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组织行为学领域妒忌研究的不同视角、分歧和未来方向

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

刘得格1(), 朱伟春1, 李文东2, 朱婷1, 刘芳
1广州大学工商管理学院, 广州 510006
2香港中文大学管理学系, 香港
收稿日期:2018-11-12出版日期:2019-10-15发布日期:2019-08-19
通讯作者:刘得格E-mail:liudege@mail3.sysu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目“嫉妒的根源与效应:关系连结视角的跨层次双重作用机制研究”(71502043);广东省自然科学基金一般项目“谦逊型领导和员工角色外行为的机制研究——基于追随力理论的视角(项目批准号:)”(2015A030313508);国家自然科学基金青年基金项目“过度胜任的‘双刃剑’效应:基于上下级双视角及认知-情绪双路径的研究”(71802063)

Perspectives, divergences, and future directions in organizational envy research

LIU Dege1(), ZHU Weichun1, LI Wendong2, ZHU Ting1, LIU Fang
1School of Management, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2Department of Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Received:2018-11-12Online:2019-10-15Published:2019-08-19
Contact:LIU Dege E-mail:liudege@mail3.sysu.edu.cn






摘要/Abstract


摘要: 妒忌他人是生活和工作中一种普遍的现象, 虽然宗教学、哲学和历史典籍等领域很久以前就有诸多有关妒忌的记录, 但是, 直到近来妒忌才引起组织行为学研究者的关注。尽管以往多学科和多视角的研究加深了研究者对妒忌的理解, 然而, 在组织行为学领域深入研究妒忌仍面临诸多挑战。为澄清妒忌研究中的挑战、明确分歧、推进妒忌研究, 首先从妒忌特有视角、妒忌分类视角和妒忌整体视角对妒忌研究进行总结分析, 然后重点从妒忌的性质、应对妒忌的策略、解释矛盾结论三方面分析以往三种妒忌研究视角之间的分歧。在此基础上, 建议未来研究可以进一步厘清妒忌内涵和测量、深入研究妒忌者和被妒忌者之间的二元关系、整合不同视角的妒忌研究。


表1妒忌的三种研究视角
妒忌特有视角 妒忌分类视角 妒忌整体视角
概念 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的不愉快情绪, 其核心成分是自卑、敌意和怨恨, 这种情绪使个体产生针对妒忌对象的敌意及其行为意向。 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的不愉快和痛苦的情绪。带来消极影响的妒忌被称为恶意妒忌, 其包含要素和妒忌特有视角类似; 产生积极作用的妒忌被称为善意妒忌, 其包含要素为羡慕、自我提升动机、对妒忌物的渴望。 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的痛苦的情绪, 是一种涉及消极向上社会比较、痛苦情绪、获得妒忌物的渴望、消除痛苦的动机要素的整体性概念。
核心
观点
敌意是妒忌的核心要素, 带有敌意的妒忌才是真正意义上的妒忌。妒忌会带来反生产行为等诸多消极影响。 存在两种不同性质和动机的妒忌, 即善意妒忌和恶意妒忌, 它们在激发个体选择 “建设性”和“破坏性”行为方面起了不同作用。 不应该将妒忌分为善意妒忌和恶意妒忌, 而应将其视为单维度和整体性概念。妒忌可以激发个体做出一系列反应, 个体会做出哪种具体反应, 会受到个体特征和情景因素的影响。
主要
测量
量表
及其
测量
要素
① 5题目妒忌量表:烦恼、不愉快、自卑、怨恨(Vecchio, 2000, 2005)
② 4题目妒忌:自卑、怨恨、挫败、痛苦(Schaubroeck & Lam, 2004)
③ 4题目妒忌量表:获得妒忌物的渴望、悲伤(van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, Nieweg, & Gallucci, 2006)
④ 21题目妒忌量表:自卑、不公平感、敌意、悲伤、憎恨(Krizan & Johar, 2012)
⑤ 15题目妒忌量表:烦恼、痛苦(Rentzsch & Gross, 2015)
① 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、积极情感、对妒忌对象的积极想法、亲密意向; 恶意妒忌:敌意、挫败、不公平感、羞愧、说妒忌对象的坏话(van de Ven et al., 2009)
② 善意妒忌:提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、挫败(Sterling, 2013)
③善意妒忌:羡慕、对妒忌对象的积极想法和情绪、提升动机; 恶意妒忌:怨恨、痛苦、气愤、敌意(Gallagher, 2013)
④ 善意妒忌:羡慕、挫败、提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、怨恨、痛苦(Ierides, 2014)
⑤ 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、获得妒忌物的渴望、对妒忌对象的积极想法; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对妒忌对象的负面想法(Crusius & Lange, 2014)
⑥ 善意妒忌:提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对他人的负面想法和情绪(Lange & Crusius, 2015a)
⑦ 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、获得妒忌物的渴望、对妒忌对象的积极想法; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对妒忌对象的负面想法、说妒忌对象的坏话(Lange & Crusius, 2015b)
9题目妒忌量表:怨恨、生气、痛苦、获得妒忌物的渴望、自卑(Cohen-Charash, 2009; Cohen-Charash & Mueller, 2007)
影响
结果
攻击、欺骗、社会破坏、减少帮助、危害群体表现、降低群体满意度和凝聚力等。 善意妒忌会激发个体付出更多努力、挑战自我、提升自我; 恶意妒忌使个体做出破坏性行为, 比如辱虐行为、攻击行为等。 建设性行为、破坏性行为、回避、改变自我认知、焦虑等。
代表
性研
究者
Foster (1972); Smith & Kim (2007); Parrott & Smith (1993); Smith等(1999). van de Ven等(2009); van de Ven (2016); Sterling, Van de Ven, & Smith (2017). Cohen-Charash & Larson, (2017a, 2017b); Tai等(2012); Yu, Duffy, & Tepper (2018).

表1妒忌的三种研究视角
妒忌特有视角 妒忌分类视角 妒忌整体视角
概念 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的不愉快情绪, 其核心成分是自卑、敌意和怨恨, 这种情绪使个体产生针对妒忌对象的敌意及其行为意向。 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的不愉快和痛苦的情绪。带来消极影响的妒忌被称为恶意妒忌, 其包含要素和妒忌特有视角类似; 产生积极作用的妒忌被称为善意妒忌, 其包含要素为羡慕、自我提升动机、对妒忌物的渴望。 妒忌是一种因消极向上社会比较产生的痛苦的情绪, 是一种涉及消极向上社会比较、痛苦情绪、获得妒忌物的渴望、消除痛苦的动机要素的整体性概念。
核心
观点
敌意是妒忌的核心要素, 带有敌意的妒忌才是真正意义上的妒忌。妒忌会带来反生产行为等诸多消极影响。 存在两种不同性质和动机的妒忌, 即善意妒忌和恶意妒忌, 它们在激发个体选择 “建设性”和“破坏性”行为方面起了不同作用。 不应该将妒忌分为善意妒忌和恶意妒忌, 而应将其视为单维度和整体性概念。妒忌可以激发个体做出一系列反应, 个体会做出哪种具体反应, 会受到个体特征和情景因素的影响。
主要
测量
量表
及其
测量
要素
① 5题目妒忌量表:烦恼、不愉快、自卑、怨恨(Vecchio, 2000, 2005)
② 4题目妒忌:自卑、怨恨、挫败、痛苦(Schaubroeck & Lam, 2004)
③ 4题目妒忌量表:获得妒忌物的渴望、悲伤(van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, Nieweg, & Gallucci, 2006)
④ 21题目妒忌量表:自卑、不公平感、敌意、悲伤、憎恨(Krizan & Johar, 2012)
⑤ 15题目妒忌量表:烦恼、痛苦(Rentzsch & Gross, 2015)
① 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、积极情感、对妒忌对象的积极想法、亲密意向; 恶意妒忌:敌意、挫败、不公平感、羞愧、说妒忌对象的坏话(van de Ven et al., 2009)
② 善意妒忌:提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、挫败(Sterling, 2013)
③善意妒忌:羡慕、对妒忌对象的积极想法和情绪、提升动机; 恶意妒忌:怨恨、痛苦、气愤、敌意(Gallagher, 2013)
④ 善意妒忌:羡慕、挫败、提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、怨恨、痛苦(Ierides, 2014)
⑤ 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、获得妒忌物的渴望、对妒忌对象的积极想法; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对妒忌对象的负面想法(Crusius & Lange, 2014)
⑥ 善意妒忌:提升动机; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对他人的负面想法和情绪(Lange & Crusius, 2015a)
⑦ 善意妒忌:羡慕、提升动机、获得妒忌物的渴望、对妒忌对象的积极想法; 恶意妒忌:敌意、对妒忌对象的负面想法、说妒忌对象的坏话(Lange & Crusius, 2015b)
9题目妒忌量表:怨恨、生气、痛苦、获得妒忌物的渴望、自卑(Cohen-Charash, 2009; Cohen-Charash & Mueller, 2007)
影响
结果
攻击、欺骗、社会破坏、减少帮助、危害群体表现、降低群体满意度和凝聚力等。 善意妒忌会激发个体付出更多努力、挑战自我、提升自我; 恶意妒忌使个体做出破坏性行为, 比如辱虐行为、攻击行为等。 建设性行为、破坏性行为、回避、改变自我认知、焦虑等。
代表
性研
究者
Foster (1972); Smith & Kim (2007); Parrott & Smith (1993); Smith等(1999). van de Ven等(2009); van de Ven (2016); Sterling, Van de Ven, & Smith (2017). Cohen-Charash & Larson, (2017a, 2017b); Tai等(2012); Yu, Duffy, & Tepper (2018).


表2三种妒忌研究视角之间的主要观点分歧
妒忌分类视角 妒忌整体视角
妒忌特有视角 妒忌特有视角认为, (1)善意妒忌缺少敌意这一核心要素, 与“特有妒忌”有本质不同; (2)个体为消减妒忌往往采取破坏性行为。
妒忌分类视角认为, 妒忌特有视角(1)忽略妒忌的积极面及其积极作用; (2)无法有效解释妒忌和幸灾乐祸之间的关系; (3)对个体为消减妒忌而采取行为的认识有其片面性。
妒忌特有视角认为, (1)敌意是妒忌的核心要素; (2)个体为消除妒忌往往采取破坏性行为。

妒忌整体视角认为, 妒忌特有视角(1)强调且测量妒忌的消极面, 从消极结果理解妒忌的性质, 忽视妒忌的积极面及其积极作用; (2)不利于揭示妒忌影响行为的心理机制, 以及个体和情境因素在妒忌和行为之间的作用。
妒忌分类视角 妒忌分类视角认为, 妒忌整体视角(1)未能解释妒忌和幸灾乐祸之间的矛盾结论; (2) 把类似于善意妒忌和恶意妒忌的因素归结到一个整体性概念之中。
妒忌整体视角认为, 妒忌分类视角(1)未厘清妒忌和妒忌结果的关系, 从妒忌的结果界定妒忌的含义和性质, 造成无谓的重复或同义反复; (2) 简化了妒忌情绪、行为意向和行为之间的关系; (3)在一定程度上误导研究结论。

表2三种妒忌研究视角之间的主要观点分歧
妒忌分类视角 妒忌整体视角
妒忌特有视角 妒忌特有视角认为, (1)善意妒忌缺少敌意这一核心要素, 与“特有妒忌”有本质不同; (2)个体为消减妒忌往往采取破坏性行为。
妒忌分类视角认为, 妒忌特有视角(1)忽略妒忌的积极面及其积极作用; (2)无法有效解释妒忌和幸灾乐祸之间的关系; (3)对个体为消减妒忌而采取行为的认识有其片面性。
妒忌特有视角认为, (1)敌意是妒忌的核心要素; (2)个体为消除妒忌往往采取破坏性行为。

妒忌整体视角认为, 妒忌特有视角(1)强调且测量妒忌的消极面, 从消极结果理解妒忌的性质, 忽视妒忌的积极面及其积极作用; (2)不利于揭示妒忌影响行为的心理机制, 以及个体和情境因素在妒忌和行为之间的作用。
妒忌分类视角 妒忌分类视角认为, 妒忌整体视角(1)未能解释妒忌和幸灾乐祸之间的矛盾结论; (2) 把类似于善意妒忌和恶意妒忌的因素归结到一个整体性概念之中。
妒忌整体视角认为, 妒忌分类视角(1)未厘清妒忌和妒忌结果的关系, 从妒忌的结果界定妒忌的含义和性质, 造成无谓的重复或同义反复; (2) 简化了妒忌情绪、行为意向和行为之间的关系; (3)在一定程度上误导研究结论。







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