关键词:土地财政;土地利用变化;建设占用耕地;VEC模型;Granger因果检验 Abstract Recently,irrational use of land resource caused by land financial problems has drawn academic attention in China. Exploring the interaction between the change of revenue sharing policy for land conveyance and arable land loss, will provide suggestions for perfecting land financial policies. We reviewed the history of sharing schemes for farmland occupancy tax and state-owned land leasing revenue between the central government and local government since the 1980s. Then we analyzed time series data for the sharing proportion for these two types of land conveyancing related to revenue and arable land occupied for construction. Unit root test,co-integration test,vector error correction model and granger causality tests were used. Results show that the sharing proportion of farmland occupancy tax and state-owned land leasing revenue changed frequently from 1987 to 1999. A long term co-integration relationship exists between the revenue sharing proportion for land conveyance and arable land occupied for construction. We found single direction causality from the change in the revenue sharing proportion to change in arable land occupied for construction,revealing that increases and decreases in the arable land occupied by construction respond to changes in the revenue sharing proportion. The adjustment of revenue sharing schemes for land conveyancing was influenced by several complicated reasons,such as local government behaviors. Therefore,effective and powerful adjustment of revenue sharing schemes for land conveyancing play an important role in arable land protection. Government and land administrative departments could formulate proper sharing subjects and sharing proportions according to different types of land conveyance revenue to prevent high quality arable land conversion. At the same time,this move could effectively avoid failure under the overlay of many kinds of land revenue as well as waste of limited land resources.
耕地占用税的征收以1987年国务院发布的《中华人民共和国耕地占用税暂行条例》为标志,1987-1993年中央政府和地方政府关于耕地占用税的分成比例共变化了3次(表1)。从1987年财政部规定中央政府和地方政府各自获得50%的耕地占用税,到1989年国务院提出中央让出耕地占用税的20%给地方政府,直至分税制改革时将耕地占用税全部划为地方固定收入,地方政府的耕地占用税分成比例在不断增加。 Table 1 表1 表1耕地占用税的央地分成比例变化 Table 1Changes of farmland occupancy tax sharing between central and local governments
相较于耕地占用税,国有土地有偿出让收入的央地分成比例变化更为频繁,而且由于国有土地有偿出让收入包括出让金、征地费和开发费等项目,变化情况也更为复杂。1989-1999年中央政府先后出台了一系列政策对国有土地有偿出让收入的央地分成比例进行调整。从表2所示的央地分成政策变化轨迹中可以看出,中央政府为鼓励地方政府征收国有土地有偿出让收入,不断扩大地方政府的分成,比重值从1989年规定的32%左右逐渐增加到1994年的100%。随着自身分成比例的不断提高,地方政府受经济利益的驱使大量出让耕地,为中央政府敲响了保护耕地的警钟。因此,1997年中央政府规定“冻结非农业建设项目占用耕地一年”,并且收回了全部的农地转非农建设用地土地收入。然而在1998年《土地管理法》的修订过程中,地方政府及国土相关部门争相表达了增加地方政府分成比例的想法,中央政府最终作出让渡,只保留了30%的分成比例[17]。 Table 2 表2 表2国有土地有偿出让收入的央地分成政策变迁 Table 2Policy changes of state-owned land leasing fee sharing between central and local governments
耕地占用税和国有土地有偿出让收入分成比例变动与建设占用耕地面积的变化情况如图1所示。从图1可以看出研究时段内建设占用耕地面积的变化过程。20世纪80年代末国家开始征收耕地占用税和国有土地有偿出让收入,建设占用耕地面积逐年减少;但随着地方政府的耕地占用税和国有土地有偿出让收入分成比例的不断提高,耕地转变为建设用地的数量明显增加;1997年国家规定国有土地有偿出让收入全部上缴中央,用于建设的耕地面积有所减少;1999年地方政府的国有土地有偿收入分配比例恢复至70%,建设占用的耕地面积又呈现出急剧增加的态势。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1两类土地收入分成比例与建设占用耕地面积的变化情况 -->Figure 1Changes of distribution of land revenue and farmland occupied for construction -->
4.2 耕地占用税央地分成变化与耕地减少
(1)单位根检验。利用EViews7分别对序列lnArea,Tax,Rev进行单位根检验,水平值和一阶差分的ADF检验结果如表3所示,ADF检验不含截距和时间趋势,滞后阶数根据AIC准则结合模型拟合优度确定。其中,序列lnArea,Tax和Rev的ADF检验值的P值大于5%水平的检验临界值,即存在单位根,是非平稳序列。lnArea,Tax,Rev的一阶差分序列在5%的显著性水平下拒绝原假设,接受是平稳序列的检验结果。 Table 3 表3 表3ADF检验结果 Table 3Results of ADF test
变量
ADF值
5%水平下 的临界值
P值
检验结果
lnArea
-1.875
-1.982
0.976
不平稳
Tax
-1.993
-3.145
0.285
不平稳
Rev
-0.729
-1.978
0.378
不平稳
∆lnArea
-4.143
-1.982
0.001
平稳
∆Tax
-3.801
-1.978
0.001
平稳
∆Rev
-3.356
-1.988
0.004
平稳
新窗口打开 (2)协整分析。平稳性检验结果反映序列lnArea,Tax均为一阶单整序列,符合协整分析的条件。对lnArea和Tax新建数据群,并选用Johansen协整检验方法检验两者之间是否存在协整关系,结果见表4。lnArea和Tax在5%的置信水平下只存在一个协整向量,因此可认为这两个变量之间存在着长期协整关系。 Table 4 表4 表4序列lnArea和Tax的Johansen协整分析结果 Table 4Results of Johansencointegration test on Tax and lnArea
原假设
特征根
迹统计量 (P值)
最大特征根统计量(P值)
0个协整向量
0.761
18.024(0.020)
29.787(0.018)
至多一个协整向量
0.070
0.869(0.349)
0.869(0.349)
注:序列和协整方程只有截距,无确定线性趋势;一阶差分的滞后阶数为1。 新窗口打开 Table 5 表5 表5序列Tax和序列lnArea的Granger因果检验 Table 5Granger causality estimations on Tax and lnArea
(1)协整检验。表3检验结果反映了序列Rev和lnArea通过了一阶单位根检验,符合协整检验的前提。通过协整检验发现,两者之间在10%的水平下有且只有一个协整向量,Rev和lnArea之间存在协整关系,具有长期的均衡趋势(表6)。 Table 6 表6 表6序列Rev和lnArea的Johansen协整检验 Table 6Results of Johansen cointegration test on Rev and lnArea
实证分析表明,土地出让相关收入央地分成比例的调整会对耕地资源的保护产生积极作用。中央政府可以对土地收入分配关系和比例进行合理的调控[38,39],规范土地所有者和土地管理者之间的利益分配关系,以抑制地方政府利用行政权力加剧耕地非农化的积极性。并且规范不同类型土地收入的分配主体和分配比例,制定各自适宜的分配主体和分配比例,减少土地资源的浪费错配和各类土地收入征收的叠加失效[40]。 在20世纪90年代,部分地方政府为解决城市开发建设中出现的资金短缺问题,让享受优惠政策的开发公司代建部分城市基础设施。这些实物形态的公共设施是地方城府获得的实物地租,也是特定时期土地有偿使用的一种特殊形式[41]。同时财政部规定中央政府与地方政府共同分享土地收入打击了地方政府显化土地价值的积极性。这种实物地租透明度较低,实际金额难以量化,但却是当时的地方政府变相获取土地收入的重要方式,因此带来城郊优质耕地资源流失被低估的风险。 土地出让相关收入的分成政策变迁从侧面刻画了中央和地方政府关于土地收入的纵向竞争。对中央与地方政府之间土地收入进行合理分配,既关系到中央政府国有土地所有权的实现,又能优化土地资源的配置[42]。而现行土地收入分配机制是将大量收入划归地方政府,导致地方政府对土地收入形成严重依赖,以及中央政府在土地财政监督机制建设方面存在不足,都是造成耕地资源严重流失的土地财政因素。除了中央政府和地方政府之间的纵向土地收入竞争,还存在同级地方政府之间的横向竞争。有研究表明地方政府间的土地引资策略造成了工业用地的过度扩张,占用了大量耕地[43]。而上下级政府间的纵向竞争和同级政府间的横向竞争并不是各自单独产生影响,两者综合对耕地流失产生的影响、以及对当时中国土地市场运行造成的冲击,也是未来值得深入探讨的问题。 需要说明的是,由于数据资料的缺失以及土地出让相关收入央地分成政策的错综复杂,本文存在以下两点不足:一是本文虽然明确界定了全国国有土地有偿出让收入的央地分成比例,但少数经济特区的央地分成比例被中央政府予以另行规定,本文没能对此进行深入研究;二是1997年建设占用耕地面积权威数据缺失,引用相关研究数据的可靠程度仍有待考证。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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