1.State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China 2.Research and Development Center for Solid State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China 3.Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Abstract:Single-crystal diamond (SCD) detectors promise to have applications in neutron spectrometers and fusion neutron monitoring under high flux deuterium plasma. The response to 14 MeV neutrons for the SCD detector is studied in this paper. A high-performance SCD neutron detector is developed by processing cleaning wafer, depositing metal electrodes, annealing and wire-bonding. A fast-neutrons monitoring system containing the detector, preamplifier and digital multichannel analyzer is constructed, and the response to 14 MeV neutrons for the detector is measured on the K-400 neutron generator supported by China Academy of Engineering Physics. In addition, computational simulations of the energy deposition and detection efficiency of 14 MeV neutron through diamond are performed via Geant4 toolkit based on evaluated nuclear data libraries of ENDF-VIII.0, JEFF-3.3, BROND-3.1, JENDL-4.0u and CENDL-3.1. The methods of widening the simulation spectrum and calibration of measuring spectrum are presented in order that simulation results are in reasonable agreement with measured values. The results indicate that the energy deposition of 14 MeV neutrons incident on the 12C can be more accurately calculated with CENDL-3.1 than with other data libraries. The elastic scattering and reaction of 12C(n, 3α) are described more accurately with the CENDL-3.1, and the characteristic peaks of 12C(n, α)9Be matched well the calibrated testing spectrum and the after-widening simulation spectrum, with a difference between the simulated detection efficiency and measuring results being as low as 0.61%. The outcome measures are described as the standardized mean difference, with a detection efficiency of (3.31 × 10–4 ± 0.11 × 10–4) counts/n, an energy resolution of 4.02% ± 0.09%, and a peaking channel of 1797.24 ± 0.80, which suggest that the detector keeps stable well under a high neutron flux of 2 × 1010 n/s for as long as 2 h. The results demonstrate that the SCD detector can be a promising candidate for monitoring 14 MeV D-T neutrons. Keywords:single-crystal diamond/ 14 MeV neutron monitoring/ Monte-Carol simulation/ spectrum measurement
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2.1.金刚石探测器
利用Element Six公司生产的商品化电子级单晶金刚石材料制备快中子探测器, 尺寸为4.5 mm × 4.5 mm × 0.3 mm, 电子顺磁共振表征结果显示其氮杂质含量低于5 × 10–9, 二次离子质谱表征结果显示其硼杂质含量低于1 × 10–9, 对于0.5 mm厚度的单晶金刚石, 其电荷收集效率典型值大于95%[16]. 首先使用浓硫酸和双氧水按体积比1∶1配置氧化剂, 对材料表面进行氧化处理, 去除表面石墨相以提高薄膜表面质量, 降低表面漏电流; 然后在此基础上进行电极制备, 采用金属-半导体-金属(metal-semiconductor-metal, MSM)结构, 通过硬掩膜分别在材料两侧蒸镀Ti (50 nm)和Au (200 nm), 随后在氮气气氛和800 ℃温度下退火10 h, 以保证电极与材料形成良好的欧姆接触; 最后利用导电银浆和金线将探测器键合在印刷电路板上, 并利用共地射频连接器进行封装. 探测器的结构和实物如图1所示. 图 1 (a) 金刚石探测器结构; (b) 探测器实物 Figure1. (a) The schematic diagram of the single-crystal diamond detector structure; (b) the as-fabricated device for test.