,1,2, 龙花楼1,2, 李裕瑞,1,2Human geography research based on the new thinking of global rural-urban relationship
LIU Yansui,1,2, LONG Hualou1,2, LI Yurui,1,2通讯作者:
收稿日期:2021-02-28修回日期:2021-08-15
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Received:2021-02-28Revised:2021-08-15
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作者简介 About authors
刘彦随(1965-), 男, 陕西绥德人, 研究员, 博士生导师, 中国地理学会会员(S110005331M), 研究方向为农业与乡村地理学、城乡发展与土地利用。E-mail:
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刘彦随, 龙花楼, 李裕瑞. 全球乡城关系新认知与人文地理学研究. 地理学报, 2021, 76(12): 2869-2884 doi:10.11821/dlxb202112001
LIU Yansui, LONG Hualou, LI Yurui.
1 引言
地球早期阶段是无生命的地表系统,随着生物的诞生出现了生态系统,到有了人类便产生了人地系统,有了城市才形成了城乡系统。工业革命以来,人类生产发展与自然资源的加速开发加剧了对资源环境的胁迫作用,推动了世界各国深入思考现代人地关系变化及其全球可持续发展问题[1]。进入21世纪,人类世（Anthropocene）概念的提出[2],标志着科学认知人类发展和地球系统交互作用的现代人地关系,成为现代地理学综合研究的重要主题。地球总面积为5.1亿km2,其中陆地为1.49亿km2,占比为29%。陆地中城市面积约81万km2,占陆地面积不足1%,乡村区域占据了绝对优势,世界“地球村”可谓实至名归。当今全球发展面临土地退化与生态危机、可持续减贫与发展、农业与粮食安全等突出问题,其本质是地球表层乡村地域功能失调、人地系统耦合过程失衡[3],成为推进全球人地系统协调与可持续发展面临的巨大挑战。生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学—政策平台（IPBES）于2018年3月发布的《土地退化与恢复评估决策者摘要》报告显示,土地退化威胁全球至少32亿人的生计,预计到2050年土地退化和气候变化将使全球的作物产量平均下降10%,在某些地区平均下降50%;2018年9月,世界银行报告称全球生活在极端贫困（每天生活费不到1.9美元）中的总人数为7.36亿人;2020年7月,联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）发布的《世界粮食安全和营养状况报告》指出,2019年全世界有7.5亿人面临重度粮食不安全,占世界总人口的1/10,估计约有20亿人无法正常获取安全、营养、充足的食物。照此趋势,到2030年全球饥饿人口数将达8.4亿人,SDGs2.1（零饥饿）目标将无法实现[6]。这一系列的挑战和突出问题都发生在广袤的乡村地域,深入探究气候变化、生物多样性与可持续发展已成为国际科学前沿的重要主题,也是2020年后推动生态文明建设与乡村振兴国家战略的重大课题[4,5]。然而,如何提高农业系统产能与乡村价值,如何建设美丽乡村和谋求可持续发展,如何提升贫困地区乡村功能及其发展内生动力,成为实现2030年全球可持续发展目标亟待破解的现实难题。
现代互联网、大数据、人工智能等技术加速创新,网络经济、数字经济高速发展,正成为重组全球要素资源、重塑全球经济结构和改变全球竞争格局的关键力量,促使乡村地域主动或被动地融入全球生产体系、消费体系。在全球贸易网络、人口迁移、互联网连接的框架下,人口、信息、技术、资本等要素在全球系统中活跃流动,强化了世界各地之间的纽带与贯通功能,同时也为各国乡村地域之间的直接或间接联系与交流创造了历史机遇[7]。特别是互联网全球普及的“时空压缩”效应对于农业食品生产与消费的全球化起到了重要推动作用[8]。英国****Michael Woods 2012年提出“全球乡村”的概念,认为各国农民通过全球网络建立跨国联盟（如国际农民联盟）进而将自身诉求转移到新的空间环境,这是全球化网络改造了乡村地区的直观表现[9]。由于各国间自然资源、经济发展、人口增长的非均衡性,使全球农业水土资源、产品供需市场在空间上出现了一定程度的错配,而贸易全球化背景下的虚拟水、虚拟土地资源贸易有助于缓解这种供需错位和部分地区气候制约下的粮食短缺问题[10],促使乡村功能价值的全球释放和资源环境压力的区域缓解,该方式为世界各国乡村地域系统关联搭建了重要平台。此外,乡村地域拥有巨大的绿色生态系统、巨额的碳汇潜能,《京都议定书》[12]国际规则体系下的全球碳排放交易市场,为促进发展中国家节能减排与绿色减贫创建了有利窗口,更为全球乡村资源可持续利用和绿色低碳循环发展提供了持久动力。
全球化、城镇化持续推动着区域城乡关系的转型与重塑。纵观世界城乡发展的历程,全球城乡关系变化主要经历了从城乡分割、对立,到城乡协调、一体化、等值化的转型过程[13,14]。长期以来,城市中心主义与城市偏向的发展观,成为制约城乡融合与乡村健康发展,并导致一系列经济社会矛盾和资源环境问题的主要症结。城乡对立与割裂严重削弱了乡村发展动能、剥夺了乡村发展权益,尤其是乡村空心化、水土污损化、人口老弱化等现实问题加剧了乡村转型发展的风险和危机[15,16]。乡城关系是乡村人地关系的一种综合表征,体现在不同发展阶段的乡城之间要素作用形式、资源配置方式、产业发展模式等几个方面[17]。城市对乡村长期的“虹吸式”作用已造成乡村资源与环境可持续性严重受损、生态系统服务功能与价值快速衰减,致使传统的城乡二元性秩序萌生出共同（融合）发展的内生性诉求[18]。因此,正确处理乡村与城市关系的关键在于强调城乡平等地位、要素高效配置、系统互促共进[19,20]。在全球化与城乡融合发展背景下,科学揭示乡村人地系统耦合过程、动力机制与时空规律,重新认知现代乡城关系、全球乡村问题,成为推进全球乡村振兴的科学主题和重要前提。地理学理应积极融入国内外重大战略需求与复杂科学问题探究,将乡村地域自然资源系统、生态环境系统与人文经济系统相结合,深化人地系统协同观测与乡村地域系统转型、地表系统要素耦合与可持续发展研究,推进创新全球化背景下现代人文地理学理论和方法论。
2 乡城关系与城乡融合新认知
2.1 城乡关系的理论解析
城乡关系是最基本的经济社会关系,是任何一个国家或地区在其现代化进程中必须面对和解决的重大问题。如何正确处理工农关系、城乡关系,在一定程度上决定着现代化的成败[21]。从世界各国现代化历史看,有的国家没有处理好工农关系、城乡关系,造成大量失业农民涌向城市贫民窟,乡村和乡村经济走向凋敝,工业化、城镇化陷入困境,甚至出现社会动荡,最终进入“中等收入陷阱”[22]。城乡关系、人地关系一直是地理学研究的核心领域,尤其是人地关系地域系统理论的创建和发展,为科学认知城乡融合关系奠定了理论基础,成为系统解析新时期城乡关系及其交互过程的科学依据。乡村地理学视域下的城乡关系研究超越了“乡村”特殊化的研究范式[23],强调乡村地域的基础性、城乡关系的交互性及其乡村重构的系统性,主动融合了生态学、管理学、社会学、工程学等其他学科的相关理论与实证经验,从全球化、城乡一体化、城乡融合体等角度重新审视乡村与城市之间的母子关系,重视城乡社会发展过程的物质现实与理论理解[24]。从复杂系统视角探究城乡要素互动过程、机理与格局,形成时空综合理论范式及其研究方法体系,可为深入解析乡村地域资源、生态、经济、社会、文化等多要素作用机制及其区域性分异规律提供理论依据与方法支撑。全球化背景下区域连通、资源流动、开放合作,以及城乡融合进程中城乡人口、产业与资源互融互通,促使整个世界成为一个紧密联系的命运共同体。新时代乡村发展不是孤立进行和单纯的城市依赖,而是动态交织于全球生产网络和城乡融合体之中。乡村地域系统在全球城乡体系、地域空间联系中的重要性地位日益凸显,深入探索乡村地域功能与乡村可持续发展之路,成为科技支撑全球可持续发展目标的切入点和突破口。在科学研究与决策中,既要统筹谋划城乡可持续发展,又要审视各尺度、各区域的乡村发展问题,尤其在全球经济多元化、发展不确定性日益增强的情形下,广大的乡村地区被视为发展增长的引擎[25]。乡村与城市的关系是人类社会发展的基本关系和地域形态[19],现代人文地理学特别是乡村地理学研究理应顺势而为,基于全球观、综合观进行现代乡村价值、城乡关系再认知和再审视。
2.2 城乡关系演变及其主要问题
由于地域、历史和文化的巨大差异性,不同国家或地区的乡村地域特色及其城乡关系存在明显区别。例如,欧洲国家的城市区域多中心布局及其不断强化的城乡交互关系,促进了组团式城乡融合发展。城市居民会居住在乡村,而乡村生产者既有农场主,也有城市工作人员,乡村基本公共服务设施同城市相差不大,甚至实现了城乡等值化[26]。在美国,技术与市场的驱动实现了最大程度的城乡要素自由流动,伴随着郊区化进程和信息技术的乡村普及,形成了一些都市化村镇、自由延展的城乡互动模式[27]。因具体国情与发展阶段的不同,目前在国际上找不到能够解决中国城乡发展与乡村振兴的系统方案。中国是全球最大的人口大国、发展中国家,快速工业化、城镇化进程不断塑造着乡村转型、城乡关系变革的新格局,乡村发展有着与其他国家不同的演变路径和历史谱系。新中国成立以来,城乡关系经历了由乡土中国逐步向城乡中国转型[28],主要包括城乡分割、城乡二元、城乡统筹、城乡融合4个阶段。（1）城乡分割阶段。1949年国家实行重工业优先发展战略,配套实施了统购统销政策、农业集体经营体制[29]、严格的户籍管理制度和行政管理机制,限制了城乡之间人口自由流动,以确保农业剩余积累支持重工业和城市的发展。该发展阶段的城乡资源配置失调,城乡发展功能失衡,城乡二元体制逐渐得以确立和强化。
（2）城乡二元阶段。1978年改革开放以来,中国实行家庭联产承包责任制,逐步打开国门、开放城市经济,农业剩余劳动力也开始流向城市,为经济发展、城乡转型注入了活力和强大动力。同时,中国土地市场化改革进程开始加速,大量农地征用、出现快速非农化[30],特别是“九五”规划以来的快速城镇化,带来了工业园区、城市用地的持续扩张,而土地非农化增值收益却偏向城市供给,该阶段的城乡二元体制制约有所改善[31],但是城乡发展差距仍在不断拉大。
（3）城乡统筹阶段。2003年十六届三中全会首次提出了“五个统筹”,其中将统筹城乡发展置之首位。2005年提出了“社会主义新农村建设”国家战略,成为中国农业农村转型发展的重要标志和核心内容[32]。从此全面取消了“农业税”、增大了农业农村建设投入力度。2013年创新推进“精准扶贫”战略,2014年提出实施“新型城镇化”战略,加快了农业转移人口市民化进程,乡村地域基础设施建设大规模推进,乡村发展及城乡统筹出现了全局性的转变。
（4）城乡融合阶段。2017年“十九大”审时度势,做出了“中国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要同不平衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾”的科学判断,提出了加快构建城乡融合发展的体制机制和政策体系,实施乡村振兴国家战略,开启了城乡融合、一体和等值化发展新阶段[33],明确了2035年有效破解中国“三农”问题、促进城乡融合与全面乡村振兴的时间表和路线图。城乡融合体成为由“乡村中国”转向“城乡中国”建设的基本形态。
传统的城乡关系认知主要是将乡村视为城市发展的腹地、农产品供应地,弱化了乡村地域系统的多功能性和城乡地域系统的交互性,忽略了城乡融合系统这一重要地理综合体及其功能价值[33]。城市发展偏向和城乡二元体制约束成为中国乡村发展权能受损、“乡村病”问题凸显的主要原因。尤其是一些地区乡村发展建设主体弱化[1, 34]、土地利用效率不高、农业农村现代化发展能力不足、居民就业收入与生活水平偏低,以及农村空心化、农业兼业化、乡村贫困化等问题,依然是乡村发展不充分问题的主要方面。城市发展偏向战略还导致城乡要素自由流动不畅、城乡功能互补互动不力,进而带来城镇化发展和健康城市建设的许多隐患,加剧了城乡分割、土地分治、人地分离的现实矛盾[19],以及城市地域系统空间不足、城镇体系结构失衡等突出问题[35]。
2.3 创新乡城关系新认知
现代城镇化、工业化从其初期兴起就离不开乡村地域系统的孕育和支撑。乡村,不只是现代城市形成与发展的腹地,而且是城市发育的母体、城乡发展转型的基石[36]。从学理上,基于乡村地域系统的基础性、包容性,强调“乡城关系”要比“城乡关系”更具严密的因果链及其逻辑性。乡—城系统融合与等值化发展,成为未来新型城镇化、城乡融合发展的前沿战略与重要方向。因此,亟需转变传统的城乡关系研究中“城市中心主义”观念,创新乡城关系新认知,立足于乡村地域系统审视新型城镇化、城乡融合发展的全域性、交互性,深刻认识乡村地域系统、城市地域系统与城乡融合系统的内在关联,统筹推进新型城镇化和全面乡村振兴“双轮驱动”,切实补齐乡村不充分发展的短板,有效破解城乡发展不平衡的问题。乡城关系新认知,实质上是对乡村地域系统转型及其乡城交互作用过程的再认识。一定的乡村地域,早期是以自然地理特征、农业生产特点及乡村社会特性为主导的。随着人类产业分工、经济活动增强及不同规模的城镇兴起,其乡村地域的非农化、城镇化得以发展。伴随城市地域系统的不断成长和壮大,乡村地域的城市性增强、乡村性减弱,到城镇化中后期阶段则出现了区域城乡交互作用、城乡统筹发展乃至以城市性为主导、城乡融合发展新阶段,乡村则变为从属性或以城带乡,形成了城乡融合系统[19]。可见,城镇化是乡村地域要素转移、结构转换、功能转变和城乡转型发展到一定阶段的产物,是促进乡村地域系统转型、多体系统形成与演化的重要驱动力（图1）。
图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1乡村地域系统与乡城融合过程
Fig. 1Rural regional system and its rural-urban integration process
土地利用是刻画人地关系变化和城乡格局变动的重要指标。通常以一定地域的聚落空间及其人类经济活动为核心,以人地关系为纽带,以土地利用为载体来表征乡村地域系统的基本结构及范畴。研究表明[37],全球土地变化中60%与人类直接活动有关,其中欧洲、南美洲、亚洲和非洲的土地利用活动所占据的面积分别为86%、66%、62%、50%,客观反映了洲际土地利用格局及其人地作用范畴的显著差异。从城乡关系看,全球城市面积仅占陆地面积的0.54%[38]。根据住建部统计数据,2020年中国常住人口城镇化率为63.9%,城市建成区面积为6.1万km2,占国土总面积的0.64%。可见,相对于城市地域系统,乡村地域系统在地表人地系统中更具有原始性、基础性,着眼于乡村地域系统,科学构建城市地域系统、城乡融合系统,成为推进构建乡村地域系统内农业农村现代化,以及新型城镇化、工业化、信息化等“四化”协同发展新格局的理论基础和空间载体。
在现代化大生产中,城乡地域系统通过要素流、经济流、技术流、信息流等方式相互连接和贯通,村镇空间体系、城乡融合体系,以及城市等级体系构成了完整意义的乡城地域系统空间体系[19]。因而,乡村发展不充分问题及其困境的破解,以及“城市病”的有效解决均需要以乡村地域系统的转型发展为支撑。着力破解前端性的矛盾和问题、创建乡城融合关系,成为优化城乡系统结构、整体提升城乡地域功能的关键。乡城关系新认知有别于传统城乡关系中“以城带乡”的功能定位,乡城融合关系的本质是乡村地域系统的城市内在化与城乡等值化,是新型城镇化、农业农村现代化及其有机衔接的更高级形式[39]。着眼于乡村地域系统和乡城关系来理解城市化、工业化及其问题,就是一个系统内循环优化问题,城乡发展不平衡也将内化为系统内治理与融合的问题。在新时期应变局、开新局的宏观背景下,中国经济发展正处于增长动力转换、质量变革与效率提升的关键阶段,亟需寻求新的经济增长点,而补齐乡村地域基础设施短板、挖掘村镇经济潜力,以及开发利用丰腴的土地、生态、能源等自然资源,将为双循环新格局下的中国社会经济发展提供广阔空间与动力源泉。因而,转变城市偏向发展观念,树立乡村母体思维,建立健全乡村与城市融合发展的体制机制,是破解当前中国社会经济发展转型问题的关键,也是实现中国城乡深度融合与协同发展的必由之路。
3 全球乡村观与现代人文地理学
3.1 面向可持续发展的全球乡村观
人类与自然是一个不可分割的生命共同体。不断加剧的人类活动对自然资源与生态环境构成了巨大的威胁和破坏,谋求多变环境下的人地系统协调与可持续发展已经成为全球共识。2015年联合国发布《2030年可持续发展议程》,提出了包括消除贫困、零饥饿等在内的17项目标。科学协调乡村地域人地关系、促进人地和谐发展,是实现全球可持续发展目标（SDGs）的核心内容。然而,理解乡村地域系统需要基于人地系统科学的全球认知,探明其自然系统和社会系统互馈关系及其作用机制,形成支撑可持续发展决策的重要理论基础。人地系统作为一个非线性系统,其某些微小变化有可能引发整个系统巨大的、不可逆的改变[1]。某一区域的人地关系冲突也可能起到牵一发而动全身的综合效应,甚至引发全球性生态危机、疫情灾害和人居环境灾难。全球生态环境问题具有整体性、系统性,在经济全球化背景下,国家、区域之间的贸易联系日益紧密,实现乡村地域可持续发展需要系统性思维和跨区域的政策体系,这就要求可持续发展规划与决策者充分考虑生态的不可分割性和生态后果的无边界性[40]。地理学强调人地系统的整体性与复杂性,而现有研究主要局限于单一空间尺度或离散区域,难以揭示不同要素在多尺度、多区域间的交换过程和运行机制,以及其内蕴的可持续性效应。为了系统辨识全球跨区域的乡村资源、环境和经济、社会协同问题,迫切需要重塑全球乡村观,强调经济全球化、快速工业化与城镇化背景下乡村人地系统远程耦合性、动态性和空间性。随着全球区域间、城乡间的连接性与流动性的不断增强,乡村地域日益嵌入到全球生产网络与流通体系,且与城市系统的互动作用日趋紧密。大量经验表明,远距离的人类活动会对乡村地域产生不同程度的社会经济与环境影响[41]。其中经济全球化、区域城镇化是远距离人类活动的主要形式。经济全球化使各地区具有比较优势的商品输送到世界各地,而复杂贸易网络的形成会打破原有的本土人地耦合系统的组织方式与运行机制。如中国与巴西之间的大豆贸易,一方面通过价格波动影响中国大豆种植及其农户的生计,另一方面促进巴西大豆种植面积扩张、土地利用集约度提升、亚马逊雨林面积的萎缩,由此将商品发出国及接收国之间的社会经济系统与生态环境系统紧密地联系起来[42]。1986—2016年的30年间,中国农产品贸易隐含的虚拟耕地输入量由462.3万hm2增至4117.8万hm2,增加了7.9倍。中国自2004年超过日本,成为全球最大的虚拟耕地输入国[43]。这种土地空间置换将导致部分地区耕地或建设用地的无序扩张,以及土地利用效率的改变,进而引发区域资源与生态压力的转移[44]。
与全球化导致的跨区域作用机制有所不同,城镇化则通过人口的“乡—城流动”、城市空间扩张、城市资本转移及技术扩散等形式不断重塑乡村地区人与自然的互动方式。如大规模的乡村人口离乡进城,导致乡村地区耕地撂荒、宅基地空废化,日益增长的城市粮食消费需求引致农业生产规模扩大,激增的建设用地需求导致城市边缘区生态空间被蚕食、耕地非农化。应充分认识到,现代城镇化是以不同空间距离的乡村人地系统之间,以及不同交通网络下城乡融合系统之内的要素流相互作用为主要特征,强调其引发的多尺度、跨区域、流空间关联,对于构建全球乡村观、人地系统观大有裨益。
全球科技变革及其不断衍生的现代社会需求推动着地理学研究范式的创新发展,正在改变传统的以点线面的地理知识、格局与过程的描述,逐步进入到对复杂人地系统协同观测与模拟阶段。人类社会与自然环境并不是各自占据割裂的物理空间,而是交互作用、相互渗透的融合系统。宇观地球,地表系统主要是海陆关系;史观陆地,核心是人地关系;纵观用地,主体是乡城关系;细观乡村,基础是居业关系。乡村人地系统实质上是不同尺度下乡村多要素相互联系、相互作用而形成的地域综合体。在空间上,以人地关系地域系统理论为指导、以地域性为基础,可扩展到全球地带性、聚焦“人地圈”,也可细化至地方性、立足“地域类”,这样形成了全球、国家、地区多层级的乡村人地系统（图2）。基于水土气生人多要素过程耦合,解析乡村地域系统多功能空间形态,以及从村域、镇域、县域、市域、全国到全球尺度的人文经济过程尺度转换规律和人地系统耦合模式,探究社会—经济—自然系统交互作用机理及其效应,成为现代人文地理学面向全球可持续发展目标和推进构建人类命运共同体的重要使命之一。
图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图2乡村人地系统的层次与尺度
Fig. 2Hierarchy and scale of rural human-earth system
3.2 全球视野下人文地理研究创新
人文地理学的科学内涵及其学科体系具有时代性、动态性。中国人文地理学注重自然科学、社会科学与技术科学的交叉集成,强调以任务带学科、以服务国家战略为己任。长期以来,围绕城乡关系和“三农”问题,重点关注了城乡发展转型、农业与土地利用、乡村人地关系、劳动力转移、居民点结构体系、村镇产业发展等研究主题,研究内容侧重于特定的地理空间,或针对某些具体问题,而对于人地系统复杂性的全面思考、全球化背景下不同尺度多要素与跨区域的综合研究仍显不足。当今全球正面临环境变化、各类疫情灾害迭发,农业生产与粮食安全、可持续减贫与发展、能源安全与生物多样性保护等重大议题,发展方式也从着力解决温饱问题的生活驱动和追求经济增长的生产驱动,逐步向以生态驱动、绿色发展为核心的人与自然和谐共生转型,使全球乡村区域发展从未来规划的边缘被重置于核心地位[45]。随着人与自然相互作用强度及其影响程度的不断变化,现代人文地理学成为研究构建人与自然生命共同体、探索解决全球可持续发展问题的重要支撑,亟待强化人文地理学研究人地系统核心主题的多要素耦合性、多尺度关联性,创建国土空间地理学理论与方法论,深入探究国土空间规划与生态文明建设、全面乡村振兴、绿色低碳循环发展战略相结合的长效机制和可行路径,科学支撑全球生物多样性保护、共建地球生命共同体、开启人类高质量发展,以及人与自然和谐共生新征程,创新发展以人地系统科学研究为核心的全球人文地理学、以地域差异格局为重点的国别及区域地理学、以城乡融合发展为主题的城乡转型地理学[36]。科学甄别全球性乡村问题、形成乡城关系新认知,是推进全球视野下人文地理学理论创新的重要基础。全球性问题主要是指当代国际社会面临的超越国家和地区的界限、关系到整个人类生存与发展的诸多严峻问题,具有鲜明的全球性、综合性和挑战性。当今全球环境变化、区域城乡差距拉大、全球贫困治理难题、农业生态环境退化与粮食安全保障等问题都是乡村发展面临的全球性危机与挑战,需要世界各国和地区形成共识、协同解决。同时,由于全球城市化的地域差异性、乡村区域的复杂多样性,致使全球性乡村问题又具有不同的区域表现形式。如2020年中国决战脱贫攻坚、决胜全面小康社会建设,开始进入全面乡村振兴和城乡融合发展新时代,现代人文地理学亟需强化人地系统基础理论与技术方法的创新[46],深化与自然地理学、信息地理学的交叉融合,通过创建天—空—地一体化人地系统协同观测体系,深入探究乡村人地系统耦合与城乡地域融合规律、乡村地域系统演化过程与机理、乡村地域系统转型格局与未来情景、乡村振兴地域模式与转型发展路径（图3）,进而为推进全面乡村振兴国家重大战略决策提供理论参考和科技支撑。
图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图3乡村地域系统与人文地理学交叉模式
Fig. 3Rural regional system and cross-model of human geography
3.3 全球乡村地理学研究体系
乡村地理学是研究乡村地域系统转型机理、过程、格局及其乡城融合发展规律的科学。按照尺度可分为全球乡村地理（人地圈）、国家及区域乡村地理（城乡圈）、村镇及农户地理（村镇圈）（表1）。传统的乡村地理学强调乡村社会经济地域系统空间格局、变化过程、演化机制及其与地理环境相互关系[47],忽视了对一定地域乡城逻辑关系及其演进规律的系统考察,以及对乡村生态价值、资源效率与系统功效的综合评估。城乡关系是世界各国多种社会经济关系的核心内容,正确处理城乡关系、缩小城乡差距、优化城乡结构是乡村地理学研究的重要课题。然而,一些地区“以城带乡”的发展范式造成城市的极化作用显著大于其扩散作用,导致乡村地区的关键生产要素持续流出、农业兼业化和资源利用效率降低,成为乡村地域功能衰退及其乡村发展不充分的主要原因。Table 1
表1
表1全球乡村地理学研究体系
Table 1
| 尺度 | 内容 | 变化与挑战 | 目标 | 研究方法与手段 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 跨国及全球 (人地圈) | 全球乡村发展与人地关系 | • 全球环境变化影响 • 国际粮食贸易挑战 • 全球农业生态危机 • 全球贫困治理难题 • 疫情危及健康安全 | • 优化调控人地关系 • 推进全球农业发展 • 促进全球生态保护 • 推动全球贫困治理 • 人类健康保障机制 | 宏观尺度研究： • 遥感与GIS技术 • 大数据应用 • 风险评估 • 网络分析 中观尺度研究： • 协同观测 • 定量模拟 • 预测预警 微观尺度研究： • 定量评估 • 定位监测 • 参与式调查 |
| 国家及区域 (城乡圈) | 城乡融合格局与乡城关系 | • 国家粮食供求危机 • 区域农业经济衰退 • 城乡收入差距拉大 • 区域生态退化风险 | • 提高粮食安全水平 • 促进农业经济增长 • 缩小城乡收入差距 • 保护区域生态安全 | |
| 村镇及农户 (村镇圈) | 村镇功能优化与居业关系 | • 村镇土地空废问题 • 社会福利保障低下 • 人居环境质量恶化 • 乡土文化日渐衰微 | • 提升土地功能价值 • 提供基本社会保障 • 改善聚落人居环境 • 传承特色乡土文化 |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
城乡融合发展是未来城乡关系演化的高级形态及对传统城乡关系认知的历史超越,既不能理解为城市与乡村资源要素的简单重合相加,也不能单纯地理解为以城市化为主导的乡村转型过程,而是基于城乡要素平等交换、均衡配置、充分发展的城镇化与乡村化“双轮驱动”的融合新局面。全球化有助于打破城市与乡村之间的边界,在当今全球化经济时空中,不同层级的乡村地域与全球生产网络、区域城镇体系的重要节点相连接,将形成新的空间单元及其经济联系,这就要求现代乡村地理学努力突破传统的地方观念、乡土理念与区域尺度,将研究对象由过去的乡村聚落、乡村空间,转向乡村系统与乡城关系,将研究范围扩展至全球及其广阔的乡村地域,科学解析乡城关系和城乡融合发展的时代内涵与地域规律,推进创建不同尺度的多要素耦合机制、重组格局及其乡村系统治理体系,有序推进区域城乡融合、人地系统协调、人与自然和谐共生体模式的全面创新,进而奠定全球人地系统耦合、健康城镇化与全面乡村振兴研究的学理基础。
乡村地域系统转型是指一定时期乡村地域系统的运行方式、结构形态和发展理念的根本性转变过程。通常包括要素转型、结构转型与功能转型,具有多尺度、多维度与多目标性。在村镇及农户尺度,通过乡村空间重构、组织重建和产业重塑,优化土地、资本等生产要素配置与村镇地域格局,科学协调人居关系、产城关系、居业关系,成为推进乡村振兴的关键环节;在国家及区域尺度,科学认知乡城关系及其变化格局,是度量乡村发展质量与城乡融合状况的重要依据。深入探究乡村地域系统转型机理、城乡融合系统、演变规律、城乡交互作用机制及其优化调控路径,是新时代乡村地理学研究的重要内容;在跨国及全球尺度,推进经济全球化和构建人与自然生命共同体,有利于促进国家或地区按照“两种资源、两个市场”的比较优势,调整优化其经济结构与发展方式,进而引发人地系统交互作用关系、地域结构及其功能的转型变化。全球化所带来的网络、资源和行动者融入乡村、改变了乡村地区,形成更加复杂的乡村系统结构与空间形态[9]。全球化背景下世界城市群、重要经济区和都市圈,以及快速城镇化进程深刻地影响着乡村地域系统的转型发展,成为推动国家或地区城乡地域系统重构、经济发展主体形态演进的强大动力,对于乡村地域系统“三生”（生产、生活、生态）空间格局变化的影响更具有全局性、系统性和持久性。现代乡村地理学应适时将研究内容扩展到更加宏观的全球及国别尺度,聚焦揭示远距离作用下乡村地域系统的演化过程、动力机制及其优化调控路径。
4 人地系统耦合与乡村振兴研究
根据人地关系地域系统理论[48],以及新时代城乡发展转型、国土空间治理的宏观背景,可将人地关系地域系统划分为城市地域系统、城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统[1]。人地系统耦合与可持续发展是乡村地域系统转型研究的主要内容。地表所有复杂系统都由许多相互作用的不同部分组成,这些复杂系统或受偶然支配,也可能是混沌系统。现有的研究内容大多是处于平衡态的体系,而当今的人地系统是社会经济系统与自然生态系统交互融合的开放巨系统,各种自然因素与人文社会要素的逻辑关联及其作用过程异常复杂,因此人地系统的研究体系实际上是非平衡态的,很难有普适的系统理论。综合性、交叉性是地理学的学科特点,是其生命力所在,也是新兴学科和前沿领域涌现的地方[49]。适应全球环境变化、可持续发展新需求和乡村地域系统转型新形势,亟需建立深入探究人地系统耦合机理、演变过程及其复杂交互效应的新型交叉学科,即人地系统科学[1]。人文地理学的人地系统研究亟需强化多战略叠加、多学科交叉、多方法融合,尤其需要聚焦区域社会经济与自然环境界面系统,把现代人文过程深度融入地球圈层系统,推进地球人地系统自然过程与人文过程的综合动态研究。为此,现代人文地理学首先要创新解析复杂系统的研究范式,创新发展人地关系地域系统理论,构建人地系统科学理论框架,进而以人地系统科学为指导,深入探究乡城融合过程、人地系统耦合趋势,以及全球乡村地域系统研究新命题和前沿新领域。4.1 乡村人地系统科学研究框架
人地系统耦合是人类经济社会系统与自然生态系统交互作用、相互渗透,并形成人地耦合系统的综合过程。乡村人地系统科学研究立足乡村地域系统,探究乡村自然生态系统与社会经济系统互动关系及其交互作用路径,其中人类活动的资源生态环境效应、人地系统演变规律及其交互影响是其研究重点,侧重乡村人地系统过程、机理、格局、多维效应及其模拟、预警、优化调控研究,通过畅通城乡要素流通、重构城乡地域结构、优化城乡发展功能,实现乡村地域系统、城市地域系统的互联融通和城乡融合发展（图4）。图4
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图4乡村人地系统科学研究框架
Fig. 4Research framework of rural human-earth system science
乡村人地系统研究遵循可持续发展规律与学科交叉要求,强化乡村人地关系的“人类维”“自然维”及其交互渗透的人与自然和谐共生体（“人地圈”）,聚焦城市与乡村地域系统中人地关系的要素、过程与地域耦合研究[1],探明乡村人地系统耦合规律性、乡村地域系统转型机理性,提升乡村人地系统科学对乡城融合发展、区域可持续发展,以及全球化响应的契合度、参与度和贡献度。
基于乡城关系新认知,乡村人地系统科学研究需着力解决乡村地域系统、城乡融合系统与城市地域系统的耦合发展问题,实现城乡地域系统的均衡与协调发展,其创新路径在于实现多学科交叉与协同、新学科培育与创新,以及学科领域拓展与深化,推进乡村地域系统的工、理、管多学科研究的深度融合,实现乡村人地系统理论、技术与应用的集成创新,在多学科融合进程中实现现代地理学“博”与“大”的协同发展。同时,基于工程学的技术端特点,进行乡村人地系统要素结构调整、地域功能优化调控,实现乡村人地系统科学“精”与“深”的有效衔接,拓展现代乡村地理学的学科内涵,发展乡村科学和地理工程学。
4.2 乡村地域系统与城乡融合模式
乡村是指城市建成区之外具有自然、社会、经济特征和生产、生活、生态、文化等多功能的地域综合体。按照人地关系特征及其功能差异,乡村地域系统可分为农业系统、村庄系统、乡域系统、城镇系统[33]。乡村孕育了城市,支撑了城镇化发展,在其演化进程中逐步形成了“乡中城”的空间格局和“以城带乡”“融合发展”的城乡关系。工业化、城镇化实质上是乡村地域系统要素转移、结构转变、功能转型的空间演进过程,也即一定地域的乡村自然、生态、经济与社会系统交互作用、耦合发展的综合人文过程。19世纪末期,Ebenezer Howard提出“田园城市”设想,这是早期城与乡综合体思想的重要体现,侧重强调了相对封闭区域的城市建设与地域环境、农业生产相互关系。中国的人地关系复杂、区域差异悬殊,乡村地域系统更具有复杂性、综合性、动态性、开放性特点[19],伴随着一定地域空间的乡—城关系演变,形成了具有国情特点、乡村特色的城—镇—村等级关系及其城乡融合模式（图5）。“田园综合体”作为新田园主义的重要载体,是集现代农业、全域旅游、田园社区于一体的特色小镇与乡村综合发展新模式。在构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局下,推进新型城镇化与乡村振兴“双轮驱动”战略,就是要以城乡融合与乡村重构为导向,以完善城乡基础网、乡村综合体为抓手,凸显不同功能的乡村综合发展特色,强化中心社区与特色村镇优势,加快培育“三生”（生态、生产、生活）结合的村镇有机体、居业协同体,做强村镇空间场、做实乡村振兴极[33],研究推进“五体乡村”（田园综合体、生命共同体、村镇有机体、特色经济体、创业联合体）的系统建设[50]。
图5
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图5乡村地域系统及其城乡融合模式
Fig. 5Rural regional system and its integrated urban-rural model
4.3 城乡融合发展与乡村振兴研究
新时代城乡融合发展的核心目标在于破解城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分问题。城市和乡村是一个有机体、命运共同体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑[51]。因此,科学协调城乡关系、乡村人地关系成为促进城乡深度融合与可持续发展的根本途径。从学理看,乡村人口、资源、环境、经济、社会等多要素相互作用过程及其耦合状态,决定着乡村可持续发展的能力和水平,进而影响着乡村人才、产业、文化、生态与组织振兴（图6）。快速城镇化进程中,乡村贫困化、村庄空心化、环境污损化等现实问题产生的直接动因在于乡村地域系统结构失衡、功能失调,其本源在于城乡二元结构及其城乡分割、土地分治、人地分离的“三分”体制机制,阻碍了城乡系统间交互作用和城乡融合体的健康发展[36]。因此,基于现代乡城关系与乡村人地系统科学认知,加快构建城乡融合发展的体制机制和政策体系,探究乡村转型发展、促进全面乡村振兴,成为现代人文地理学面向国家战略、服务科学决策的重要任务。图6
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图6乡城系统互动机理及其战略关联
Fig. 6The interaction mechanism of rural-urban system and its strategic correlation
城乡融合发展是基于乡城关系新认知,旨在重塑城乡多元价值体系,实现乡村人地系统要素耦合、结构优化与功能提升的人文过程。城乡融合发展与全面乡村振兴研究的衔接点在于探寻城乡融合发展过程及其融合体形成机理,探索乡村转型、城乡融合与乡村振兴传导机制及其创新路径,探明城乡绿色低碳循环发展模式及其新时代乡村治理、高质量乡村振兴的情景格局。全球人文地理学要为实现城乡融合和乡村可持续发展的规划决策提供科学支撑,针对不同类型区域及其可持续发展面临的主要问题,亟需深入开展乡村地域系统转型过程、机理、格局、类型与效能的综合研究,系统揭示城镇村协调、人地业耦合的乡村地域综合体形成过程与演化规律、自然—社会多要素耦合机理与城乡融合系统动力机制,研究提出乡村地域系统内循环与城乡融合互循环地域模式,以及未来不同情景下的乡村振兴路线图和空间新格局。
5 结论与讨论
乡村地域系统是现代乡村地理学的研究核心。重新审视乡村与城市的关系、重构乡城关系新认识,成为系统探究全球乡村人地耦合关系,创新开展人文地理学研究的重要前提。全球化背景下,系统推进全球人文地理学研究对于支撑全球性乡村问题的解决、相关国际科学计划的实施,以及国家层面人地协调、城乡融合、乡村振兴重大战略的落实落地,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。（1）不同国家或地区的乡村地域特色及其城乡关系存在明显区别。因具体国情与发展阶段的差异,目前在国际上找不到能够解决中国城乡转型与乡村振兴的系统方案。中国城乡关系经历了由城乡分割、统筹到逐渐融合的发展历程,主要包括城乡分割、城乡二元、城乡统筹和城乡融合4个阶段。传统的城乡关系认知忽略了城市与乡村之间的内在关系和多维联系,以及城乡融合系统这一重要地理综合体及其功能价值,成为产生乡村短板效应凸显、乡村发展权能受损、城乡地域功能紊乱等突出问题的主要根源。
（2）乡村孕育了城市,乡城关系是母子关系。乡城关系新认知,实质上是对乡村地域系统转型及其乡城交互作用过程的再认识。着眼于乡村地域系统和乡城关系来理解城市化、工业化及其问题,就是一个系统内循环优化问题,城乡发展不平衡也将内化为系统内治理与融合的问题。基于乡村母体思维,转变城市偏向发展观念,创新全球乡城关系新认知是破解当前经济全球化特别是中国社会经济发展不平衡、不充分问题的关键所在。
（3）新时代乡村发展交织于全球生产网络和城乡融合体系之中,现代人文地理学正面临国家战略需求和国际化发展的重大机遇[52],迫切需要强化人文地理学理论、方法创新及其与自然地理学、信息地理学的深度交叉融合,创建天—空—地一体化人地系统协同观测体系,突出人地系统的远程耦合性和系统综合性,重塑全球乡村观、乡城系统观、城乡融合观。着眼于全球、国家、区域等不同尺度,围绕人地圈、城乡圈、村镇圈等关键乡村地域及其前沿科学问题,探究可持续的乡村人地关系、城乡融合关系、村镇居业关系,成为科学认知新时代城乡融合发展、服务支撑乡村振兴战略的重要前沿领域。
（4）人地系统耦合是人类经济社会系统与自然生态系统交互作用、相互渗透并形成人地耦合体的综合过程。乡村人地系统研究应强化人地关系的“人类维”“自然维”及其交互渗透的人与自然和谐共生体,立足乡村自然生态系统、社会经济系统、多元文化系统,创建人地系统协同观测技术方法,推进多学科、跨部门理论和技术的知识集成创新[53],探寻实现乡村人地系统耦合、区域可持续发展和全球治理体系的有效衔接路径[54]。推动构建人类命运共同体,亟需强化世界“地球村”意识,致力于保护自然大格局、优化城乡新格局、管控区域多变局,深入研究全球可持续减贫与乡村振兴、全球农业与生态安全情景,探明“双循环”背景下乡城深度融合发展和优化国土空间布局的长效机制。
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DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180880 [本文引用: 1]
With the implementation of rural vitalization strategy, China has stepped into a critical period with the dramatic changes of urban-rural relations and the accelerating transformation development of rural territorial system. Scientifically understanding the research progress of urban-rural relation theory and evolution rule is of great significance for boosting rural vitalization, narrowing urban-rural disparity, adjusting urban-rural structure and optimizing urban-rural patterns. This paper elaborates the research progress of urban-rural relations and rural development in China from the dimensions of economy, society, ecology and culture based on the review of foreign urban-rural relations and the characteristics of domestic rural development, as well as the evolution of urban-rural relation. Furthermore, prospect of research focus or key fields in the future were given. Firstly, transforming the development idea from productivism oriented to post-productivism oriented and attaching importance to the multiple values of rural areas should be emphasized. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out intensive studies about the mechanism, regional path selection and development mode of rural vitalization based on the theory of rural multiple function transition. Understanding the relationship of different functions is essential for dealing with rural decline and realizing the comprehensive vitalization. Meanwhile, we should focus on the mechanism and format of rural vitalization based on different territorial types. Against the context of rural-urban integrated development, we should promote the supply-side reform and activate the forces of socio-economic growth in underdeveloped areas. As for the developed rural areas, the “hybridity” should be emphasized and further studies should be conducted. In some rural areas, the phenomenon of the hybridity of development agents, the combination of production space and living space, the mixture of rurality and modernism have emerged. Accordingly, more emphasis should be placed on the heterogeneity and diversity in the process of rural restructuring. Secondly, with the emergence of new factors or new technologies, we should focus on the new morphology of rural development, such as characteristic towns, rural complex and “Taobao village”. In recent years, China's rural areas have undergone intensive restructuring motivated by e-commerce, which has triggered a new wave of rural rejuvenation. But how e-commerce affects rural development and the characteristics of this process are still unclear, and this is important for understanding the urban-rural relations under the context of informatization. Thirdly, the mechanism and format of urban-rural spatial restructuring should be emphasized. From the perspective of urban-rural interaction, the theory of urban-rural network may be practical and meaningful for optimizing the spatial distribution of infrastructure construction and industrial development. Lastly, creating or improving the theory and improving the path of rural vitalization according to the national conditions are meaningful for realizing the strategy.
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201804004 [本文引用: 6]
Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.
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DOI:10.11821/dlyj201811001 [本文引用: 1]
Rural revitalization and urban-rural integration aim at narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, promoting balanced development and realizing the equivalent life quality between urban and rural residents. Spatial equilibrium and its quantitative expression provide a new perspective to explain the pattern, process and mechanism of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Through the analysis of basic theory, this study discusses the scientific content and interaction between urban-rural integration and rural revitalization, sets up the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, defines the urban-rural development isolines, works out the way to implement the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China, and addresses the potential for further research. The results show that: (1) Theory of regional system of man-land relationship and theory of spatial structure are the important theoretical basis for urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. The urban-rural integrated development depends on the all-round development of economy, society and environment with optimized spatial layout and innovative system, and rural revitalization mainly refers to the "pentagon of rural revitalization" and "people-land-capital-industry"; Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization strategy support each other, and the process of urban rural integration and rural revitalization is a dynamic equilibrium process between urban and rural areas. (2) The key issues of implementing rural revitalization and urban-rural integration can be illustrated through the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, and the overall per capita benefits in rural areas gradually tend to be the same as that in cities by the re-optimization of urban-rural factors and population mobility; the dynamic process and mechanism of urban-rural integration spatial equilibrium is further interpreted via the urban-rural development isolines. (3) Exploring the implementation path of scientific rural revitalization strategy can achieve the goal of urban-rural integration and urban-rural spatial equilibrium development. The scientific path of rural revitalization is discussed from the perspectives of policy system construction, "pole-axis" spatial progressive diffusion, sub-area classification and typical development pattern, and it can provide theoretical reference for the strategy implementation of China's rural revitalization.
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DOI:10.4236/me.2021.122019URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1007/s11442-016-1318-8URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.2307/144518URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1177/0309132512474404URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.08.004URL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190201URL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006002 [本文引用: 4]
Agricultural and rural modernization is the general goal of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The scientific formulation of the rural revitalization planning is related to the implementation effect of the national rural revitalization strategy. How to establish the basic theory of rural revitalization and develop the methods of rural revitalization planning have become important tasks of academic research and government decision-making. This paper constructed the theoretical model and method system of rural revitalization planning, tried to carry out the main function-oriented zoning, dominant type classification and principal purpose classification of rural regional system, and established the spatial system of rural revitalization planning and its optimal adjustment scheme. This system was applied to the overall rural revitalization planning in Yanchi County of Ningxia. By establishing the principle of rural revitalization planning that sticks to ecological priority, adaptation to local condition, industrial support and urban-rural integration, it put forward that the priority should be given to the development of rural professional cooperation organizations and the mixed economy of villages and towns, and the acceleration of the construction of advantageous industrial system characterized by the industrialization of tan-sheep, day lily, and minor cereals, and highlighted by the wisdom of eco-cultural tourism. Moreover, it was encouraged to give prominence to the position of the central town in space, and form the village organism and housing industry coordination body with the county seat and three key towns as the center of integrated industry development. The typical case study of Yanchi County has shown that the main contents and technical points of rural revitalization planning were embodied in the following four aspects: (1) determining the overall orientation of rural revitalization planning, and clarifying the phased development mode, key areas; (2) developing the county area based on the main function-oriented zoning, leading type classification and main purpose classification system, and exploring the territorial pattern and differentiation rules; (3) establishing the county development mode and industrial system, formulating coordination schemes of different main function-oriented zones, and revealing the spatial configuration and structural relationship of different dominant types; (4) exploring the local association and hierarchical system of each dominant type in its scale and level. The main task of implementing the rural revitalization planning is to promote the formation of a new pattern of urban-rural development with factors gathering, reasonable structure and orderly space in accordance with the objective requirements of "industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance and prosperous life". China is facing great differences in rural development and many problems in transformation. Regional disparities and urban-rural differences determine the complexity, diversity and differences of rural governance and rural revitalization planning. China's rural transformation-urban and rural integration-rural revitalization-high quality development will become the major development logic and new normal in the future. The research on rural revitalization planning in the new era should focus on the overall situation of regional coordination and urban-rural integration, and solve the practical problems of "rural disease", so as to serve the national rural revitalization planning and scientific decision-making.
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DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.04.001 [本文引用: 1]
This article examines the cross-regional travel characteristics and the determinants of township and rural residents in 119 rural towns of China, employing 2016 National Town Research Data. A multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression model was applied to examine the effects of individual socioeconomic factors, public facilities provision level of townships, location and traffic conditions on the frequency of traveling afield of rural residents. It concludes that: Firstly, a ‘county-township-village’ rural-urban area system has formed with main connection between villages and townships, while the ‘county-to-village’ and ‘county-to-town’ linkages could not be neglected. Secondly, county-level services and goods are playing an important role in rural residents’ life. Thirdly, there are differences of travel frequency of rural residents within different regions and topographic areas: rural people travels more frequently in the east coast regions and the metropolitan areas in the west of China than that in the midland, and the townships and villages in the plain and hilly area show stronger rural-urban linkages than that in the mountainous regions. Fourthly, disadvantage group such as the elderly, women, low-income earners, non-car owners and poorly educated group, show their travel disadvantage in term of cross-regional travel frequencies. Fifthly, with the basic accessibility of ‘road to every village’, location and transport infrastructure conditions are not the main factors, while multi-purpose travel demands of rural residents, the availability of traffic vehicles (both public and private) and higher income encourage rural and township residents to travel afield towards higher-order centres. It suggests that the emphasis of rural transport policies should shift from rural road improvement toward higher quality of public transport in terms of services and accessible site layouts, and higher availability of modernized traffic vehicles in rural area. Finally, on the other hand, higher provision level of commercial and public facilities within townships significantly urges rural people to travel locally, and ensures rural people access basic demands with limited travel time and less cross-regional travel burdens. This paper aims at further recognition of rural-urban regional system by identify the residents-based rural-urban travel linkages, as a basis for making specific urban-rural traffic policies and implementing people-oriented and demand-oriented urban-rural planning.
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb202010001 [本文引用: 1]
Agricultural geography is the interdisciplinary subject of agricultural science and geographical science, and agricultural geographical engineering is the further deepening and systematic application of the interdisciplinary research of geography and engineering in the field of modern agriculture and rural revitalization, and it is an important material basis to ensure the agricultural high-quality development. With the innovative development of modern agricultural science and technology and human-earth system science, the scientific and technological needs of regional agricultural infrastructure are increasingly strong, and agricultural geographical engineering experiments have become an important task of agricultural engineering technology research and farmland system management. This article expounds the scientific connotation, experimental principles and technical methods of agricultural geographical engineering, and takes the loess hilly and gully region as an example to carry out the experimental research on geographical engineering and discussed the countermeasures for high-quality agricultural development. Results show that: (1) Agricultural geographical engineering experiments mainly include soil and water allocation, soil layer composition, field experiment, ecological protection, geospatial analysis and monitoring for specific regional geographical environment and agricultural development issues, aiming to explore coupling law of resource elements for regional high-standard farmland construction and healthy agricultural ecosystem construction, and establish a sustainable land use system and multifunctional agricultural management model. (2) Agro-ecosystem experiments mainly includes trench slope protection methods, healthy farmland system structure, crop-soil matching relationship, economic analysis of farmland input and output, which aimed to reveals the coupling mechanism and optimal control approach of "crop-soil relationship" by carrying out interactive experiments and field trials for land improvement and crop optimization. (3) Optimization and regulation of crop-soil relationship is the main content of engineering experiment design, which includes six stages: climate-crop optimization, soil-body structure improvement, terrain-crop optimization, soil quality improvement, soil-crop optimization and benefit-crop optimization. (4) The core tasks of the application of agricultural geoengineering technology are to deepen the comprehensive research, reveal the micro-coupling mechanism and establish the engineering test paradigm, and its application path is mainly reflected in three dimensions of time, space, and logic. The geographical engineering experiment of modern agriculture and its application in the new era are conducive to enriching the frontier theories and methodology of agricultural geography, and are of great significance to the advancement of geographical engineering research and the decision-making of agricultural and rural high-quality development.
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DOI:10.1038/4351179aURL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.02.012 [本文引用: 1]
Achieving sustainable development in an increasingly interconnected globalized world requires cross-system thinking and more integrated regional policy. First, it requires disciplines devoted to sustainable development research to improve their insights into trans-regional resource and environmental issues. Accordingly, it is necessary to promote the adaptive innovation and transformation of the traditional research framework of geography. Telecoupling, as a theoretical framework focusing on socioeconomic and environmental interactions among coupled human and natural systems over distances, has great potential and advantages to facilitate the process of theoretical innovation. In order to narrow the gap between Chinese and international research in the field of telecoupling, we introduce the telecoupling framework and its application progress from theoretical construction, empirical evidence, key research areas, and research methods based on literature review, document analysis, and our own understanding of telecoupling, and further give some suggests. The review shows that there is a large amount of empirical evidence of telecoupling in the dimensions of teleconnection, globalization, and urbanization due to the continuous growth of long-distance human activities and their interaction with large-scale natural processes. Currently, the application of the telecoupling framework in academia mainly focuses on three aspects: ecosystem services, the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of telecoupling, and land change science. Due to the progress in operationalizing the theories, current telecoupling research has been well supported methodologically. We further argue that geographical research based on the telecoupling framework should make breakthroughs in the theoretical innovation of Human-Earth relationship network system, telecoupling mechanism, and telecoupling regulatory tool sets, so that scientific research can keep up with the latest trends and solve the emerging real world problems.
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DOI:10.1073/pnas.1100480108URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.2307/141926URL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb202012003 [本文引用: 1]
Human geography is one of the three major branches of geography. Since the establishment of Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGSNRR, CAS) in 1940, human-economic geography has gone through several important periods, such as budding, rise, maturity, fluctuation and prosperity. Outstanding progress and remarkable results have been achieved in scientific research, cultivation of talents and service of national strategic decision-making. Pioneering achievements have been made in the study of economic geography, agricultural geography, industrial geography, transportation geography, urban geography, rural geography, tourism geography and regional sustainable development, which has driven the overall innovation and development of China's human-economic geography. The IGSNRR has undertaken a series of national tasks and attained major achievements in the fields of agricultural regional planning and land use research, industrial base construction and transportation layout, urban system construction and urbanization, regional development and planning. And it has made important contributions to supporting the national strategy and leading the development of human-economic geography. This research made a systematic review of the establishment and growth history, research fields, research teams and academic achievements of the human-economic geography of IGSNRR in the past 80 years, as well as its role in serving national and regional economic and social development. Through selecting 6216 papers (4576 in Chinese and 1640 in English) published by the human-economic geographers of the IGSNRR, research progress and academic achievements in stages are reviewed. Finally, new consideration and prospect were proposed to face the ecological civilization construction, new urbanization, rural revitalization strategy and beautiful China construction. Our purposes are to innovate the frontier theory of human-economic geography and establish a new interdisciplinary system, and strive to strengthen research on territorial space governance, regional sustainable development, human-earth system science, urbanization and rural revitalization, and innovation of national modern geography.
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DOI:10.2307/140646URL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201912007 [本文引用: 1]
Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.
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DOI:10.1038/548275aURL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201807002 [本文引用: 1]
Since the 20th century, geography came into being with distinctive disciplinary characteristics by sustained effort of geographers. This paper puts forward predicament from cognitive and thought in the new era, and depicts new geographic characteristics from five aspects: new technology, new orders, new data, new approaches and new driving factors. According to new content of geo-regionality and new approaches of geo-comprehensiveness, the paper proposes that complexity research would be a successful new path in geography, and the complexity would be the third characteristic of geography. Then, the paper details some complex spatial patterns, complex time processes and complex spatio-temporal mechanisms in geography research. Based on the concept of a geographic complex system, this paper presents core issues and corresponding complex research tools. Finally, the paper puts forward new challenges and new requirements for geography in the new era.
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201711001 [本文引用: 1]
Geography is a subject to explore spatial distribution, time evolution and regional characteristics of geographical elements or geographical complexes. Geography is unique in bridging social sciences and natural sciences, and has characteristics of comprehensiveness, interdisciplinary research and regionalism. With the development of geographical science technology and research methods, geography is in the gorgeous historical process towards geographical science. Research themes of geography are focusing on the comprehensive research on the earth surface. The research paradigms of geography are shifting from geography knowledge description, coupling pattern and process, to the simulation and prediction of complex human and earth system. The development of Chinese geography needs to be rooted in the major needs of national strategy, and plays important roles in the studies of urbanization development, coupling ecological processes and services, water resources management and geopolitics. Under the country's major needs, China's geography tends to achieve the geography theory innovation, new method and technology application and developed disciplinary system with Chinese characteristics, and make more contribution to national and global sustainable development.
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