1.Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Fund of Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, China (Grant No. 6142A02190402)
Received Date:03 December 2020
Accepted Date:03 May 2021
Available Online:07 June 2021
Published Online:20 September 2021
Abstract:High-power pulsed magnetron sputtering has become a popular research tool in surface technology industry because it can prepare the films with excellent surface quality. The plasma density and metal ionization rate are the key factors affecting the quality of the film deposited by high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering. The parameters of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (such as applied voltage, pulse width, deposition pressure and peak current) affect the plasma density and metal ionization rate. In this paper, in order to more easily understand the plasma densities and metal ionization rates at the different process parameters, the plasma densities and ionization rates are calculated numerically. An equivalent circuit model established by MATLAB/Simulink software is used to obtain the discharge current curve of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering titanium (Ti) target. The plasma density near the plasma sheath is calculated by the sheath resistance in the equivalent circuit model. The ionization rate of Ti is calculated by using the semi-cylinder global model theory combined with the discharge current simulated by equivalent circuit model. It is found that under the different high power pulse sputtering voltages, pulse widths and different deposition pressures, the discharge modes are of gas discharge and metal ion discharge, and the gas discharge interacts with metal ion discharge. The equivalent circuit model is produced by the main discharge mode, and the equivalent circuit model composed of capacitor, inductor and resistors in series and in parallel can be used to simulate the discharge current of Ti target. The result shows that the simulated discharge current is accurate in the rising edge and peak value in comparison with experimental data. The value of electron component in the model is related to the saturation ion current.According to the sheath resistance in the model, the average plasma density in the vacuum chamber increases with increasing sputtering voltage, pulse width and deposition pressure. And the plasma density in the vacuum chamber lies in a range of (2–9) × 1017 m–3. The particle equilibrium equation is established by using the semi-cylinder global model theory. The electron temperature (5 eV) and discharge current are used as boundary conditions to calculate the ionization rate of Ti. The value of the ionization rate of Ti is in a range of 31%–38% at different deposition pressures, and the ionization rate of Ti increases with the increase of deposition pressure. Keywords:high power pulsed magnetron sputtering/ equivalent circuit/ global model/ ionization rate
拟合度Adj. R2为0.9958, 如图2所示. 图 2 离化区等离子密度随垂直靶材方向距离的变化曲线 Figure2. Variation curve of plasma density in ionization region with distance perpendicular to target direction.
利用等效电路模型中的鞘层电阻可以估算HPPMS等离子密度[13], 将已测得的电压电流曲线视作周期性非正弦信号进行快速傅里叶转换, 电压与电流的直流分量比值即为鞘层电阻R[13], 见(4)式, 等离子密度结果如图7所示. 图 7 不同高功率脉冲磁控溅射工艺参数下的等离子密度 (a) 不同脉宽30, 100, 160 μs; (b) 不同电压700, 800, 900 V; (c)不同靶电流 113, 150, 185 A Figure7. Comparison of plasma density calculated by equivalent circuit (simulation) under different HPPMS process parameters: (a) Different pulse width (30, 100, 160 μs); (b) different sputtering voltages (700, 800, 900 V); (c) different target currents (113, 150, 185 A)
图7是利用等离子电路模型在不同放电电压(700, 800, 900 V)、脉宽(30, 100, 160 μs)和靶电流(113, 150, 185 A)下模拟计算的等离子密度. 结果表明, 等效电路模型计算的等离子密度在1017—1018 m–3, 与文献报道HPPMS的等离子密度[6,37]是相同的, 这说明利用等效电路模型计算等离子密度是可行的. 本文利用半圆柱体-整体模型方法[14]和Gudmundsson[15]提出的离化机理建立各粒子平衡方程和能量守恒方程等微分方程组, 求解各粒子密度, 进而计算离化率, 而等效电路模型模拟的放电电流是计算各离子密度的关键因素[17,18], 模拟的峰值电流可以验证放电区域各离子密度的正确性, 继而可以验证离化率的正确性. 图8为HPPMS靶材及离化区几何模型, 模型各参数取值为圆柱体长100 mm, 半径74 mm. 实验中测得平均电子温度Te = 5 eV. 图 8 HPPMS靶材及离化区几何模型 (a) Ti靶尺寸及磁铁布置; (b) Ti靶剖面图D-D; (c) 离化区半圆柱体几何模型 Figure8. Geometricmodel of HPPMS target and ionization region: (a) Ti target size and magnet arrangement; (b) Ti target profile; (c) geometric model of semi cylinder in ionization region.
离化区粒子群中主要有Ar原子和金属原子, 热原子ArH、亚稳态Arm, 离子有Ar+、金属离子, 电子主要有e和热电子eH (由于二次电子散射产生)[22]. 金属离子的价态取决于HPPMS工艺产生的能量, 在对Ti靶溅射时, 文献报道产生Ti+, Ti2+和Ti4+[38], 但一般以Ti+为主, 大概可以占到90%[38,39]. 从实验室Ti的光谱图[39]可看出, 本文涉及的工艺, 产生的均为Ti+为主. 根据整体模型, 以不同气压为例, 计算的离化率结果如图9所示. 图 9 不同气压下计算的 (a)粒子密度、(b)峰值电流及电子温度、(c)离化率 Figure9. (a) Particle density, (b) peak current and electron temperature and (c) ion flux fraction calculated by the global model under different pressures.