Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 22175043, 52162021) and the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 2017GXNSFGA198005).
Received Date:30 May 2021
Accepted Date:15 August 2021
Available Online:07 September 2021
Published Online:20 December 2021
Abstract:Low-dimensional metal halides have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent optical properties, especially zero-dimensional metal halides, which can improve the radiation recombination probability due to the characteristics of their isolated octahedral structures. In this paper, we report a zero-dimensional metal halide Sb3+ doped Rb7Bi3Cl16 with a broadband orange-yellow emission at 613 nm. When the Sb3+ doping concentration is 30%, the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of the system reaches 30.7%. This high-efficiency luminescence is derived from the self-trapped excitons generated by the strong interaction between electrons and the crystal lattice. The specific physical mechanism and energy transfer process of self-trapped exciton luminescence are further studied through characterizing the optical performances. The electronic states in the singlet 1P1 level are relaxed to the triplet 3P1 via an intersystem crossing process, and the strong orange-yellow emission comes from the triplet state 3P1→1S0 radiation recombination process. In addition, Sb3+ doped Rb7Bi3Cl16 has satisfactory environmental stability, the Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16-based light-emitting diodes (LED) are fabricated here in this work, and the color coordinates and correlated color temperature of the LED are (0.4886, 0.4534) and 2641 K, respectively. The highly efficient and stable Sb3+ doped Rb7Bi3Cl16 is expected to be used in solid-state lighting and display fields. Keywords:zero dimensional/ metal halides/ doping/ self-trapped exciton/ optical properties
图4(a)显示了30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16的激发和光致发光光谱. 从图4(a)中获得的宽PL谱(半峰宽为154 nm)和大斯托克斯位移(233 nm). 结合前文的分析, 这是自陷激子发射的典型特征. 自陷激子发生在具有软晶格和强电子-声子耦合的材料中, 并且发射具有宽光谱和大斯托克斯位移的典型特征. 对于软晶格卤化物, 在激发态上, 光电子与晶格相互振动, 引起晶格畸变然后产生自陷激子. 在STE产生过程中, 激子会损失一些能量, 这些能量被称为自陷激子能(Est). 同时基态的能量会因晶格畸变而增加, 增加的能量称为晶格变形能(Ed). STEs的能量表示为: ETEs = Eg – Eb – Est – Ed, 其中Eg为带隙能, Eb为激子结合能. 所以STE发射中会有较大的Stokes位移. 图 4 (a) 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16的激发和光致发光光谱(Ex = 380 nm); (b) 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16粉末(Ex = 380 nm, Em = 613 nm)的PL衰减曲线, 橙色曲线以单指数衰减函数拟合实验数据; (c) 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16的激发光谱和光致发光光谱(Ex = 307 nm); (d) 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16粉末(Ex = 307 nm, Em = 595 nm)的PL衰减曲线, 紫色曲线以双指数衰减函数拟合实验数据 Figure4. (a) Excitation and photoluminescence (Ex = 380 nm) spectra of 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16; (b) PL decay curves of the 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16 powders (Ex = 380 nm, Em = 613 nm), orange curve is a fit to the experimental data with a single exponential decay function; (c) excitation and photoluminescence (Ex = 307 nm) spectra of 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16; (d) PL decay curves of the 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16 powders (Ex = 307 nm, Em = 595 nm), purple curve is a fit to the experimental data with a double exponential decay function.
表1样品的时间分辨光致发光衰减曲线拟合数据 Table1.Fitting date of time-resolved PL decay curve of sample
结合光学性能的表征和理论分析, 图5(a)—(c)是该体系的光物理过程, 单线态1P1→1S0是禁止跃迁. 因此, 只观察到三重态3Pn (n = 0, 1, 2)→1S0的跃迁. 自陷激子的发射和能量示意图如图5(b)所示, 由于强的晶格畸变, PL谱表现出宽带和较大的Stokes位移. 虽然1P1→1S0的辐射跃迁是被禁止的, 但是单重态1P1的电子态通过系间窜越(ISC)过程弛豫到三重态3P1. 观察到的快衰减和慢衰减寿命进一步证实了这种单态到三重态激发态的弛豫和三重态激发态与基态的辐射复合. 所以在高能激发下, 由于单重态1P1上自陷激子的影响, 这可能是30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16发射峰发生轻微蓝移的原因. 图 5 (a) 跃迁和发光过程示意图; (b) 自陷激子发射示意图; (c) 能量传递模型的示意图 Figure5. (a) Schematic diagram of the potential energy curves as well as the transition and luminescence processes in a configuration space; (b) schematic diagram of self-trapping exciton emission; (c) schematic diagram of proposed energy-transfer model.
23.2.Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16金属卤化物的LED器件应用 -->
3.2.Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16金属卤化物的LED器件应用
由于所制备的Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16具有30.7%的PLQY和良好的PL稳定性和环境稳定性, 因此制作了LED器件探究其在器件中的应用. Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16具有橙黄色发光, 与环氧树脂充分混合混合, 涂覆在商用365 nm的 GaN LED芯片上, 干燥固化后得到LED器件. LED设备的通电/断电效果如图6(a)所示. 通过计算, 得到其色坐标(CIE1931)为(0.4886, 0.4534), 色温为2641 K, 如图6(b)所示. 基于Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16的LED在通电时发出明亮的橙黄色光, 对应的发射光谱如图6(c)所示. Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16具有良好的稳定性和较低的制作成本, 有望应用于固态照明和显示等领域. 图 6 (a) LED器件通/关电的示意图; (b) 与发射光谱对应的CIE色度图; (c) 基于30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16的LED的发射光谱 Figure6. (a) Packaging of LED device of power on/off; (b) CIE chromaticity diagram corresponding to emission spectrum; (c) emission spectrum of the LED based on 30%Sb3+:Rb7Bi3Cl16.