1.College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China 2.Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11574329, 11774358, 11347003), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS (Grant No. Y7Y1472Y61), the CAS Biophysics Interdisciplinary Innovation Team Project (Grant No. 2060299), the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of CAS (Grant No. XDA17010504), and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (Grant No. 20180550149)
Received Date:06 August 2019
Accepted Date:17 September 2019
Available Online:27 November 2019
Published Online:01 December 2019
Abstract:Molecular motor is a kind of protein macromolecule, which moves along the microfilament or microtubule in cell directionally and participates in all kinds of intracellular life activities fully. In order to study the directional motion of molecular motor, a series of ratchet models have been proposed. However, the potentials used in most of the ratchet models are smooth sawtooth potential or harmonic potential. Recently, the experimental studies show that intracellular impurities, spatial inhomogeneity or the folding process of protein can yield deviation from a smooth ratchet profile. This kind of deviation will roughen the known smooth potential. In fact, the roughness of potential is not only closely related to the properties of protein, but also has an important implication in transition rate. Therefore, the rough ratchet will be used to simulate the interaction between molecular motor and trajectory in this work. In addition, experimental researches show that there is a class of molecular motor that can move directionally without dragging load in organism. According to the theory presented by Wang and Oster (Wang H, Oster G 2002 Europhys. Lett.57 134), the directional transport capability of this kind of motor can be investigated by means of Stokes efficiency. The higher the Stokes efficiency of the motor, the stronger the ability of the motor to use external input energy for directional motion.Here in this work, the overdamped Brownian transport of the two harmonically interacting particles is investigated, and the performance of transport is analyzed by studying the mean velocity and Stokes efficiency of the dimer induced by the introduction of roughness into the potential profile. The influences of the amplitude of perturbation, the wavenumber, the coupling strength and the free length of coupled Brownian particles on the directional transport performance are discussed in detail. According to the structure of ratchet, it is found that the roughness can either restrain or enhance the ratchet performance. It is shown that the appropriate amplitude and wavenumber of rough ratchet can promote the directional transport and enhance the Stokes efficiency of coupled Brownian particles. Moreover, one can distinguish between the optimal value of the coupling strength and free length that leads to a local maximum current. In addition, the directional transport of rough ratchet can be reversed by modulating the suitable coupling strength and free length. The conclusions obtained in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for understanding the motion behavior of molecular motor in experiment, and can also provide experimental inspiration for developing the nanometer machines and realizing the particle separation technology. Keywords:roughness/ center-of-mass mean velocity/ Stokes efficiency/ current reversal
(3)式中$\varepsilon $和H分别为粗糙势的扰动振幅和扰动波数, N为归一化因子. (4)式中${U_1}\left( {{x_i}} \right)$为常见的锯齿势, 且$\lambda $为锯齿势的周期, l为锯齿势的不对称度. (3)式构建的粗糙棘轮结构示意图如图1所示, 其中图1(a)表示扰动波数$H = 5$时粗糙势$U\left( x \right)$随空间位置x及扰动振幅$\varepsilon $的变化, 图1(b)为扰动振幅$\varepsilon = 0.1$时粗糙势$U\left( x \right)$随空间位置x及扰动波数H的变化. 图 1 (a) 粗糙势$U\left( x \right)$随扰动振幅$\varepsilon $的变化, 其中扰动波数$H \!=\! 5$; (b) 粗糙势$U\left( x \right)$随扰动波数H的变化, 其中扰动振幅$\varepsilon \!=\! 0.1$ Figure1. (a) Diagram of the rough potential $U\left( x \right)$ varying with the amplitude of perturbation $\varepsilon $, where perturbed wavenumber $H = 5$; (b) diagram of the rough potential $U\left( x \right)$ varying with perturbed wavenumber H, where the perturbation amplitude $\varepsilon = 0.1$.
由于耦合布朗粒子的运动还受周期外力$F\left( t \right)$的影响, 因此又讨论了不同耦合强度下粗糙棘轮的定向输运速度$\left\langle V \right\rangle $随外力振幅A的变化, 如图5(a)所示. 结果表明, 粗糙棘轮的平均速度$\left\langle V \right\rangle $整体呈现多峰结构, 且随外力振幅的增加$\left\langle V \right\rangle $的峰值逐渐减小. 这种多峰结构主要是由于本文所采用的外势为非对称周期势, 在粗糙棘轮对称性破缺和耦合相互作用这两种因素相互协作和竞争中耦合粒子的定向输运速度将被促进或抑制, 因而粗糙棘轮的$\left\langle V \right\rangle $能够存在多个极值. 此外, 研究还发现随着外力振幅的增加$\left\langle V \right\rangle $的极值将逐渐减小, 最终会趋于零. 这是由于当振幅A较大时, 外驱动力将成为耦合粒子定向运动的主导因素, 而此时粒子在无偏置的$F\left( t \right)$作用下难以产生定向运动, 所以耦合粒子速度的极值将会减小并趋于零. 图 5 不同耦合强度下, (a) 质心平均速度$\left\langle V \right\rangle $、(b) 斯托克斯效率$\eta $随外力振幅A的变化($a = 0.2$, $H = 5$, $\varepsilon = 0.1$) Figure5. Curves of (a) the center-of-mass velocity $\left\langle V \right\rangle $ and (b) the Stokes efficiency $\eta $ varying with amplitude A for different coupling strength k, where $a = 0.2$, $H = 5$, $\varepsilon = 0.1$.