2003年,Przeworski等[55]首次运用ABC算法推测有利突变的选择初始时间。作者使用溯祖模拟产生相关模拟数据,再分别利用分离位点数(the number of segregating sites, S)、Tajima’sD、SFS和单倍型种类数(the number of distinct haplotypes in the sample, H)等统计量对这些模拟数据进行分析。作者发现随着统计量数目的增加,选择初始时间估计值的后验概率分布曲线斜率逐渐增大,即估计时间结果更为准确[53]。为了了解生活在美国白沙国家公园的两种蜥蜴(Sceloporus cowlesi和Aspidoscelis inornata)由于环境变化而产生适应的遗传机制,Laurent等[56]使用ABC算法结合21种统计量对与肤色相关的MC1R基因进行了选择初始时间估计,结果发现Sceloporus cowlesi群体中的估计时间较早(约1200年前),而在Aspidoscelis inornata群体中的估计时间则稍晚(约900年前)。虽然两者的估计时间不一致,但其肤色都是在白沙形成之后(约7000年前)改变的。
约在10,000年前,猪在近东和中国被驯化。驯化过程中,猪受到自然选择和人工选择的共同作用,在外形、繁殖力、生长发育和环境适应性等方面表现出显著改变[63]。目前在中国家猪中已发现多个与驯化性状相关的基因受到选择。例如, 与神经系统相关的SLC5A5基因、与免疫应答相关的MARCH1基因以及与生长相关的MSTN 基因等[86]。但是,目前仍缺乏被选择基因选择初始时间的研究报道。梁作翔[53]使用ABC算法估计了部分中国家猪中与驯化性状相关基因的选择压力和选择初始时间,并比较了不同基因的选择初始时间差异。结果表明,与神经系统相关的SLC5A5基因(约8,473.32年前)和与生长相关的MSTN基因(约1,587.75年前)之间的选择初始时间相差甚远。经过估计多个基因选择初始时间后, 其认为中国家猪的驯化是一个不断复杂变化的过程, 与同一驯化性状相关的基因既包括早期选择又包括近期选择,持续不同的驯化过程影响着这些性状的改变。最近的研究中,Chen等[87]利用266只欧亚野猪和家猪的全基因组测序数据,得到了法系长白猪(French Large White, FLW)与中国猪之间的渗入比例,并通过ALDER软件计算得到法系长白猪在约200~300年前与华南猪(Southern Chinese pigs, SCN)和华东猪(Eastern Chinese pigs, ECN)发生过基因交流事件。
4.2 家鸡
家鸡驯化于8000~10,000年前,是最早驯化的鸟类之一。在地理隔离和人工选择等因素作用下,家鸡成为表型和用途最为丰富的驯化动物之一,包括给人类提供食物的蛋鸡和肉鸡、用来娱乐打斗的斗鸡(gamecock)及用于观赏消遣的观赏鸡等。Rubin等[88]首次对9个鸡群体进行了全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing, WGS),其中包括红色原鸡(Red Junglefowl)、肉鸡及蛋鸡。根据标准化杂合度(Z- transformations of the pooled heterozygosity, ZHP)方法发现TSHR基因在驯化中受到了强烈选择。进一步研究发现TSHR基因有一个非同义突变发生在外显子区域,可能与鸡季节性发情相关。李明洲课题组利用D统计量检测了红色原鸡和10种家鸡之间的基因渗入,发现红色原鸡与藏鸡之间存在更多的渗入区域,可能跟野生红色原鸡与山区散养的藏鸡经常混在一起生活所导致。该研究还发现藏鸡长期生活在高海拔地区的过程中,获得了适应高海拔环境的能力,例如其红细胞数量、血氧亲和力和血红蛋白浓度都有所增加,而通过θπ、ZFST(Z-transformations of FST)和Tajima’sD检验等方法进行选择信号分析得到,NT5C1A和HEYL基因在参与藏鸡适应高海拔输送氧的方面可能起作用。该研究也发现藏鸡中GTP酶(GTPase)的调控活性显著增加,这表明能量代谢对于维持藏鸡体温的重要性[89]。然而,基因渗入除了发生在野生鸡种和地方鸡种外,商业品种也会有基因渗入到家鸡当中。张春媛等[90]通过比较群体单倍型相似性发现在我国商业鸡种的基因渗入到了地方鸡种基因组中,而由于我国遗传育种保护工作起步较晚,很多方面缺少有效监管,导致基因渗入事件的发生,可能对我国家鸡遗传资源造成了基因污染。
群体遗传学用于动物驯化研究,极大地扩展了研究的内容,并推动了学科的发展。一些经典的研究内容,如基因组选择信号和基因交流信号的检测已经相对比较成熟,而对群体历史及时间估计等方面的方法研究可做的工作还有很多。对于群体历史推断,不同的方法各具优点,例如在缺失先验模型的情况下推断种群有效群体大小历史变化和种群间分化时间时,可以利用PSMC、MSMC2及SMC++等方法,不过这类方法没有过多考虑群体之间的基因流事件,其历史真实性会受到影响[96];SFS方法对重构复杂的多群体历史变化和推测群体之间的迁徙事件具有很好的效果;推测近期历史事件则可以利用基于LD或者IBD (identical by descent)的方法来得到较为准确的时间。为了更准确的估算结果则需要充分考虑可能发生的历史事件,构建更全面的模型进行推断。基于恰当模型量化特定群体历史的方式逐渐成为一种主流,然而模型的适合度固然重要,但是其稳定可行性却更为重要。一个模型若要在任何参数上都与真实的群体历史相匹配的概率极其微小,我们需要带着实际科学问题去设计不同的模型来研究我们最感兴趣的问题,通过利用赤池信息量(Akaike information criterion, AIC)或贝叶斯信息量(Bayesian information criterion, BIC)等标准来筛选与实际数据最吻合的模型。
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