播期与密度对鹰嘴豆物质积累运转及产量形成的影响

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郝曦煜,
梁杰^,,
肖焕玉,
王英杰,
郭文云,
刘婷婷,
马信飞
吉林省白城市农业科学院白城 137000
基金项目: 现代农业产业技术体系CARS-08-G4
白城市农业科学院青年发展基金项目Q2018002

详细信息

作者简介:郝曦煜, 主要研究方向为食用豆育种与栽培。E-mail:haoxiyu1990@foxmail.com

通讯作者:梁杰, 主要研究方向为食用豆育种与栽培。E-mail:liangjie9669@163.com

中图分类号:S529

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-02-20
录用日期:2020-06-01
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Effect of sowing date and density on matter accumulation and translocation and on yield of chickpeas

HAO Xiyu,
LIANG Jie^,,
XIAO Huanyu,
WANG Yingjie,
GUO Wenyun,
LIU Tingting,
MA Xinfei
Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baicheng 137000, China
Funds: This study was supported by China Agriculture Research SystemCARS-08-G4
The Youth Development Foundation of Baicheng Academy of Agricultural SciencesQ2018002

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Corresponding author:LIANG Jie, E-mail:liangjie9669@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为探讨播期、密度及其交互作用对鹰嘴豆物质积累转运及产量形成的影响，确定适宜东北地区鹰嘴豆种植的播期和密度，本试验于2018—2019年选用‘白鹰1号’为试验材料，设置4个播期（3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日）和4个密度（16.7万株·hm^-2、11.1万株·hm^-2、8.3万株·hm^-2和6.7万株·hm^-2）处理，通过测定鹰嘴豆干物质含量、叶面积指数、产量性状以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、粗淀粉和全氮含量，对不同播期鹰嘴豆的生育进程、光合特性、群体质量、碳氮转运和产量形成进行分析。结果表明，随着播种期的推迟，鹰嘴豆的出苗期、开花期、成熟期均推迟，生育期缩短，单株荚数先增加后减少。随着生长发育的推进，不同处理的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数先上升后下降。早播的鹰嘴豆营养器官的干物质积累量低于晚播，晚播能够提高花后氮素积累量对籽粒氮素的贡献率；高密度的单株干物质积累量低于低密度，减小密度能促进可溶性糖转运量及其转运率上升，同时提高花后氮素积累量。产量与单株荚数呈正相关。播期（X₁）、密度（X₂）与产量（Y）的回归方程为Y=-150.288 9+47.169 3X₁+464.092 5X₂-1.499 9X₁²-11.376 4X₂²+1.292 2X₁X₂。综上所述，中晚播鹰嘴豆的干物质积累量高于中早播。延后播期导致花前可溶性糖积累量和籽粒淀粉含量下降，而茎、叶的花前贮存氮素转运率和转运量则先上升后下降，花后氮素积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率上升。中低密度鹰嘴豆的花前物质积累对产量影响较大，花后氮素积累量较高，而中高密度鹰嘴豆的花后物质积累对产量影响较大。中早播、中密度或中晚播、高密度的鹰嘴豆可以提高花前贮存氮素转运量对籽粒氮的贡献率。在本试验条件下，‘白鹰1号’选择播期4月23日、密度7.64万株·hm^-2的栽培方式能够获得较高产量。在生产中，可根据当地地理、气候等环境因素的变化进行调整。
关键词:鹰嘴豆/
播期/
密度/
产量/
物质转运
Abstract:This study explores the effect of sowing date and density on matter accumulation and translocation and the yield formation of chickpeas. Determining the optimum sowing date and density for chickpeas planted in Northeast China will lay a foundation for promoting the cultivation of chickpeas and the development of the chickpea industry. Four sowing dates (March 29th, April 7th, April 16th and April 25th) and four sowing densities (16.7×10⁴ plants·hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants·hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) were set during 2018 and 2019. 'Baiying 1' chickpea was as material, and the growth process, photosynthetic characteristics, population quality, carbon and nitrogen translocation, and yield formation of 'Baiying 1' chickpeas during different growth periods were determined through by measuring dry matter content, leaf area index, yield components, and the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, and total nitrogen. The date of seedling, flowering, and maturity were delayed as the sowing date was delayed, the growth period was shortened, and pods per plant initially increased, and then decreased. With the growth of chickpeas, the chlorophyll content and leaf area index of different treatments first increased and then decreased. The dry matter accumulation in the vegetative organs of chickpeas planted early was lower than in those planted late. Therefore, later sowing increased the contribution of nitrogen amount accumulated post-anthesis to the grain nitrogen. Further, the dry matter accumulation of chickpeas planted with high density was lower than those planted with low density. Decreased density promoted increased translocation, rate of pre-anthesis assimilation, and nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis. The regression equation of sowing date (X₁), density (X₂), and yield (Y) was Y=-150.288 9+47.169 3X₁+ 464.092 5X₂-1.499 9X₁²-11.376 4X₂²+ 1.292 2X₁X₂. In summary, the dry matter accumulation of chickpeas planted with intermediate and late sowing dates was higher than those with intermediate and early sowing dates. With delayed sowing date, the soluble sugar accumulation and starch content in seeds decreased, and the redistribution amount and efficiency of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis stored in stems and leaves first increased and then decreased; however, the contribution of nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis to the grain nitrogent of chickpea increased. The effect of translocation on the yield of pre-anthesis of chickpeas planted with medium and low density was large, and the amount of nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis was high. Moreover, the effect of post-anthesis assimilate accumulation of chickpeas planted with medium and high density on yield was significant. The contribution of redistribution of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis to grain nitrogen of chickpeas planted with intermediate and early sowing dates with medium density or intermediate and late sowing dates with high density increased. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal cultivation of 'Baiying 1' occurred when sown on April 23th, with a density of 7.64×10⁴ plants·hm^-2. However, this could vary with differing local geographical, climatic, and other environmental factors.
Key words:Chickpea/
Sowing date/
Density/
Yield/
Matter translocation

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图1播期与密度对鹰嘴豆叶绿素含量的影响
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示16.7万株∙hm^-2、11.1万株∙hm^-2、8.3万株∙hm^-2和6.7万株∙hm^-2。
Figure1.Effect of sowing date and density on chlorophyll content of chickpea
D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, respectively.

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图2播期与密度对鹰嘴豆叶面积指数的影响
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示16.7万株∙hm^-2、11.1万株∙hm^-2、8.3万株∙hm^-2和6.7万株∙hm^-2。
Figure2.Effect of sowing date and density on leaf area index of chickpea
D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, respectively.

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图3播期与密度对鹰嘴豆干物质积累的影响
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示16.7万株∙hm^-2、11.1万株∙hm^-2、8.3万株∙hm^-2和6.7万株∙hm^-2。
Figure3.Effect of sowing date and density on dry matter accumulation of chickpea
D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, respectively.

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图4播期与密度对鹰嘴豆株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重的影响
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示密度为16.7万株∙hm^-2、11.1万株∙hm^-2、8.3万株∙hm^-2和6.7万株∙hm^-2。不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure4.Effect of sowing date and density on plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight of chickpea
D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.

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图5播期与密度对鹰嘴豆产量的影响
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示密度为16.7万株∙hm^-2、11.1万株∙hm^-2、8.3万株∙hm^-2和6.7万株∙hm^-2。不同小写字母表示不同处理0.05水平差异显著。
Figure5.Effect of sowing date and density on yield of chickpea
D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants∙hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.

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图6不同播期与密度对鹰嘴豆产量的互作效应
Figure6.Interactive effect of different sowing date and density on yield of chickpea

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表1播期与密度对鹰嘴豆生育进程的影响
Table1.Effect of sowing date and density on growing period of chickpea

播期 Sowing date	密度 Density	出苗期(月-日) Seedling date (month-day)	开花期(月-日) Flowering date (month-day)	成熟期(月-日) Maturity date (month-day)	生育期天数 Growth duration (d)
D1	M1	04-30	06-09	07-16	110a
	M2	04-29	06-09	07-16	110a
	M3	04-30	06-09	07-16	110a
	M4	04-30	06-09	07-16	110a
D2	M1	05-02	06-10	07-16	104abc
	M2	04-29	06-10	07-18	105ab
	M3	04-30	06-10	07-16	104abc
	M4	04-30	06-11	07-16	104abc
D3	M1	05-02	06-13	07-24	99bc
	M2	05-02	06-13	07-27	101bc
	M3	05-02	06-13	07-27	101bc
	M4	05-02	06-14	07-27	101bc
D4	M1	05-08	06-20	07-29	97c
	M2	05-08	06-20	07-29	97c
	M3	05-08	06-22	07-29	97c
	M4	05-08	06-24	08-01	100bc
D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示播期为3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日; M1、M2、M3和M4分别表示密度为16.7万株?hm^-2、11.1万株?hm^-2、8.3万株?hm^-2和6.7万株?hm^-2。生育期天数列不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。D1, D2, D3 and D4 are sowing dates of Mar. 29, Apr. 7, 16 and 25, respectively. M1, M2, M3 and M4 indicate densities of 16.7×10⁴ plants?hm^-2, 11.1×10⁴ plants?hm^-2, 8.3×10⁴ plants?hm^-2 and 6.7×10⁴ plants?hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters in the growth duration column mean significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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表2播期与密度对鹰嘴豆干物质转运的影响
Table2.Effect of sowing date and density on dry matter remobilization of chickpea

播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	TAA (kg?hm^-2)	TAR (%)	CTA (%)	PAA (kg?hm^-2)	CPA (%)
03-29 (D1)	16.7 (M1)	1 391.47de	19.51b	37.47d	2 322.42g	62.53g
	11.1(M2)	1 244.02e	11.62de	32.34ef	2 603.20fg	67.66e
	8.3 (M3)	1 366.48de	9.52ef	29.88f	3 206.30de	70.12e
	6.7 (M4)	1 635.87c	16.38bc	36.02d	2 905.80ef	63.98g
04-07 (D2)	16.7 (M1)	1 018.72f	10.91e	26.65g	2 803.50efg	73.35d
	11.1(M2)	1 390.75de	14.64cd	33.07e	2 814.81efg	66.93f
	8.3 (M3)	1 712.22c	15.29c	31.77ef	3 676.67cd	68.23ef
	6.7 (M4)	1 235.22e	9.25ef	26.33g	3 456.45cd	73.67d
04-16 (D3)	16.7 (M1)	1 270.20b	14.32a	32.97b	2 582.58h	67.03i
	11.1(M2)	2 249.48de	30.79b	43.56g	2 914.41bc	56.44d
	8.3 (M3)	1 500.98d	11.18e	26.12gh	4 246.24a	73.88cd
	6.7 (M4)	1 622.63f	15.77f	30.68i	3 666.26ab	69.32b
04-25 (D4)	16.7 (M1)	1 039.42a	8.99a	27.33a	2 763.36h	72.67j
	11.1(M2)	1 860.89b	23.75a	37.40c	3 114.11efg	62.60h
	8.3 (M3)	1 748.08e	15.70ef	31.42h	3 815.81ab	68.58c
	6.7 (M4)	1 774.58g	19.24g	34.13j	3 425.42a	65.87a
F值 F-value	D	22.17^**	9.29^**	27.65^**	14.74^**	27.65^**
	M	108.93^**	96.98^**	423.43^**	100.18^**	423.43^**
	D×M	105.67^**	32.32^**	155.54^**	13.09^**	155.54^**
TAA:花前同化物转运量; TAR:花前同化物转运率; CTA:花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率; PAA:花后同化物积累量; CPA:花后同化物积累量对籽粒产量的贡献率。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理(播期×密度)在P < 0.05水平差异显著, 表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。TAA: translocation amount of pre-anthesis; TAR: translocation rate of pre-anthesis assimilate; CTA: contribution of pre-anthesis translocated assimilate to grain yield; PAA: post-anthesis assimilate accumulation; CPA: contribution of post-anthesis assimilate to grain yield. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments of sowing date and density at P < 0.05 levels. means significant differences at P < 0.01 level.

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表3播期与密度对鹰嘴豆花前营养器官贮存可溶性糖转运的影响
Table3.Effect of sowing date and density on redistribution of pre-anthesis soluble sugar stored in chickpea vegetative organs

播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	茎Stem			叶Leaf
播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	SRQ (g?plant^-1)	SRR (%)	PSGS (%)	SRQ (g?plant^-1)	SRR (%)	PSGS (%)
03-29 (D1)	16.7 (M1)	1.86ab	91.40b	16.21a	0.11abcd	75.24a	1.92bc
	11.1(M2)	1.66abc	93.10a	15.91a	0.11ab	74.98a	3.16ab
	8.3 (M3)	2.17a	93.65a	15.78a	0.15a	75.57a	3.26a
	6.7 (M4)	1.71abc	94.40a	15.89a	0.11abc	72.42b	2.95abc
04-07 (D2)	16.7 (M1)	0.90cde	93.05a	15.68a	0.06def	74.59a	2.92bc
	11.1(M2)	1.43abcde	94.58a	16.22a	0.08bcdef	74.86a	2.72c
	8.3 (M3)	1.46abcde	94.19a	15.77a	0.10bcde	75.15a	3.18ab
	6.7 (M4)	1.73abc	93.18a	15.84a	0.11ab	75.99a	3.03ab
04-16 (D3)	16.7 (M1)	0.66e	94.29a	15.65a	0.04f	75.32a	2.97abc
	11.1(M2)	0.80de	94.93a	15.78a	0.05ef	74.86a	2.96abc
	8.3 (M3)	1.66abc	94.38a	16.31a	0.11ab	75.58a	3.23ab
	6.7 (M4)	1.54abcd	94.07a	16.11a	0.10bcde	75.22a	3.05abc
04-25 (D4)	16.7 (M1)	0.75de	94.59a	16.06a	0.05f	74.86a	2.90abc
	11.1(M2)	0.94cde	94.42a	15.94a	0.06cdef	74.76a	3.03abc
	8.3 (M3)	1.09bcde	94.41a	15.83a	0.07bcdef	75.56a	3.22ab
	6.7 (M4)	1.58abcd	94.49a	15.97a	0.10abcd	75.28a	3.14ab
F值 F-value	D	7.54^**	3.98^*	0.20	8.69^**	3.03^*	0.97
	M	5.52^*	2.50	0.13	9.03^**	2.53	6.70^**
	D×M	1.13	1.84	0.98	1.18	3.66	1.16
SRQ:可溶性糖转运量; SRR:可溶性糖转运率; PSGS:可溶性糖转运量对籽粒淀粉的贡献率。表中同列不同小写字母表示不同处理(播期×密度)在P < 0.05水平差异显著。和表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。SRQ: soluble sugar redistribution quantity; SRR: soluble sugar redistribution rate; PSGS: contribution of SRQ to grain starch. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments of sowing date and density at P < 0.05 level. and ** mean significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表4播期与密度对鹰嘴豆花前营养器官贮存氮转运的影响
Table4.Effect of sowing date and density on redistribution of pre-anthesis nitrogen stored in chickpea vegetative organs

播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	茎Stem		叶Leaf
播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	RANP (kg?hm^-2)	RENP (%)	RANP (kg?hm^-2)	RENP (%)
03-29 (D1)	16.7 (M1)	85.86h	75.07cde	11.13f	70.08cde
	11.1(M2)	93.93gh	71.73fg	12.02f	66.07fg
	8.3 (M3)	112.60cdef	71.25g	14.38cde	65.50g
	6.7 (M4)	107.50ef	73.56defg	13.86de	68.28defg
04-07 (D2)	16.7 (M1)	89.78gh	74.05cdef	11.59f	68.86cdef
	11.1(M2)	99.47fg	73.61defg	12.83ef	68.33defg
	8.3 (M3)	125.38abc	74.65cde	16.23abc	69.58cde
	6.7 (M4)	112.23cdef	72.93efg	14.43cde	67.51efg
04-16 (D3)	16.7 (M1)	91.40gh	73.43defg	11.78f	68.12defg
	11.1(M2)	112.13cdef	79.58a	14.77cd	75.50a
	8.3 (M3)	133.93a	74.55cde	17.33a	69.46cde
	6.7 (M4)	121.48abcd	75.50cd	15.78abc	70.60cd
04-25 (D4)	16.7 (M1)	92.16gh	72.16fg	11.81f	66.59fg
	11.1(M2)	110.73def	77.70ab	14.50cde	73.24ab
	8.3 (M3)	128.56ab	75.11cde	16.67ab	70.13cde
	6.7 (M4)	118.14bcde	76.24bc	15.39bcd	71.49cb
F值 F-value	D	10.12^**	12.98^**	10.37^**	13.24^**
	M	53.49^**	5.79^**	46.22^**	5.83^**
	D×M	0.65	8.09^**	0.81	8.12^**
RANP:花前贮存氮转运量; RENP:花前贮存氮转运率。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理(播期×密度)在P < 0.05水平差异显著。和表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。RANP: redistribution amount of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis; RENP: redistribution rate of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments of sowing date and density at P < 0.05 level. and ** mean significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表5播期与密度对鹰嘴豆花前贮存氮再转运和花后氮积累的影响
Table5.Effect of sowing date and density on redistribution of pre-anthesis stored and post-anthesis accumulated nitrogen in chickpea

播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants?hm^-2)	RANP (kg?hm^-2)	RENP (%)	CRNP (%)	NAP (kg?hm^-2)	CNP (%)
03-29 (D1)	16.7 (M1)	96.99h	74.46cde	69.24def	43.09c	30.76cde
	11.1(M2)	105.95gh	71.04fg	73.01ab	39.16c	26.99gh
	8.3 (M3)	126.98cdef	70.55g	73.62a	45.50c	26.38h
	6.7 (M4)	121.36ef	72.92defg	70.84bcde	49.95bc	29.16defg
04-07 (D2)	16.7 (M1)	101.37gh	73.41cdef	70.31cdef	42.80c	29.69cdef
	11.1(M2)	112.30fg	72.97defg	70.79bcde	46.33c	29.21defg
	8.3 (M3)	141.61abc	74.04cde	69.67def	61.66ab	30.33cde
	6.7 (M4)	126.66cdef	72.27efg	71.57abcd	50.31bc	28.43efgh
04-16 (D3)	16.7 (M1)	103.17gh	72.78defg	70.99bcde	42.15c	29.01defg
	11.1(M2)	126.90cdef	79.09a	65.15h	67.88a	34.85a
	8.3 (M3)	151.26a	73.93cde	69.77def	65.52a	30.23cde
	6.7 (M4)	137.26abcd	74.90cd	68.81efg	62.23ab	31.19bcd
04-25 (D4)	16.7 (M1)	103.97gh	71.48fg	72.48abc	39.47c	27.52fgh
	11.1(M2)	125.23def	77.16ab	66.73gh	62.42ab	33.27ab
	8.3 (M3)	145.23ab	74.50cde	69.20de	64.64a	30.80cd
	6.7 (M4)	133.53bcde	75.66bc	68.08fg	62.61ab	31.92bc
F值 F-value	D	10.14^**	13.23^**	15.29^**	11.62^**	15.29^**
	M	52.46^**	5.85^**	5.40^**	14.47^**	5.40^**
	D×M	0.66	8.14^**	9.42^**	2.77^*	9.42^**
CRNP:花前贮存氮转运量对籽粒氮的贡献率; NAP:花后氮积累量; CNP:花后氮积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理(播期×密度)在P < 0.05水平差异显著。和表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。CRNP: contribution of redistribution amount of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis to grain nitrogen; NAP: nitrogen amount accumulated post-anthesis; CNP: contribution of NAP to grain nitrogen. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments of sowing date and density at P < 0.05 level. and ** mean significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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