陈维扬, 谢天()

武汉大学哲学学院心理学系, 武汉 430072

收稿日期:2017-07-29出版日期:2018-07-15发布日期:2018-05-29
通讯作者:谢天E-mail:thanksky520@126.com

基金资助:国家社会科学基金教育学青年课题的资助(课题名称：物质主义的成因分析及其教育对策)(CBA150154)

The dynamic process of social norm development

CHEN Weiyang, XIE Tian()

Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Received:2017-07-29Online:2018-07-15Published:2018-05-29
Contact:XIE Tian E-mail:thanksky520@126.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 社会心理学的经典研究将社会规范区分为描述性规范与指令性规范。近年来, 研究者从以往对社会规范的静态区分, 开始深入研究社会规范“如何发展变化”的动态过程, 即探究社会规范的习得、传播与转变过程, 以及社会规范发挥作用的影响因素。社会规范的习得可以追溯至童年早期的社会互动, 描述性规范的形成是个体在社会网络中学习社会范畴典型范例的过程, 对现状的合理化催生了描述性规范向指令性规范的转化。社会规范发挥作用也呈现动态性, 不仅与社会规范的心理功能相关, 即遵守或违反社会规范能满足个体的安全感、归属感、独特感需要等, 还与外部环境如权力位置、惩罚机制相关。未来研究可对社会规范形成过程、作用过程做进一步分析; 结合社会规范强度研究, 深入探讨规范性影响的作用过程; 开展文化情境下的社会规范研究等。

参考文献 47

1	陈思静, 何铨, 马剑虹 . ( 2015). 第三方惩罚对合作行为的影响: 基于社会规范激活的解释. 心理学报, 47( 3), 389-405. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2015.00389URL
2	卢俊, 陈浩, 乐国安 . ( 2017). 松-紧文化: 跨文化心理学研究的新维度. 心理科学进展, 25( 5), 887-902.
3	汪新建, 吕小康 . ( 2009). 作为惯习的潜规则——潜规则盛行的文化心理学分析框架. 南开学报(哲学社会科学版), ( 4), 133-139.
4	吴思 . ( 2001). 潜规则: 中国历史中的真实游戏. 昆明: 云南人民出版社.
5	谢天, 石双 . ( 2016). 比较视角: 幸福感与物质主义、传统规范的交互影响. 黑龙江社会科学, ( 2), 96-102.
6	Anderson C., Hildreth J. A. D., & Howland L . ( 2015). Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 141( 3), 574-601. doi: 10.1037/a0038781URLpmid: 25774679
7	Andrighetto G., Brandts J., Conte R., Sabater-Mir J., Solaz H., & Villatoro D . ( 2013). Punish and voice: Punishment enhances cooperation when combined with norm-signalling. PLoS One, 8( 6), e64941. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064941URLpmid: 3680389
8	Blake P. R., McAuliffe K., Corbit J., Callaghan T. C., Barry O., Bowie A., .. Warneken F . ( 2015). The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies. Nature, 528( 7581), 258-261. doi: 10.1038/nature15703URLpmid: 26580018
9	Bowles, H. R., & Gelfand, M . ( 2010). Status and the evaluation of workplace deviance. Psychological Science, 21( 1), 49-54. doi: 10.1177/0956797609356509URLpmid: 20424022
10	Brewer, M. B . ( 1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17( 5), 475-482. doi: 10.1177/0146167291175001URL
11	Castano, E . ( 2004). In case of death, cling to the ingroup. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34( 4), 375-384. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.211URL
12	Chao M. M., Zhang Z. X., & Chiu C. Y . ( 2010). Adherence to perceived norms across cultural boundaries: The role of need for cognitive closure and ingroup identification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13( 1), 69-89. doi: 10.1177/1368430209343115URL
13	Chen, Y. Y., & Hong, Y. Y . ( 2015). Different ways to resolve discrepancy between descriptive and injunctive norms across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1316-1319. doi: 10.1177/0022022115600265URL
14	Cialdini R. B., Kallgren C. A., & Reno R. R . ( 1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 201-234. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5URL
15	Cialdini R. B., Martin S. J., & Goldstein N. J . ( 2015). Small behavioral science-informed changes can produce large policy-relevant effects. Behavioral Science & Policy, 1( 1), 21-27. doi: 10.1353/bsp.2015.0008URL
16	Eom K., Kim H. S., Sherman D. K., & Ishii K . ( 2016). Cultural variability in the link between environmental concern and support for environmental action. Psychological Science, 27( 10), 1331-1339. doi: 10.1177/0956797616660078URLpmid: 27565535
17	Eriksson K., Strimling P., & Coultas J. C . ( 2015). Bidirectional associations between descriptive and injunctive norms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.011URL
18	Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U . ( 2004). Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25( 2), 63-87. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4URL
19	Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. ( 2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415( 6868), 137-140. doi: 10.1038/415137aURL
20	Galinsky A. D., Magee J. C., Gruenfeld D. H., Whitson J. A., & Liljenquist K. A . ( 2008). Power reduces the press of the situation: Implications for creativity, conformity, and dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95( 6), 1450-1466. doi: 10.1037/a0012633URL
21	Gao W. J., Qiu L., Chiu C. Y., & Yang Y. Y . ( 2015). Diffusion of opinions in a complex culture system: Implications for emergence of descriptive norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1252-1259. doi: 10.1177/0022022115610212URL
22	Gelfand, M. J., & Jackson, J. C . ( 2016). From one mind to many: The emerging science of cultural norms. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 175-181. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.002URL
23	Gelfand M. J., Raver J. L., Nishii L., Leslie L. M., Lun J., Lim B. C., .. Yamaguchi S . ( 2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332( 6033), 1100-1104. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754URLpmid: 21617077
24	GÖckeritz S., Schmidt M. F. H., & Tomasello M . ( 2014). Young children's creation and transmission of social norms. Cognitive Development, 30, 81-95. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.01.003URL
25	Harrington, J. R., & Gelfand, M. J . ( 2014). Tightness- looseness across the 50 united states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111( 22), 7990-7995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317937111URLpmid: 24843116
26	Jost J. T., Sterling J. L., & Langer M . ( 2015). From “Is” to “Ought” and sometimes “Not”: Compliance with and resistance to social norms from a system justification perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1287-1291. doi: 10.1177/0022022115600268URL
27	Kashima E. S., Halloran M., Yuki M., & Kashima Y . ( 2004). The effects of personal and collective mortality salience on individualism: Comparing Australians and Japanese with higher and lower self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40( 3), 384-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.007URL
28	Kashima Y., Wilson S., Lusher D., Pearson L. J., & Pearson C . ( 2013). The acquisition of perceived descriptive norms as social category learning in social networks. Social Networks, 35( 4), 711-719. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2013.06.002URL
29	Kosic A., Kruglanski A. W., Pierro A., & Mannetti L . ( 2004). The social cognition of immigrants’ acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and the reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86( 6), 796-813. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.796URLpmid: 15149256
30	Kreuzbauer R., Chiu C. Y., Lin S. D., & Bae S. H . ( 2014). When does life satisfaction accompany relational identity signaling: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45( 4), 646-659. doi: 10.1177/0022022113518369URL
31	Kruglanski A. W. ( 2004). The psychology of closed mindedness. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
32	Kwan L. Y. Y., Yap S., & Chiu C. Y . ( 2015). Mere exposure affects perceived descriptive norms: Implications for personal preferences and trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.12.002URL
33	Livi S., Kruglanski A. W., Pierro A., Mannetti L., & Kenny D. A . ( 2015). Epistemic motivation and perpetuation of group culture: Effects of need for cognitive closure on trans- generational norm transmission. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 105-112. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.010URL
34	McAuliffe K., Jordan J. J., & Warneken F . ( 2015). Costly third-party punishment in young children. Cognition, 134, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.013URLpmid: 25460374
35	Morris M. W., Chiu C. Y., & Liu Z . ( 2015). Polycultural psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 631-659. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015001URL
36	Morris, M. W., & Liu, Z . ( 2015). Psychological functions of subjective norms: Reference groups, moralization, adherence, and defiance. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1279-1287. doi: 10.1177/0022022115612161URL
37	Mulder, L. B . ( 2008). The difference between punishments and rewards in fostering moral concerns in social decision making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44( 6), 1436-1443. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.06.004URL
38	Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E . ( 2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26( 4), 269-281. doi: 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066URL
39	Roos P., Gelfand M., Nau D., & Lun J . ( 2015). Societal threat and cultural variation in the strength of social norms: An evolutionary basis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.01.003URL
40	Savani K., Wadhwa M., Uchida Y., Ding Y., & Naidu, N. V. R . ( 2015). When norms loom larger than the self: Susceptibility of preference-choice consistency to normative influence across cultures. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.001URL
41	Stamkou E., van Kleef G. A., Homan A. C., & Galinsky A. D . ( 2016). How norm violations shape social hierarchies: Those who stand on top block norm violators from rising up. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19( 5), 608-629. doi: 10.1177/1368430216641305URL
42	van Kleef G. A., Homan A. C., Finkenauer C., Blaker N. M., & Heerdink M. W . ( 2012). Prosocial norm violations fuel power affordance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48( 4), 937-942. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.022URL
43	van Kleef G. A., Homan A. C., Finkenauer C., Gündemir S., & Stamkou E . ( 2011). Breaking the rules to rise to power: How norm violators gain power in the eyes of others. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2( 5), 500-507. doi: 10.1177/1948550611398416URL
44	Wan, C . ( 2015). Understanding cultural identification through intersubjective cultural representation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1267-1272. doi: 10.1177/0022022115610213URL
45	Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M . ( 2013). The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116( 2), 338-350. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.002URLpmid: 23917162
46	Williams, A., & Moore, C . ( 2016). A longitudinal exploration of advantageous and disadvantageous inequality aversion in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 294-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.07.006URLpmid: 27632711
47	Xie W. W., Ho B., Meier S., & Zhou X. Y . ( 2017). Rank reversal aversion inhibits redistribution across societies. Nature Human Behavior, 1( 8), 0142. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0142URL

相关文章 15

[1]	张辉华. 社会网络视角的团队情绪智力[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1381-1395.
[2]	崔馨月, 李斌, 贺汝婉, 张淑颖, 雷励. 亲社会支出对主观幸福感的影响及其作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(7): 1279-1290.
[3]	王晓田, 王娜, 何金波. 前瞻性情绪作为社会风险的信息源假说：公共场景下风险决策的情绪及文化机制探讨[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(6): 959-966.
[4]	李铭泽, 叶慧莉, 张光磊. 自恋型领导对团队创造力形成过程的多视角研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(9): 1437-1453.
[5]	欧红蕾, 孙炳海, 张文海, 李伟健. 勿以恶小而为之：滑坡效应的心理机制及预防策略[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(4): 650-660.
[6]	陈晨, 刘玉新, 赵晨. 独立、协同和平衡视角下的单维式基本心理需要满足[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(12): 2076-2090.
[7]	张春虎. 基于自我决定理论的工作动机研究脉络及未来走向[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(8): 1489-1506.
[8]	吴才智, 荣硕, 朱芳婷, 谌燕, 郭永玉. 基本心理需要及其满足 *[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(6): 1063-1073.
[9]	卢俊;陈浩;乐国安. 松−紧文化: 跨文化心理学研究的新维度[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(5): 887-902.
[10]	邓小平, 徐晨, 程懋伟, 张向葵. 青少年偏差行为的同伴选择和影响效应：基于纵向社会网络的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(11): 1898-1909.
[11]	尹奎;李秀凤;孙健敏;于浩瀛. 大学生的社会网络[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(8): 1279-1289.
[12]	张镇;郭博达. 社会网络视角下的同伴关系与心理健康[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(4): 591-602.
[13]	葛红宁;周宗奎;牛更枫;陈武. 社交网站使用能带来社会资本吗？[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(3): 454-463.
[14]	赵丹;余林. 社会交往对老年人认知功能的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(1): 46-54.
[15]	李惠璠;范秀成;曹花蕊;杜建刚. 市场规范与社会规范冲突视角下的奖励推荐计划作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(1): 11-21.

PDF全文下载地址:

http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4381