素食的心理过程及影响因素

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刘潇肖¹, 田启瑞²(

), 曾雅丽¹

1 厦门大学管理学院, 厦门 361005
2 山东师范大学心理学院, 济南 250358

收稿日期:2018-08-12出版日期:2019-07-15发布日期:2019-05-22
通讯作者:田启瑞E-mail:tianqirui@sdnu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金青年项目(71602166)

Psychological processes and influences on vegetarianism

LIU Xiao-xiao¹, TIAN Qirui²(

), ZENG Yali¹

1 School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
2 School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China

Received:2018-08-12Online:2019-07-15Published:2019-05-22
Contact:TIAN Qirui E-mail:tianqirui@sdnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着人们对健康、环境以及动物保护的关注, 素食主义日渐兴起。国内外对素食的心理学研究仍处于起步阶段。个体选择素食的心理过程涉及认知、情感、动机、认同感等方面, 素食行为受到个体差异、刻板印象、宏观因素的影响。未来研究有待深入探讨社会文化对素食行为的影响、中国文化情境下对素与素食的社会表征、素食的具身认知效应以及素食亚文化的动态形成过程, 以期引导对个体健康与环境有益的饮食模式。

图/表 1

表1研究工具与量表总结

问卷/来源	题项/维度
1.吃肉的意愿	单一题项, 单一维度
2.肉食与动物的状态分离(Kunst & Hohle, 2016)	测量实验中呈现的肉类食物与动物的分离
3.合理化吃肉行为(Rothgerber, 2013)	9个维度(共27题)：对肉的正向态度、否认、食物链等级、二分法、分离、宗教、避免、健康、命运
4.肉类依赖问卷Meat Attachment Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2015)	4个维度(共16题)：享乐主义、亲和力、应享权利、相依性
5.肉食道德脱离问卷 Moral Disengagement in Meat Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2016)	5个维度(共20题)：手段-目的、脱敏、否认消极后果、分散责任、减少感知到的选择
6.肉食行为(de Boer & Aiking, 2011)	按食肉量划分为重度、中度、轻度肉食者
7.饮食认同问卷Dietarian Identity Questionnaire (Rosenfeld & Burrow, 2018)	8个维度(共52题)：中心性、私人关怀、公众遵循、外群关注、亲社会动机、个人动机、道德动机、严格性
8. 对动物的态度量表 Animal Attitude Scale (Herzog, Betchart, & Pittman, 1991)	2个维度(共29题)：行动—参与动物福利活动的意向; 伦理—对动物的利用和对待
9.人与动物的情绪相似度Human-animal emotions similarity (Bilewicz, Imhoff, & Drogosz, 2011)	2个维度(共12题)：主要情绪, 次级情绪
10. 人与动物的心智能力的相似度Human-animal mental capacity similarity (Bastian et al., 2012)	2个维度(共10题)：感受、能动性
11. 素食行为及倾向(Rozin et al., 1997)	1道题单选题, 非素食者回答3道题, 测量规避肉食的倾向
12. 自我报告的饮食行为(de Backer & Hudders, 2015)	分为肉食者、弹性素食者、素食者三大类
13. 对素食者的态度Attitudes Toward Vegetarians Scale (Chin et al., 2002)	素食主义者令人讨厌的行为、不同观念、健康与心理特征; 对素食者的适宜对待
14.食物在生活中的意义Meaning of Food in Life Questionnaire (Arbit, Ruby, & Rozin, 2017)	5个维度(共24题)：道德、神圣、健康、社会、美学
15.素食主义倾向Vegetarianism Intentions Scale (Arora, Bradford, Arora, & Gavino, 2017)	共3题：你愿意尝试成为素食者吗?你能否设想自己是一名素食者?你能否设想购买食物时, 素食是你最喜欢的选择?

表1研究工具与量表总结

问卷/来源	题项/维度
1.吃肉的意愿	单一题项, 单一维度
2.肉食与动物的状态分离(Kunst & Hohle, 2016)	测量实验中呈现的肉类食物与动物的分离
3.合理化吃肉行为(Rothgerber, 2013)	9个维度(共27题)：对肉的正向态度、否认、食物链等级、二分法、分离、宗教、避免、健康、命运
4.肉类依赖问卷Meat Attachment Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2015)	4个维度(共16题)：享乐主义、亲和力、应享权利、相依性
5.肉食道德脱离问卷 Moral Disengagement in Meat Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2016)	5个维度(共20题)：手段-目的、脱敏、否认消极后果、分散责任、减少感知到的选择
6.肉食行为(de Boer & Aiking, 2011)	按食肉量划分为重度、中度、轻度肉食者
7.饮食认同问卷Dietarian Identity Questionnaire (Rosenfeld & Burrow, 2018)	8个维度(共52题)：中心性、私人关怀、公众遵循、外群关注、亲社会动机、个人动机、道德动机、严格性
8. 对动物的态度量表 Animal Attitude Scale (Herzog, Betchart, & Pittman, 1991)	2个维度(共29题)：行动—参与动物福利活动的意向; 伦理—对动物的利用和对待
9.人与动物的情绪相似度Human-animal emotions similarity (Bilewicz, Imhoff, & Drogosz, 2011)	2个维度(共12题)：主要情绪, 次级情绪
10. 人与动物的心智能力的相似度Human-animal mental capacity similarity (Bastian et al., 2012)	2个维度(共10题)：感受、能动性
11. 素食行为及倾向(Rozin et al., 1997)	1道题单选题, 非素食者回答3道题, 测量规避肉食的倾向
12. 自我报告的饮食行为(de Backer & Hudders, 2015)	分为肉食者、弹性素食者、素食者三大类
13. 对素食者的态度Attitudes Toward Vegetarians Scale (Chin et al., 2002)	素食主义者令人讨厌的行为、不同观念、健康与心理特征; 对素食者的适宜对待
14.食物在生活中的意义Meaning of Food in Life Questionnaire (Arbit, Ruby, & Rozin, 2017)	5个维度(共24题)：道德、神圣、健康、社会、美学
15.素食主义倾向Vegetarianism Intentions Scale (Arora, Bradford, Arora, & Gavino, 2017)	共3题：你愿意尝试成为素食者吗?你能否设想自己是一名素食者?你能否设想购买食物时, 素食是你最喜欢的选择?

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