李晓爽^{1, 2,},
党红凯²,
宋妮¹,
申孝军¹,
孙景生^1,,
1.中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所 新乡 453003
2.河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所 衡水 053000
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重大项目51790534

详细信息

作者简介:李晓爽, 主要研究方向为作物水分高效利用。E-mail:lxsh1980@126.com

通讯作者:孙景生, 主要研究方向为节水灌溉原理与农业水资源高效利用技术。E-mail:jshsun623@163.com

中图分类号:S512.1+1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-05-05
录用日期:2019-06-24
刊出日期:2019-11-01

Effects of mixed application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment on the sink-source relationship of winter wheat in saline-alkaline soil

LI Xiaoshuang^{1, 2,},
DANG Hongkai²,
SONG Ni¹,
SHEN Xiaojun¹,
SUN Jingsheng^1,,
1. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, China
2. Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China51790534

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Corresponding author:SUN Jingsheng, E-mail:jshsun623@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为明确掺黄河泥沙同时配施生物有机肥（肥-沙混施）条件下盐碱地冬小麦群体库、源的特征及变化规律，探讨肥-沙混施条件下作物库源动态变化特征，探求盐碱地冬小麦产量的限制因子，为盐碱地改良和开发利用提供理论依据，采用大田定位跟踪调查方法，于2015-2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季在河北省南皮县开展试验。设置掺黄河泥沙（SS）、配施生物有机肥（FF）、肥-沙混施（SF）和空白对照（CK）4个处理。结果表明，所有处理小麦旗叶花后净光合速率呈逐渐下降趋势，开花-花后20 d的平均值表现为SF > FF > SS > CK，SF、FF和SS分别比CK高12%、10%和4%以上，尤其在花后20 d，SF、FF和SS仍能维持较高的光合性能，分别比CK高55.08%、27.32%和1.88%。随生育进程光合势呈单峰曲线变化，孕穗-开花期达到最大，开花30 d后群体光合势快速下降，表现为SF > FF > SS > CK，SF、FF和SS在孕穗-开花期的3年平均光合势依次分别比CK提高29.02%、18.79%和10.62%；其花后总光合势分别比CK高41.66%、24.72%和13.94%。在表征源库关系的指标上，SF的全生育期、开花前和开花后源生产能力均为最高，分别比CK高34.06%、40.52%和28.15%；SF的穗数、总粒数、最大潜在库容和有效库容量均为最高，3年平均分别比CK高25.69%、30.00%、42.06%和38.84%。SF的产量、开花后源生产能力的转化率、粒叶比和经济系数均为最高，3年平均比CK提高41.08%、9.53%、8.50%和4.01%。本研究条件下，小麦的有效库容量与总穗数和穗粒数呈极显著正相关。总穗数和总粒数是影响盐碱地冬小麦产量的关键因子。掺黄河泥沙或配施生物有机肥均能够提高小麦光合性能，提高源生产能力，促进源库转化。掺黄河泥沙同时配施生物有机肥处理综合了掺黄河泥沙和配施生物有机肥的优点，效果最佳，更有利于滨海盐碱土壤的改良和可持续开发利用。
关键词:盐碱地/
生物有机肥/
黄河泥沙/
冬小麦/
库源关系
Abstract:To study the source and sink characteristics and the transformation of both source and sink of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil, we conducted an experiment in Nanpi County, China, during the winter wheat growing seasons from 2015 to 2018. The positioning monitoring test was employed in the study. The study involved four processes:biological organic fertilizer application (FF), mixing Yellow River sediment (SS), FF and SS combination (SF), and blank (CK) treatment as control. Wheat varietiy 'Xiaoyan 60' was used in the field as the experimental material, and the growth parameters and grain yield of the wheat were monitored during the growth period. The findings revealed that there was a gradual downward trend in the photosynthetic rate (P_n) of flag leaves after anthesis under different treatments. The order of flag leaves P_n was SF > FF > SS > CK from anthesis to 20 d after anthesis. SF, FF, and SS were averagely 55.08%, 27.32%, and 1.88% higher, respectively, than CK. As for the growth process, the leaf area duration showed a single peak curve, with the peak appearing at the boot-anthesis stage. After 30 days of anthesis, there was a rapid decline in leaf area duration, and the photosynthetic potential of the treatments was SF > FF > SS > CK. At the boot-anthesis stage, the photosynthetic potentials of SF, FF, and SS were increased by 29.02%, 18.79%, and 10.62% respectively, compared with CK. Moreover, their total photosynthetic potentials after anthesis were 41.66%, 24.72%, and 13.94% higher, respectively, than that of CK. The source productivity capacity of SF was the highest during the whole growth period, before and after anthesis, at 34.06%, 40.52%, and 28.15% higher respectively, than that of CK. SF had the highest storage indexes, including panicle number, total grain number, maximum potential storage capacity and effective storage capacity; these were averagely 25.69%, 30.00%, 42.06%, and 38.84% higher, respectively, than in CK. The source-sink relationship indexes of SF were all the highest. They were yield, conversion rate of source production capacity after anthesis, grain/leaf ratio, and economic coefficient; these were 41.08%, 9.53%, 8.50%, and 4.01%, higher, respectively, than with CK. In this study, the effective storage capacity showed significantly positive correlation with the total number of spikes and the total number of grain, and these were the key factors affecting winter wheat yield in saline-alkali soil. The way of mixing Yellow River sediment or applying bio-organic fertilizer could improve the photosynthetic performance of wheat, improve the production capacity of the source, and promote the transformation of the source-sink. The best treatment was the SF treatment, which combined SS and FF application. This treatment combines the advantages of both, and was more conducive to the improvement and sustainable development and utilization of coastal saline and alkaline soil.
Key words:Saline-alkaline soil/
Biological organic fertilizer/
Yellow River sediment/
Winter wheat/
Sink-source relationship

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图12015—2018年不同处理盐碱地冬小麦平均光合势的动态变化(a)和平均累积光合势(b)
CK为对照处理, FF为配施生物有机肥处理, SS为掺黄河泥沙处理, SF为配施生物有机肥+掺黄河泥沙处理。柱形图上不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure1.Changes of average leaf area duration (a) and average cumulative leaf area duration (b) of winter wheat in saline alkali soil under different treatments in 2015-2018
CK: control treatment; FF: biological organic fertilizer application; SS: mixing Yellow River sediment; SF: combined application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment. Different lowercase letters above the column mean significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level.


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表1不同处理盐碱地冬小麦旗叶净光合速率变化动态
Table1.Dynamics of net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf of winter wheat under different treatments

μmol·m-2·s-1
年份 Year	测定时间 Measure time	处理Treatment
		CK	FF	SS	SF
2016	开花期Anthesis	22.59±0.24a	21.80±0.21a	24.15±0.23a	24.91±0.19a
	花后10 d 10 days after anthesis	18.53±0.22b	20.76±0.19ab	21.01±0.19ab	24.36±0.12a
	花后20 d 20 days after anthesis	10.27±0.14b	14.53±0.11b	11.06±0.08b	14.68±0.07a
	平均Average	17.13	19.03	18.74	21.31
2017	开花期Anthesis	20.19±0.19b	22.14±0.22ab	24.93±0.18a	25.66±0.23a
	花后10 d 10 days after anthesis	17.27±0.13c	19.59±0.15bc	20.29±0.16b	25.57±0.14a
	花后20 d 20 days after anthesis	10.14±0.07c	13.25±0.10b	10.68±0.11c	19.81±0.13a
	平均Average	15.87	18.33	18.63	23.68
2018	开花期Anthesis	21.51±0.21a	24.80±0.18a	22.14±0.21a	22.42±0.23a
	花后10 d 10 days after anthesis	17.42±0.15a	18.70±0.13a	18.66±0.14a	18.48±0.13a
	花后20 d 20 days after anthesis	9.58±0.11a	10.52±0.09a	9.79±0.06a	12.16±0.09a
	平均Average	16.17	18.01	16.20	17.69
CK为对照处理; FF为配施生物有机肥处理; SS为掺黄河泥沙处理; SF为配施生物有机肥+掺黄河泥沙处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。CK: control treatment; FF: biological organic fertilizer application; SS: mixing Yellow River sediment; SF: combined application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level.

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表2不同处理盐碱地冬小麦的不同时期群体源生产能力
Table2.Dry matter production capacity of winter wheat in different growth periods in saline alkali soil under different treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	群体源生产能力Dry matter production capacity of population (kg·hm-2)			DCA/DCW (%)
		全生育期(DCW) Whole growth period	开花前 Before anthesis	开花后(DCA) After anthesis
2015—2016	CK	9 699.84±687.63c	4 624.41±137.53c	5 075.43±213.21ac	52.32±3.32a
	FF	12 296.26±583.21b	5 808.91±131.63b	6 487.35±192.18a	52.76±1.21a
	SS	10 312.65±464.24b	4 986.42±120.52b	5 326.23±181.82b	51.65±2.24b
	SF	12 816.33±300.46a	6 455.30±100.24a	6 361.12±131.21a	49.63±1.88b
2016—2017	CK	8 967.39±482.32b	4 307.98±233.13c	4 659.41±168.73bc	51.96±2.21a
	FF	11 452.05±464.25ab	5 497.67±161.72b	5 954.38±156.42c	51.99±1.00a
	SS	9 772.90±531.21b	4 772.78±200.40b	5 000.12±300.21b	51.16±0.89ab
	SF	12 289.64±601.23b	6 141.52±171.81a	6 148.12±192.20a	50.03±1.54b
2017—2018	CK	7 910.08±510.62c	3 761.44±255.12c	4 148.63±171.42c	52.45±3.11ab
	FF	8 949.29±397.24b	4 324.06±197.20b	4 625.23±79.62ab	51.68±1.56a
	SS	9 071.68±395.71ab	4 376.52±183.34b	4 695.16±131.88b	51.76±2.43ab
	SF	10 519.83±488.98a	5 243.57±192.23a	5 276.26±149.25a	50.16±0.88a
CK为对照处理, FF为配施生物有机肥处理, SS为掺黄河泥沙处理, SF为配施生物有机肥+掺黄河泥沙处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。CK: control treatment; FF: biological organic fertilizer application; SS: mixing Yellow River sediment; SF: combined application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level.

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表3不同处理盐碱地冬小麦的群体库指标
Table3.Population sink indexes of winter wheat in saline alkali soil under different treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (106 spike·hm-2)	总粒数 Total grain number (104 grain·hm-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	最大潜在库容 Potential sink storage capacity (kg·hm-2)	有效库容量 Effective sink storage capacity (kg·hm-2)
2015—2016	CK	3.75±0.34b	8.82±0.05	45.19±0.32b	5 324.1±301.7c	3 985.58±287.24c
	FF	4.35±0.43a	11.18±0.04	45.57±0.23b	6 612.5±177.6b	5 095.68±119.26a
	SS	3.90±0.36b	9.50±0.06	47.34±0.41a	6 630.5±285.4b	4 499.10±207.14b
	SF	4.65±0.42a	11.78±0.03	46.72±0.36ab	7 850.4±407.2a	5 503.10±118.43a
2016—2017	CK	3.53±0.33b	8.15±0.04	42.12±0.28c	4 892.1±336.1c	3 430.93±206.56c
	FF	4.02±0.31a	10.25±0.04	44.71±0.33b	5 773.5±187.1b	4 584.43±176.48b
	SS	3.85±0.67b	9.27±0.09	46.62±0.62a	5 841.9±297.5b	4 322.75±230.72b
	SF	4.33±0.21a	10.95±0.03	45.86±0.17ab	6 717.6±116.4a	5 023.32±114.24a
2017—2018	CK	3.31±0.36b	8.09±0.05	42.07±0.34bc	4 870.5±314.8c	3 396.88±197.76c
	FF	4.04±0.36b	8.95±0.04	41.42±0.32b	5 954.6±222.1b	3 706.00±146.34ab
	SS	3.73±0.38b	8.57±0.06	45.83±0.31a	6 256.9±274.7b	3 925.01±217.37b
	SF	4.29±0.34a	9.88±0.04	45.46±0.24a	6 877.7±121.7a	4 485.70±122.03a
CK为对照处理, FF为配施生物有机肥处理, SS为掺黄河泥沙处理, SF为配施生物有机肥+掺黄河泥沙处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。CK: control treatment; FF: biological organic fertilizer application; SS: mixing Yellow River sediment; SF: combined application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level.

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表4不同处理下盐碱地冬小麦的源库关系
Table4.Source-sink relationship of winter wheat in saline alkali soil under different treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	茎鞘物质输出率 Export rate of stem and sheath matter (%)	开花后源生产能力的转化率 Conversion rate of leaf source production capacity after anthesis (%)	粒叶比 Grain leaf ratio (grains·cm-2)	经济系数 Economic coefficient
2015—2016	CK	3 988.23±83.93c	23.14±0.62b	78.58±1.23c	0.37±0.01a	0.41±0.01a
	FF	5 127.61±115.42ab	22.88±0.38b	79.04±0.97b	0.40±0.02a	0.42±0.02a
	SS	4 456.92±96.70b	25.93±0.17a	83.68±1.26a	0.39±0.00a	0.43±0.02a
	SF	5 449.52±102.72a	25.73±0.46b	85.67±0.89ab	0.41±0.03a	0.43±0.03a
2016—2017	CK	3 535.24±69.21c	22.56±1.04b	79.89±1.54b	0.34±0.02a	0.42±0.01a
	FF	4 796.31±33.82ab	22.17±0.73b	80.55±0.79a	0.36±0.01a	0.42±0.02a
	SS	4 274.13±67.54b	24.68±0.56a	85.48±0.83a	0.35±0.03a	0.44±0.03a
	SF	5 354.42±97.23a	24.51±0.47a	87.09±0.64a	0.38±0.02a	0.44±0.02a
2017—2018	CK	3 317.77±72.61c	25.43±0.87b	79.97±1.29b	0.34±0.01a	0.42±0.01a
	FF	3 704.65±65.66ab	26.44±0.58b	80.10±0.84a	0.32±0.00a	0.41±0.03a
	SS	3 922.81±63.54b	27.19±0.41a	83.55±1.11a	0.32±0.02a	0.43±0.02a
	SF	4 483.25±96.82a	26.93±0.49a	84.97±0.82a	0.35±0.00a	0.43±0.03a
CK为对照处理, FF为配施生物有机肥处理, SS为掺黄河泥沙处理, SF为配施生物有机肥+掺黄河泥沙处理。同列不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。CK: control treatment; FF: biological organic fertilizer application; SS: mixing Yellow River sediment; SF: combined application of biological organic fertilizer and Yellow River sediment. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level.

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表5盐碱地冬小麦源库各特征因素间的相关系数(2016年)
Table5.Correlation coefficients between the components of sink and source of winter wheat in saline alkali soil in 2016

测定项目 Measuring item		有效库容量 Effective sink storage capacity	千粒重 1 000-grain weight	总穗数 Total ears number	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	穗粒重 Grain weight per ear
光合势 Leaf area duration	开花前Before anthesis	0.979 1*	0.085 5	0.996 5**	0.982 2*	0.681 2
	开花后After anthesis	0.961 2*	0.114 4	0.984 6*	0.962 3*	0.647 2
	全生育期Whole growth period	0.971 8*	0.098 3	0.992 5**	0.974 1*	0.667 3
源生产能力 Productive capacity of leaf source	开花前Before anthesis	0.853 2	0.530 4	0.781 3	0.791 2	0.233 1
	开花后After anthesis	0.584 4	0.593 2	0.677 4	0.667 3	0.902 8
	全生育期Whole growth period	0.984 3*	0.266 3	0.953 4*	0.958 4*	0.536 7
产量构成因素 Yield components	最大潜在库容Potential sink storage capacity	0.903 3	0.521 4	0.854 3	0.848 5	0.283 9
	有效库容量Effective sink storage capacity	1.000 0**	0.117 8	0.991 6**	0.994 6**	0.663 8
	穗粒重Grain weight per spike	0.664 2	0.662 9	0.712 2	0.743 3	1.000 0**
	粒叶比Gain leaf ratio.	0.697 3	0.701 2	0.607 3	0.614 2	0.014 9
**和*分别表示极显著(P < 0.01)和显著(P < 0.05)相关。** and * indicate significant correlation at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.

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