1.State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China 2.Research and Development Center for Solid State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China 3.Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Abstract:Single-crystal diamond (SCD) detectors promise to have applications in neutron spectrometers and fusion neutron monitoring under high flux deuterium plasma. The response to 14 MeV neutrons for the SCD detector is studied in this paper. A high-performance SCD neutron detector is developed by processing cleaning wafer, depositing metal electrodes, annealing and wire-bonding. A fast-neutrons monitoring system containing the detector, preamplifier and digital multichannel analyzer is constructed, and the response to 14 MeV neutrons for the detector is measured on the K-400 neutron generator supported by China Academy of Engineering Physics. In addition, computational simulations of the energy deposition and detection efficiency of 14 MeV neutron through diamond are performed via Geant4 toolkit based on evaluated nuclear data libraries of ENDF-VIII.0, JEFF-3.3, BROND-3.1, JENDL-4.0u and CENDL-3.1. The methods of widening the simulation spectrum and calibration of measuring spectrum are presented in order that simulation results are in reasonable agreement with measured values. The results indicate that the energy deposition of 14 MeV neutrons incident on the 12C can be more accurately calculated with CENDL-3.1 than with other data libraries. The elastic scattering and reaction of 12C(n, 3α) are described more accurately with the CENDL-3.1, and the characteristic peaks of 12C(n, α)9Be matched well the calibrated testing spectrum and the after-widening simulation spectrum, with a difference between the simulated detection efficiency and measuring results being as low as 0.61%. The outcome measures are described as the standardized mean difference, with a detection efficiency of (3.31 × 10–4 ± 0.11 × 10–4) counts/n, an energy resolution of 4.02% ± 0.09%, and a peaking channel of 1797.24 ± 0.80, which suggest that the detector keeps stable well under a high neutron flux of 2 × 1010 n/s for as long as 2 h. The results demonstrate that the SCD detector can be a promising candidate for monitoring 14 MeV D-T neutrons. Keywords:single-crystal diamond/ 14 MeV neutron monitoring/ Monte-Carol simulation/ spectrum measurement
由图3可知, 产生能量沉积的粒子主要包括散射导致的12C, 12C(n, α)9Be反应产生的α粒子和9Be粒子、伴随核反应产生的γ射线和电子, 以及极少量的13C和其他与空气相互作用产生的16O, 15N等粒子. 筛选其中主要成分, 将某一种粒子所在event的各个step能量沉积进行累加, 并放到划分的能量区间中, 统计各个区间的粒子个数并进行最大值归一化, 得到图4. 图 4 不同粒子所在事件能量沉积情况 (a) 12C能量沉积; (b) 9Be能量沉积; (c) α粒子能量沉积情况; (d) 13C能量沉积; (e) γ射线能量沉积; (f) 电子能量沉积 Figure4. Energy deposition for different particles in their events: (a)–(f) are for 12C, 9Be, alpha particles, 13C, gamma rays and electrons, respectively.
从图4(b)和图4(c)可以看出, 9Be与α粒子所在事件沉积能量相同, 因此为同一事件, 即9Be与α粒子总是成对产生, 证明了12C(n, α)9Be反应的发生, 这也是能谱中12C(n, α)9Be特征峰的成因; 图4(e)和图4(f)中, γ射线和电子所在事件沉积能量也与该反应相同, 证明反应会伴随γ射线和电子产生; 由于12C与中子发生碰撞沉积能量较低, 基本不影响特征峰的计数; 此外, 图4(c)中还有少部分α粒子来自于12C(n, 3α)反应. 最终能量沉积谱的仿真结果如图5所示. 图 5 不同核数据库能量沉积对比(内插图是能量沉积谱的局部放大) Figure5. Comparison of energy deposition calculated via different nuclear databases. A close-up view of the energy-deposition spectra is in the inset.