) 江西师范大学心理学院, 南昌 330022
收稿日期:2017-11-27出版日期:2018-10-15发布日期:2018-08-27通讯作者:胡竹菁E-mail:huzjing@jxnu.edu.cn基金资助:*国家自然科学基金项目(31460252)The cooperation and transformation mechanism of dual processing in reasoning and judgment
AI Yan, HU Zhujing() School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
Received:2017-11-27Online:2018-10-15Published:2018-08-27Contact:HU Zhujing E-mail:huzjing@jxnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 推理判断中双重加工理论的发展经历了不同发展阶段, 早期主要对两个加工过程的定义及特征的关注, 当前转向对两者间的协作及转换机制的研究。本研究梳理了双重加工过程协作及转换机制的代表性模型及其相关实验支持证据, 综合归纳为以下三类模型：序列加工模型(Serial processing model)、平行竞争模型(Parallel competitive model)以及混合模型(Hybrid model), 并比较和论述了三类模型在两个加工过程的转换和协作机制、冲突探查的加工机制、偏差反应的解释机制上的异同, 以及三类模型各自面临的问题。
图/表 8
表1不同双重加工理论者的双重加工过程命名及特征
| 双重加工理论提出者 | T1 | T2 |
|---|---|---|
| Posner & | 自动激活系统(automatic activation system) | 意识加工系统(conscious processing system) |
| Shiffrin & | 自动加工过程(automatic processing) | 控制加工过程(controlled processing) |
| Johnson-Laird (1983) | 内隐推理(implicit inferences) | 外显推理(explicit inferences) |
| Evans (1984, 1989) | 启发式过程(heuristic processing) | 分析式过程(analytic processing) |
| Pollock (1991) | 快速和灵活模块(quick and inflexible modules) | 智力(intellection) |
| Reber (1993) | 内隐认知 (implicit cognition) | 外显学习(explicit learning) |
| Epstein (1973, 1994) | 经验系统(experiential system) | 理性系统(rational system) |
| Levinson (1995) | 交互智力(interactional intelligence) | 分析智力(analytic intelligence) |
| Sloman (1996) | 联想系统(associative system) | 规则系统(rule-based system) |
| Evans & Over (1996) | 内隐思维过程(tacit thought processes) | 外显思维过程(explicit thought processes) |
| Hammond (1996) | 直觉认知(intuitive cognition) | 分析认知(analytical cognition) |
| Klein (1998) | 预先认知决策(recognition-primed decisions) | 理性选择策略(rational choice strategy) |
| Stanovich & West (2000) | 系统1 (System 1) | 系统2 (System 2) |
| 自动启发式加工(Automatic-heuristic processing) | 执行分析式加工(executive-analytic processing) | |
| Evans (2011) | 直觉加工(Intuitive processing) | 反思性加工(Reflective processing) |
| 特征 | 联想的(associative) | 以规则为基础的(rule-based) |
| 整体性(holistic) | 分析性(analytic) | |
| 自动的(automatic) | 控制性的(controlled) | |
| 不需要认知能力(relatively undemanding of cognitive capacity) | 需要认知能力(demanding of cognitive capacity) | |
| 快速的(relatively fast) | 缓慢的(relatively slow) | |
| 通过生理、暴露和个体经验获得(acquisition by biology, exposure, and personal experience) | 通过文化和形式指导获得(acquisition by cultural and formal tuition) |
表1不同双重加工理论者的双重加工过程命名及特征
| 双重加工理论提出者 | T1 | T2 |
|---|---|---|
| Posner & | 自动激活系统(automatic activation system) | 意识加工系统(conscious processing system) |
| Shiffrin & | 自动加工过程(automatic processing) | 控制加工过程(controlled processing) |
| Johnson-Laird (1983) | 内隐推理(implicit inferences) | 外显推理(explicit inferences) |
| Evans (1984, 1989) | 启发式过程(heuristic processing) | 分析式过程(analytic processing) |
| Pollock (1991) | 快速和灵活模块(quick and inflexible modules) | 智力(intellection) |
| Reber (1993) | 内隐认知 (implicit cognition) | 外显学习(explicit learning) |
| Epstein (1973, 1994) | 经验系统(experiential system) | 理性系统(rational system) |
| Levinson (1995) | 交互智力(interactional intelligence) | 分析智力(analytic intelligence) |
| Sloman (1996) | 联想系统(associative system) | 规则系统(rule-based system) |
| Evans & Over (1996) | 内隐思维过程(tacit thought processes) | 外显思维过程(explicit thought processes) |
| Hammond (1996) | 直觉认知(intuitive cognition) | 分析认知(analytical cognition) |
| Klein (1998) | 预先认知决策(recognition-primed decisions) | 理性选择策略(rational choice strategy) |
| Stanovich & West (2000) | 系统1 (System 1) | 系统2 (System 2) |
| 自动启发式加工(Automatic-heuristic processing) | 执行分析式加工(executive-analytic processing) | |
| Evans (2011) | 直觉加工(Intuitive processing) | 反思性加工(Reflective processing) |
| 特征 | 联想的(associative) | 以规则为基础的(rule-based) |
| 整体性(holistic) | 分析性(analytic) | |
| 自动的(automatic) | 控制性的(controlled) | |
| 不需要认知能力(relatively undemanding of cognitive capacity) | 需要认知能力(demanding of cognitive capacity) | |
| 快速的(relatively fast) | 缓慢的(relatively slow) | |
| 通过生理、暴露和个体经验获得(acquisition by biology, exposure, and personal experience) | 通过文化和形式指导获得(acquisition by cultural and formal tuition) |
图1默认干预模型注：A1为直觉加工的初始反应, A2为反思性加工的替代性反应。资料来源：Evans (2011)
图1默认干预模型注：A1为直觉加工的初始反应, A2为反思性加工的替代性反应。资料来源：Evans (2011)
图2启发式与分析式理论的扩展与校正资料来源：Evans (2006)
图2启发式与分析式理论的扩展与校正资料来源：Evans (2006)
图3认知加工的两阶段模型资料来源：Evans (1984)
图3认知加工的两阶段模型资料来源：Evans (1984)
图4平行竞争模型资料来源：Handley和Trippas (2015)
图4平行竞争模型资料来源：Handley和Trippas (2015)
图5逻辑直觉模型资料来源：De Neys (2012)
图5逻辑直觉模型资料来源：De Neys (2012)
图6分析式参与的三阶段双重加工模型注：1R, T1 的初始反应; 1R1最突出和流畅的直觉反应, 例如信念偏差反应; 1Rn初始阶段可能的、潜在的竞争反应; AR替代性反应。资料来源：Pennycook et al. (2015)
图6分析式参与的三阶段双重加工模型注：1R, T1 的初始反应; 1R1最突出和流畅的直觉反应, 例如信念偏差反应; 1Rn初始阶段可能的、潜在的竞争反应; AR替代性反应。资料来源：Pennycook et al. (2015)
图7序列加工、平行竞争以及混合模型的时间进程注：序列加工模型与平行竞争模型的时间进程参考资料为De Neys (2012)
图7序列加工、平行竞争以及混合模型的时间进程注：序列加工模型与平行竞争模型的时间进程参考资料为De Neys (2012)参考文献 85
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