上海师范大学心理学系, 上海 200234
收稿日期:2017-09-11出版日期:2018-11-15发布日期:2018-09-26基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金青年项目(71701129);教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目(14YJC190017);上海市教育科学研究一般项目资助(C17001)Role overload in organizations
LI Qinglei, WANG HuaiyongDepartment of Psychology, Shanghai normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
Received:2017-09-11Online:2018-11-15Published:2018-09-26摘要/Abstract
摘要： 角色超载是指当个体缺乏必要的能力与技能或足够的时间而无法顺利完成各种角色需求时所体验到的一种角色压力。角色超载不仅影响员工的身心健康, 而且对组织和社会也有消极影响。本文在对角色超载的定义梳理及与相关概念比较的基础上给出了新的界定, 完善了角色超载的概念, 并对维度划分与测量, 以及影响因素与作用结果进行了分析。未来研究应致力于：清晰的界定角色超载的内涵, 合理的维度划分与量表编制, 深入研究其影响因素并关注角色超载的本土化研究。
图/表 3
表1角色超载内涵总结
| 定义内涵 | 侧重点 | 研究 |
|---|---|---|
| 角色发送者间冲突与个人角色冲突的结合。 | 角色冲突的一种 | |
| 相对于需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间。 | 时间维度 | |
| 相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的训练与技能。 | 资源维度 | |
| 相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间与资源。 | 时间维度与资源维度 | |
| 个体所拥有的个人资源不足以完成定性或定量的工作要求。 |
表1角色超载内涵总结
| 定义内涵 | 侧重点 | 研究 |
|---|---|---|
| 角色发送者间冲突与个人角色冲突的结合。 | 角色冲突的一种 | |
| 相对于需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间。 | 时间维度 | |
| 相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的训练与技能。 | 资源维度 | |
| 相对需要满足的多种角色期待来说缺乏必要的时间与资源。 | 时间维度与资源维度 | |
| 个体所拥有的个人资源不足以完成定性或定量的工作要求。 |
表2角色超载的影响因素
| 员工个体因素 | 领导者因素 | 情境因素 |
|---|---|---|
| 人口统计学变量( | 领导风格( | 组织支持( |
| 时间人格( | 领导成员交换( | 全面质量管理( |
| 人格特质(个人/集体主义、权力距离) ( | 组织公民行为( | |
| 自我效能感( | 工作量/时间( |
表2角色超载的影响因素
| 员工个体因素 | 领导者因素 | 情境因素 |
|---|---|---|
| 人口统计学变量( | 领导风格( | 组织支持( |
| 时间人格( | 领导成员交换( | 全面质量管理( |
| 人格特质(个人/集体主义、权力距离) ( | 组织公民行为( | |
| 自我效能感( | 工作量/时间( |
表3角色超载的影响结果
| 影响效应 | 研究 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 工作 态度 | 离职意向 | 正向 | |
| 工作倦怠 | |||
| 组织承诺(情感承诺) | 负向 | ||
| 工作满意感 | |||
| 工作压力 | |||
| 工作嵌入 | |||
| 工作 行为 | 角色内绩效/任务绩效 | 负(正)向 | |
| 角色外绩效/组织公民行为 | 负向 | ||
| 工作重塑行为 | |||
| 旷工行为 | 正向 | ||
| 工作 场所 溢出 | 工作家庭冲突 | 正向 | |
| 工作家庭平衡 | 负向 | ||
| 身心健康(紧张、焦虑、抑郁) |
表3角色超载的影响结果
| 影响效应 | 研究 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 工作 态度 | 离职意向 | 正向 | |
| 工作倦怠 | |||
| 组织承诺(情感承诺) | 负向 | ||
| 工作满意感 | |||
| 工作压力 | |||
| 工作嵌入 | |||
| 工作 行为 | 角色内绩效/任务绩效 | 负(正)向 | |
| 角色外绩效/组织公民行为 | 负向 | ||
| 工作重塑行为 | |||
| 旷工行为 | 正向 | ||
| 工作 场所 溢出 | 工作家庭冲突 | 正向 | |
| 工作家庭平衡 | 负向 | ||
| 身心健康(紧张、焦虑、抑郁) |
参考文献 85
| [1] | 陈笃升, 王重鸣 . ( 2015). 组织变革背景下员工角色超载的影响作用: 一个有调节的中介模型. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 45( 3), 143-157. |
| [2] | 李超平, 张翼 . ( 2009). 角色压力源对教师生理健康与心理健康的影响. 心理发展与教育, 1, 114-119. |
| [3] | 姜兆权, 张会君 . ( 2016). 护理人员心理授权、角色压力源与职业倦怠的关系. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 25( 3), 267-270. |
| [4] | Adil, M., & Rashid, I.( 2013). Role stress as a barrier to service quality in Indian banks SEM approach. International Journal of Services Sciences, 5( 1), 40-57. doi: 10.1504/IJSSCI.2013.057648URL |
| [5] | Ahmad, A.( 2010). Work-family conflict among junior physicians: It's mediating role in the relationship between role overload and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Social Sciences, 6( 2), 265-271. doi: 10.3844/jssp.2010.265.271URL |
| [6] | Akgunduz, Y.( 2015). The influence of self-esteem and role stress on job performance in hotel businesses. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27( 6), 1082-1099. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-09-2013-0421URL |
| [7] | Andrews, M.C., & Kacmar, K.M . ( 2014). Easing employee strain: The interactive effects of empowerment and justice on the role overload-strain relationship. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 15( 2), 43-58. |
| [8] | Avanzi, L., Fraccaroli, F., Castelli, L., Marcionetti, J., Crescentini, A., Balducci, C., & van Dick, R. ( 2018). How to mobilize social support against workload and burnout: The role of organizational identification. Teaching and Teacher Education, 69, 154-167. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.001URL |
| [9] | Barling, J., & Frone, M.R. ( 2016). If only my leader would just do something! Passive leadership undermines employee well-being through role stressors and psychological resource depletion. Stress and Health, 33( 3), 211-222. |
| [10] | Barling, J., & Macintyre, A.T. ( 1993). Daily work role stressors, mood and emotional exhaustion. Work and Stress, 7( 4), 315-325. doi: 10.1080/02678379308257071URL |
| [11] | Barnett, R.C., & Baruch, G.K . ( 1983). Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49( 1), 135-145. |
| [12] | Bellizzi, J.A., & Hite, R.E . ( 1986). Convenience consumption and role overload convenience. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14( 4), 1-9. |
| [13] | Bolino, M.C., & Turnley, W.H . ( 2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90( 4), 740-748. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.740URL |
| [14] | Bowling, N. A., Alarcon, G. M., Bragg, C. B., & Hartman, M. J. ( 2015). A meta-analytic examination of the potential correlates and consequences of workload. Work and Stress, 29( 2), 95-113. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2015.1033037URL |
| [15] | Bowling, N.A., & Kirkendall, C.( 2012). Workload: A review of causes, consequences and potential interventions. Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, 2, 221-238. |
| [16] | Brown, S. P., Jones, E., & Leigh, T. W. ( 2005). The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self-efficacy and goal level to work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90( 5), 972-979. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.972URL |
| [17] | Chapela, J.G. ( 2015). Split or straight? Evidence of the effects of work schedules on workers’ well-being, time use, and productivity. Series, 6( 2), 153-177. doi: 10.1007/s13209-015-0125-2URL |
| [18] | Chênevert, D., Vandenberghe, C., Doucet, O., & Ayed, A. K. B.( 2013). Passive leadership, role stressors, and affective organizational commitment: A time-lagged study among health care employees. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63( 5), 277-286. doi: 10.1016/j.erap.2013.07.002URL |
| [19] | Covermen, S.( 1989). Role overload, role conflict, and stress: Addressing consequences of multiple role demands. Social Forces, 67( 4), 965-982. doi: 10.1093/sf/67.4.965URL |
| [20] | Crant, J.M. ( 2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26( 3), 435-462. |
| [21] | Curran, T.M., & Prottas, D.J . ( 2017). Role stressors, engagement and work behaviors: A study of higher education professional staff. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39( 6), 642-657. doi: 10.1080/1360080X.2017.1377964URL |
| [22] | Dasgupta, P.( 2012). Effect of role ambiguity, conflict and overload in private hospitals’ nurses’ burnout and mediation through self-efficacy. Journal of Health Management, 14( 4), 513-534. doi: 10.1177/0972063412468980URL |
| [23] | Daskin, M.( 2016). Linking polychronicity to hotel frontline employees’ job outcomes. EuroMed Journal of Business, 11( 2), 162-180. doi: 10.1108/EMJB-04-2015-0022URL |
| [24] | Dubinsky, A. J., & Michaels, R. E., Kotabe, M., Lim C., U., & Moon H., C. ( 1992). Influence of role stress on industrial salespeople's work outcomes in the United States, Japan and Korea. Journal of International Business Studies, 23( 1), 77-99. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490260URL |
| [25] | Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C.( 2003). Work-life conflict in Canada in the new millennium: A status report. The Sydney Papers, 15( 1), 78-97. |
| [26] | Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Halinski, M. ( 2015). Identifying the antecedents of work-role overload in police organizations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42( 4), 361-381. doi: 10.1177/0093854814551017URL |
| [27] | Duxbury, L., Lyonst, S., & Higgins, C. ( 2008). Too much to do, and not enough time: An examination of role overload. Handbook of Work-Family Integration, 125-140. doi: 10.1016/B978-012372574-5.50010-7URL |
| [28] | Eatough, E. M., Chang, C. H., Miloslavic, S. A., & Johnson, R. E. ( 2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96( 3), 619-632. doi: 10.1037/a0021887URL |
| [29] | Ebrahimi, Z. F., Chong, C. W., & Rad, R. H. ( 2014b). TQM practices and employees' role stressors. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 31( 2), 166-183. |
| [30] | Ebrahimi, Z. F., Wei, C. C., & Rad, R. H. ( 2014a). The impact of the conceptual total quality management model on role stressors. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26( 7-8), 762-777. |
| [31] | Fisher, D.M. ( 2014). A multilevel cross-cultural examination of role overload and organizational commitment: Investigating the interactive effects of context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99( 4), 723-736. doi: 10.1037/a0035861URL |
| [32] | Foxman, E., & Burns, A.C. ( 1987). Role load in the household. Advances in Consumer Research, 14( 1), 458-462. |
| [33] | Grant-Vallonea, E.J., & Ensher, E.A . ( 2001). An examination of work and personal life conflict, organizational support, and employee health among international expatriates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25( 3), 261-278. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00003-7URL |
| [34] | Gurbuz, S., Turunc, O., & Celik, M. ( 2013). The impact of perceived organizational support on work-family conflict: Does role overload have a mediating role? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34( 1), 145-160. doi: 10.1177/0143831X12438234URL |
| [35] | Haybatollahi, M., & Gyekye, S.A. ( 2014). The moderating effects of locus of control and job level on the relationship between workload and coping behavior among Finnish nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 22( 6), 811-821. doi: 10.1111/jonm.2014.22.issue-6URL |
| [36] | Hecht, L.M. ( 2001). Role conflict and role overload: Different concepts, different consequences. Sociological Inquiry, 71( 1), 111-121. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2001.tb00930.xURL |
| [37] | Huffman, A. H., Payne, S. C., Koehly, L. M., Culbertson, S. S., & Castro, C. A. ( 2014). Examining time demands and work-family conflict on psychological distress. Military Behavioral Health, 2( 1), 26-32. doi: 10.1080/21635781.2013.844662URL |
| [38] | Hung, J.-Y., Fisher, R., Gapp, R., & Carter, G. ( 2015). Work-related stress impacts on the commitment of urban transit drivers. Journal of Management & Organization, 18( 2), 220-230. |
| [39] | Ismail, A., Hasan, N. A., Chin, Y.-F., Ismail, Y., & Samah, A. J. A.( 2013). Job stress as a predictor of employee health. Studies in Business and Economics, 8( 2), 20-34. |
| [40] | Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., & Messersmith, J. G. ( 2013). High-performance work systems and job control:Consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions. Journal of Management, 39( 6), 1699-1724. |
| [41] | Jha, M.K., & Jha, H.K . ( 2013). An empirical study on work life balance of women entrepreneur in Jharkhand state. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3( 4), 18-27. |
| [42] | Jha, S., Balaji, M. S., Yavas, U., & Babakus, E. ( 2017). Effects of frontline employee role overload on customer responses and sales performance. European Journal of Marketing, 51( 2), 282-303. doi: 10.1108/EJM-01-2015-0009URL |
| [43] | Jian, G.W.( 2012). Revisiting the association of LMX quality with perceived role stressors. Communication Research, 41( 1), 52-73. |
| [44] | Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D., & Roberts, J. ( 2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60( 7), 663-671. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.014URL |
| [45] | Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. ( 1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Oxford, England: John Wiley. doi: 10.2307/2091375URL |
| [46] | Karatepe, O.M. ( 2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25( 4), 614-634. doi: 10.1108/09596111311322952URL |
| [47] | Kaufman, C. F., Lane, P. M., & Lindquist, J. D. ( 1991). Exploring more than 24 hours a day: A preliminary investigation of polychronic time use. Journal of Consumer Research, 18( 3), 392-401. doi: 10.1086/209268URL |
| [48] | Kim, K.S., & Han, Y.H . ( 2013). A study on intention to quit and job overload, role ambiguity, burn out among nurses in general hospital. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 22( 2), 121-129. doi: 10.5807/kjohn.2013.22.2.121URL |
| [49] | Kuntz, J. R. C., N?swall, K., & Bockett, A. ( 2013). Keep calm and carry on?An investigation of teacher burnout in a post-disaster context. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 42( 2), 67-68. |
| [50] | Kuntz, J. R. C., N?swall, K., & Walls, F. ( 2013). Dual-response approach to work stress: An investigation of stressors and wellbeing outcomes. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7( 6), 1657-1663. |
| [51] | Macewen, K. E., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. ( 1992). Effects of short-term role overload on marital interactions. Work and Stress, 6( 2), 117-126. doi: 10.1080/02678379208260346URL |
| [52] | Mani, K. P., Sritharan, R., & Gayatri, R. ( 2014). Impact of occupational stress on quality work life among railway station masters of trichy division. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4( 4), 165-169. doi: 10.9756/BIJIEMSURL |
| [53] | Marks, S.R., & MacDermid, S.M . ( 1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58( 2), 417-432. doi: 10.2307/353506URL |
| [54] | Matthews, R. A., Winkel, D. E., & Wayne, J. H. ( 2014). A longitudinal examination of role overload and work- family conflict: The mediating role of interdomain transitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35( 1), 72-91. doi: 10.1002/job.1855URL |
| [55] | Mishra, S.( 2015). Discussion on conflict management with special emphasis on role conflict scope in future study. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3( 10), 772-777. |
| [56] | Mohamad, N. I., Ismail, A., Mohamad, N. M., Ahmad, S., & Yahya, Z. ( 2016). Role ambiguity and role overload as important predictors of work-family conflict. Humaniora, 7( 4), 473-483. doi: 10.21512/humaniora.v7i4.3600URL |
| [57] | Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. ( 2011). Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms. Work and Stress, 25( 1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2011.569175URL |
| [58] | Noblet, A., Maharee-Lawler, S., & Rodwell, J. ( 2012). Using job strain and organizational justice models to predict multiple forms of employee performance behaviors among Australian policing personnel. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23( 14), 3009-3026. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2012.656989URL |
| [59] | ?rtqvist, D., & Wincent, J.( 2006). Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Stress Management, 13( 4), 399-422. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.399URL |
| [60] | Park, R., & Jang, S.J. ( 2017). Family role overload’s relationship with stress and satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32( 1), 61-74. doi: 10.1108/JMP-01-2016-0020URL |
| [61] | Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. ( 2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6( 3), 211-228. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.6.3.211URL |
| [62] | Peterson, M. F., Smith, P. B., Akande, A., Ayestaran, S., Bochner, S., Callan, V., ... Setiadi, B. ( 1995). Role conflict, ambiguity, and overload: A 21-nation study. Academy of Management Journal, 38( 2), 429-452. doi: 10.2307/256687URL |
| [63] | Purohit, B., & Vasava, P.( 2017). Role stress among auxiliary nurses midwives in Gujarat, India. BMC Health Services Research, 17( 1), 69. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2033-6URL |
| [64] | Quah, S.( 2014). Caring for persons with schizophrenia at home: Examining the link between family caregivers' role distress and quality of life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 36( 4), 596-612. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12091URL |
| [65] | Reilly, M.D. ( 1982). Working wives and convenience consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 8( 4), 407-418. doi: 10.1086/jcr.1982.8.issue-4URL |
| [66] | Rizwan, M., Tariq, M. A., & Hussain, S. ( 2013). Antecedents of job stress and its impact on job satisfaction. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 3( 2), 175-190. |
| [67] | Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. ( 1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15( 2), 150-163. doi: 10.2307/2391486URL |
| [68] | Schaubroeck, J., Cotton, J. L., & Jennings, K. R. ( 1989). Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10( 1), 35-58. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379URL |
| [69] | Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. C. ( 1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York: Wiley. |
| [70] | Shin, S.K. ( 2015). Relationship between burnout and role stressors experienced by professions at centers for independent living in the United States. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15( 1), 366-378. |
| [71] | Smit, N. W. H., de Beer, L. T., & Pienaar, J. ( 2016). Work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety outcomes within the iron ore mining environment. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14( 1), 1-13. |
| [72] | Solberg, E., & Wong, S.( 2016). Crafting one's job to take charge of role overload: When proactivity requires adaptability across levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 27( 5), 713-725. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.03.001URL |
| [73] | Suarthana, J. H.P., & Riana, I.G . ( 2016). The effect of psychological contract breach and workload on intention to leave: Mediating role of job stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 717-723. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.056URL |
| [74] | Surana, S.J., & Singh, A.K . ( 2013). The impact of role stressors and work overload on job burnout. International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise, 2( 1), 64-83. doi: 10.1504/IJIE.2013.057339URL |
| [75] | Ta?tan, S.B. ( 2014). Predicting psychological strain with job demands and organizational injustice through the implications of job demand-control model and fairness theory. Postmodern Openings, 5( 4), 111-143. doi: 10.18662/poURL |
| [76] | Thiagarajan, P., Chakrabarty, S., & Taylor, R. D. ( 2006). A confirmatory factor analysis of Reilly’s role overload scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66( 4), 657-666. doi: 10.1177/0013164405282452URL |
| [77] | Tordera, N.( 2008). The moderator effect of psychological climate on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and role overload. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17( 1), 56-72. |
| [78] | Twumasi, E., & Gyensare, M.A. ( 2016). Antecedents of employee job stress: Evidence from the insurance industry in Ghana. Management Science Letters, 6( 9), 609-616. |
| [79] | Ugwu, F. O., Amazue, L. O., Onyedire, N. G., & Hackett, J. ( 2017). Work-family life balance in a Nigerian banking sector setting. Cogent Psychology, 4( 1):1290402. |
| [80] | Van der Doef, M., & Maes, S.( 1999). The Job Demand- Control (-Support) Model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work and Stress, 13( 2), 87-114. doi: 10.1080/026783799296084URL |
| [81] | Voydanoff, P.( 2002). Linkages between the work-family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 23( 1), 138-164. doi: 10.1177/0192513X02023001007URL |
| [82] | Williams, C.( 2008). Work-life balance of shift workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 20( 3), 15-26. |
| [83] | Wu, H., Sun, W., & Wang, L. ( 2012). Factors associated with occupational stress among Chinese female emergency nurses. Engineering Management Journal, 29( 7), 554-558. |
| [84] | Yousef, D.A. ( 2002). Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between job stressors and affective, continuance, and normative commitment: A path analytical approach. International Journal of Stress Management, 9( 2), 99-112. doi: 10.1023/A:1014954703735URL |
| [85] | Zhou, Y. K., Zeng, W. X., Hu, Y. L., Xi, Y. P., & Tan, L. ( 2014). The relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese middle-level cadres. Chinese Studies, 3( 1), 8-11. doi: 10.4236/chnstd.2014.31003URL |
相关文章 4
| [1] | 史健, 龙立荣. 员工睡眠剥夺的损耗效应：组织管理研究的新主题[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(5): 896-909. |
| [2] | 买热巴·买买提, 李野, 王辉. 谦卑型和自恋型领导：跨文化组织管理的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(8): 1375-1386. |
| [3] | 何宁;谷渊博. 自恋与决策的研究现状及展望[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(7): 1089-1097. |
| [4] | 许小东;. 对工作生活质量(QWL)研究的评价[J]. 心理科学进展, 1993, 1(1): 10-16. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4510
