或群际关系 | 人际或群际关系 | |
| 内群体认同 | ||
| 幸灾乐祸期 | 对后期不幸的认知评价 | 应得性 |
| 合法性 | ||
| 责任性 | ||
| 故意性 |
图1幸灾乐祸的互动过程模型 注：A指幸灾乐祸方; B指遭遇不幸方。
图1幸灾乐祸的互动过程模型 注：A指幸灾乐祸方; B指遭遇不幸方。参考文献 96
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