Abstract:In order to effectively control the type and height of Schottky barrier, it is crucial to appropriately select the material and method of controlling the type and height of the Schottky barrier effectively. Two-dimensional materials exhibit massive potential in research and development due to their unique electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Graphene is a two-dimensional material found earliest, which has many excellent properties, such as high carrier mobility and large surface area. However, single-layered graphene has a zero band gap, which limits its response in electronic devices. Unlike the graphene, the transition metal sulfides have various band structures and chemical compositions, which greatly compensate for the defect of zero gap in graphene. From among many two-dimensional transition metal sulfides, we choose WSe2. The reason is that the single-layered WSe2 possesses the photoelectric excellent performance, band gap that can meet the majority of requirements in electronic and photoelectric devices, and transport properties that can be adjusted to p-type or bipolar which is first found in semiconductor materials. And compared with metal, the graphene at room temperature has superior properties such as high electron mobility, resistivity of 10-6 Ω·m lower than copper and silver, coefficient of thermal conductivity 5300 W/(m·K) large than 10 times that of copper, aluminum and other metal, and hardness exceeding the diamond, fracture strength up to 100 times more than that of iron and steel. The Two-dimensional semiconductors along with semimetallic graphene are seen as the basic building blocks for a new generation of nanoelectronic devices, in this sense, the artificially designed transition metal sulfide heterostructure is a promising option for ultrathin photodetectors. At present, most researchers focus on the control of the type and height of Schottky via heterojunction doped metallic element. However, there are few Schottky that are doped by nonmentallic element. Therefore, our work provides the interaction between WSe2 and graphene, which are described by the first principles effectively. The results show that there is the van der Waals interaction between the interface of WSe2 and that of graphene, and thus forming a stable structure. Through the analysis of energy band, it is found that the semiconductor properties of WSe2 are changed by the coupling between WSe2 and graphene, making the WSe2 transform from direct band gap into indirect band gap semiconductor. Furthermore, the total density of states and corresponding partial density of states of WSe2/graphene heterostructure are investigated, and the results show that the valence band is composed of hybrid orbitals of W 5d and Se 4p, whereas the conduction band is comprised of W 5d and C 2p orbitals, the orbital hybridization between W 5d and Se 4p will cause the photo generated electrons to transfer easily from the internal W atoms to the external Se atoms, thereby forming a build-in internal electric field from graphene to WSe2. Finally, for ascertaining the effect of doping WSe2 with nonmetallic elements, the WSe2/graphene Schottky is investigated by using the plane-wave ultrasoft pseudo potentials in detail. Besides, the lattice mismatch rate and lattice mismatch can prove the rationality of doping WSe2 by non-metallicelement. The stability of the combination between the doped WSe2 and graphene is demonstrated by the interface binding energy. The influence of nonmetallic atoms on WSe2 is analyzed before investigating the heterojunction of the doped WSe2 and graphene. The results show that the band gap of WSe2 doped by O atoms changes from 1.62 to 1.66 eV and the leading band moves upward by 0.04 eV. This indicates that O atom doping has little effect on the band gap of WSe2. When WSe2 is doped with N and B atoms, the impurity energy level appears near the Fermi level of WSe2, which results in the band gap being zero, and then it presents severe metallization. This is due to the Fermi level of WSe2 shifting. When the C atom is doped, the impurity level appears at the bottom of the guide band of WSe2, and the band gap is 0.78 eV. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of doping on heterojunction. In the W9Se17O1/graphene heterojunction, the Schottky barrier height of n-type and p-type are 0.77 eV and 0.79 eV respectively. It shows that the heterojunction type transforms form p-type into n-type, whose Schottky barrier height is reduced effectively. Due to the W9Se17N1 as well as W9Se17B1 with metallic properties combining with graphene, the Fermi energy level of graphene is shifted, its Dirac point is located above the Fermi energy level and its conduction band has a filling energy level. When doped with N and B atoms, WSe2/graphene belongs to the type of ohmic contact. When W9Se17C1 contacts the graphene, the graphene Dirac point is on the Fermi surface, and the Fermi energy level of W9Se17C1 is shifted by 0.59 eV. And then, the height of Schottky barrier of type-n for the heterojunction is 0.14 eV, the height of type-p is 0.59 eV and overall type of heterojunction is type-n. Therefore, by doping WSe2 with O, N, C and B, the WSe2/graphene Schottky type and barrier height can be adjusted. These will provide guidance for designing and manufacturing the 2D FET. Keywords:heterostructure/ WSe2/ band modulation/ first-principles
表1不同非金属元素掺杂WSe2/graphene异质结的晶格失配率、形成能、结合能、晶格失配能参数 Table1.Lattice mismatch rate, formation energy, cohesive energy, and lattice mismatch energy parameters of WSe2/graphene heterojunction doped with different nonmetallic elements.
形成能是描述结构稳定性的重要参数, 在3 × 3 × 1周期结构的单层WSe2中掺B, C, N, O等原子时, WSe2(1–x)(B, C, N, O)2x的形成能[56]可表示为:
其中E (WSe2(1–x)(B,C,N,O)2x)a' 和E (graphene)a'分别表示晶格常数为 a' 时WSe2(1–x)(B,C,N,O)2x和graphene的总能量, E (WSe2(1–x)(B,C,N,O)2x)a1和E (graphene) a2表示晶格常数为a1和a2时WSe2(1–x)(B,C,N,O)2x和graphene的总能量. 由(3)式得出, ΔEmismatch为正值表示异质结不稳定. WSe2(1–x)(B,C,N,O)2x/graphene异质结的晶格失配能如表1所示, 晶格失配能为–7.022 eV/nm2至–1.690 eV/nm2. 在WSe2/graphene异质结中掺杂B, C, N, O时, 晶格失配能都低于WSe2/graphene异质结. 进一步表明掺杂非金属原子可以提高WSe2/graphene异质结稳定性, 此结论与界面结合能得出结论一致. 根据界面结合能、晶格适配能分析了WSe2(1–x)(B, C, N, O)2x和graphene的界面相互作用. 一方面, 两种物质相互吸引形成稳定的异质结, 使异质结构的总能量降至最低. 另一方面, 在WSe2(1–x)(B, C, N, O)2x和graphene形成稳定界面的过程中, 由于晶格的不匹配会产生失配能. 从异质结形成的整个过程来看, 两种物质在结合前需要克服晶格不匹配. 因此推测在WSe2(1–x)(B, C, N, O)2x和graphene之间范德瓦耳斯力相互作用应该包括晶格失配能和结合能, 即Evdw = |Ecoh| + |ΔEmismatch|. 从表1不难得出范德瓦耳斯力能由3.481 eV/nm2至9.896 eV/nm2, 接近之前报道的值[60]. 另外, 如果两种材料晶格失配率较大, 就不能形成稳定的范德瓦耳斯异质结. 本文中的计算结果没有超出这个范围. 23.2.能带结构 -->
3.2.能带结构
为了探究异质结层间相互作用对电子的影响, 计算了异质结的能带. 在计算WSe2/graphene异质结能带时, 选用GGA-PBE近似方法, 布里渊区路径设置为G(0 0 0)-M(0 0.5 0)-K(–1/3 2/3 0)- G(0 0 0). 为了对比分析, 图2(a)和(b)分别为单层WSe2和graphene的能带图. 从图中可以看出单层WSe2为直接带隙, 在高对称G点处有1.62 eV的带隙, 计算结果略低于1.65 eV左右的实验数据[43]. 这是由于GGA-PBE近似方法在计算能带时低估了带隙值, 但这并不影响能带结构. 因此, 在随后的计算中使用了GGA-PBE近似方法. 图2(b)显示graphene的价带和导带在M点(狄拉克点)交叉. 当外界环境改变, 如温度升高或光激励时, 价带的电子受激跃迁到导带, 结果表明graphene具有金属性质, 这与先前理论研究一致[61]. 图 2 单层二硒化钨(a)、石墨烯(b)及二硒化钨/石墨(c)能带图, n型(p型)SBH介于二硒化钨的费米能级和最小导带(价带最大值)之间, 费米能级归一化设置为零, 用红虚线表示 Figure2. Energy band structures of (a) monolayer WSe2, (b) grapheme, and (c) WSe2/graphene heterostructure. The n-type (p-type) SBH are indicated between the Fermi level and the conduction band minimum (the valence band maximum) of the WSe2 layer. The Fermi level is set to zero and marked by red dotted lines.