王选1,
张西群2,
刘泽龙1,
赵浩1,
赵占轻1,
张玉铭1,
孙宏勇1,
马林1,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.河北省农业机械化研究所有限公司 石家庄 050022
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划2018YFC0213300
国家自然基金项目31872403
国家自然基金项目31801943
中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS)项目KFJ-STS-ZDTP-053
大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目DQGG0208
中国科学院重点部署项目ZDRW-ZS-2016-5
中国科学院****项目ZDRW-ZS-2016-5
河北省****基金项目D2017503023
河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目HBCT2018120206
详细信息
作者简介:李硕, 主要研究方向为农业生态学与养分资源管理。E-mail:lishuo@sjziam.ac.cn
通讯作者:马林, 主要研究方向为农业生态学与养分资源管理。E-mail:malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:S143.1计量
文章访问数:687
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-02-28
录用日期:2019-05-20
刊出日期:2019-10-01
Effects of swine slurry application on ammonia emission, nitrogen utilization and apparent balance of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system
LI Shuo1,,WANG Xuan1,
ZHANG Xiqun2,
LIU Zelong1,
ZHAO Hao1,
ZHAO Zhanqing1,
ZHANG Yuming1,
SUN Hongyong1,
MA Lin1,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. Hebei Agricultural Mechanization Institute Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the National Key R & D Program of China2018YFC0213300
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31872403
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31801943
the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of SciencesKFJ-STS-ZDTP-053
the National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control of ChinaDQGG0208
the 100-Talent Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences,ZDRW-ZS-2016-5
the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy SciencesZDRW-ZS-2016-5
the Distinguished Young Scientists Project of Natural Science Foundation of HebeiD2017503023
the Hebei Dairy Cattle Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research SystemHBCT2018120206
More Information
Corresponding author:MA Lin, E-mail:malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:规模化生猪养殖废弃物已成为当前重要污染来源, 为有效解决猪场废水所引发面源污染问题, 有必要开展将其替代矿物氮肥(作为肥水)施用于农田的探索。以华北平原高度集约化玉米-小麦一年两熟轮作体系为对象, 通过田间小区试验, 定量研究猪场肥水施用对作物产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用效率、土壤矿质氮累积、氨挥发损失及轮作体系氮素表观平衡的影响。试验包括7个处理：不施肥对照(CK)、尿素表施(CK1)、尿素注射施用(CK2)、猪场肥水替代25%尿素氮表施(25% WB)、猪场肥水替代50%尿素氮表施(50% WB)、猪场肥水替代25%尿素氮注射施用(25% WI)和猪场肥水替代50%尿素氮注射施用(50% WI)。猪场肥水作为基肥施用。结果表明, 与CK相比, 施用尿素和猪场肥水均可显著提高玉米、小麦产量和籽粒氮吸收量, 其中25% WI最高, 50% WI次之。与尿素表施相比, 尿素注射施用、猪场肥水表施和注射施用均可明显提高氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观利用率, 且肥水注射施用最高, 肥水表施次之, 而25% WI和50% WI之间无显著差异。与不施肥处理相比, 施用尿素和猪场肥水0~100 cm土体矿质氮残留量显著增加50.8%~87.9%, 其中50% WB、25% WI和50% WI无显著差异。与尿素表施相比, 尿素注射施用、肥水表施和注射施用均可显著降低玉米和小麦基肥期土壤氨损失总量, 降幅分别为26.5%~48.6%和11.4%~29.1%；同时, 肥水表施和注射施用下轮作体统氮盈余显著降低7.6%~16.0%, 其中25% WI降幅最高, 但与50% WI无显著差异。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用和环境效应, 猪场肥水替代25%和50%尿素氮注射施用是该区玉米-小麦轮作农田猪场肥水最佳施用方式。
关键词:玉米-小麦轮作农田/
猪场肥水/
注射施用/
氨排放/
氮素利用/
氮素表观平衡
Abstract:With the development of intensive swine production in China, large amounts of slurry are produced, which causes nitrogen and phosphorus loss and serious non-point pollution. A potentially efficient way to solve these environmental problems is to substitute mineral fertilizer with swine slurry in intensive maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) double-cropping rotation systems, which could promote the development of sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry. A field experiment was performed with swine slurry application in a maize-wheat double-cropping rotation system in the North China Plain. The study included the following seven treatments with three replications:zero-N control (CK); urea broadcast (CK1); urea injection (CK2); swine slurry as a substitute for 25% urea-N broadcast (25%WB), 50% urea-N broadcast (50%WB), 25% urea-N injection (25%WI), and 50% urea-N injection (50%WI). Swine slurry was applied to the soil before maize and wheat seeding. Compared with the CK, the application of urea and swine slurry significantly improved maize and wheat grain yield and N uptake, with the greatest effect seen in the 25%WI, followed by the 50%WI. Compared with the CK1, the N agronomic efficiency, N partial productivity, and apparent N recovery rate under treatments of urea injection and swine slurry broadcast and injection were significantly improved. The greatest improvement was seen in treatments of swine slurry injection, followed by treatments of swine slurry broadcast, but no significant difference was found between the 25%WI and 50%WI treatments. Compared with CK, the application of urea and swine slurry significantly improved nitrate accumulation. The increase in inorganic nitrogen ranged from 50.8%-87.9% throughout the 0-100 cm soil profile after maize harvest. No significant difference in nitrate accumulation was found among the 50%WB, 25%WI, and 50%WI treatments. Compared with CK1, swine slurry broadcast and urea and swine slurry injection significantly reduced the total amount of ammonia loss during the seeding period of maize and wheat, with reductions ranging from 26.5% to 48.6% and 11.4% to 29.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, swine slurry broadcast and injection significantly reduced N surplus from 7.6% to 16.0%, with the biggest difference found in the 25%WI treatments. However, no significant difference was found between the 25%WI and 50%WI treatments. In view of the yield, nitrogen utilization, and environmental benefits, swine slurry as a substitute for 25% and 50% urea-N injection were reasonable methods of swine slurry application in the intensive summer maize-winter wheat double-cropping rotation field.
Key words:Maize-wheat rotation field/
Swine slurry/
Injection/
Ammonia emission/
Nitrogen utilization/
Nitrogen apparent balance
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图1不同猪场肥水施用处理下玉米基肥期(A)和追肥期(B)的氨排放速率
施肥后同天不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure1.Temporal variation of NH3 volatilization after basal fertilization (A) and top-dressing (B) in maize growth period under different swine slurry application treatments
Different lowercase letters at the same day after fertilization indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同猪场肥水施用处理下小麦基肥期(A)和追肥期(B)的氨排放速率
施肥后同天不同小写字母表示不同施肥处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Temporal variation of NH3 volatilization after basal fertilization (A) and top-dressing (B) in wheat growth period under different swine slurry application treatments
Different lowercase letters at the same day after fertilization indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3不同猪场肥水施用处理下玉米(A)和小麦(B)收获后0~180 cm土壤剖面NO3–-N分布
Figure3.Soil NO3–-N contents in 0–180 cm at harvest seasons of maize (A) and wheat (B) under different swine slurry application treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同处理的玉米和小麦生长期氮素施用类型、施用量和施用方法
Table1.Resources, rates of applied nitrogen and application methods during maize-wheat rotation period in different treatments of the experiment
| 处理 Treatment | 玉米生育期Maize growth period | 小麦生育期Wheat growth period | |||||||
| 猪场肥水氮 Swine slurry-N [kg(N)?hm–2] | 尿素氮 Urea-N [kg(N)?hm–2] | 共计 Total [kg(N)?hm–2] | 施用方式 Application method | 尿素氮 Urea-N [kg(N)?hm–2] | 猪场肥水氮 Swine slurry-N [kg(N)?hm–2] | 共计 Total [kg(N)?hm–2] | 施用方式 Application method | ||
| CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| CK1 | 0 | 240 | 240 | 表施Broadcast | 0 | 180 | 180 | 表施Broadcast | |
| CK2 | 0 | 240 | 240 | 注射Injection | 0 | 180 | 180 | 注射Injection | |
| 25%WB | 60 | 180 | 240 | 表施Broadcast | 45 | 135 | 180 | 表施Broadcast | |
| 50%WB | 120 | 120 | 240 | 表施Broadcast | 90 | 90 | 180 | 表施Broadcast | |
| 25%WI | 60 | 180 | 240 | 注射Injection | 45 | 135 | 180 | 注射Injection | |
| 50%WI | 120 | 120 | 240 | 注射Injection | 90 | 90 | 180 | 注射Injection | |
下载: 导出CSV表2不同猪场肥水施用处理对玉米和小麦籽粒产量的影响
Table2.Effects of different swine slurry application treatments on grain yields of maize and wheat
| 处理 Treatment | 玉米Maize | 小麦Wheat | |||||
| 籽粒产量 Grain yield (Mg?hm–2) | 增幅 Increase (%) | 相对增幅 Relative increase (%) | 籽粒产量 Grain yield (Mg?hm–2) | 增幅 Increase (%) | 相对增幅 Relative increase (%) | ||
| CK | 6.53± 0.19e | 5.59±0.02e | |||||
| CK1 | 7.57±0.46d | 15.9 | 5.81±0.07d | 3.9 | |||
| CK2 | 7.97±0.49cd | 22.0 | 5.3 | 5.92±0.20d | 6.0 | 2.0 | |
| 25%WB | 8.82±0.33bc | 35.0 | 16.5 | 6.40±0.07c | 14.6 | 10.2 | |
| 50%WB | 9.26±0.67ab | 41.6 | 22.3 | 6.47±0.05bc | 15.8 | 11.5 | |
| 25%WI | 10.07±0.12a | 54.1 | 33.0 | 6.74±0.05a | 20.5 | 16.0 | |
| 50%WI | 10.02±0.32a | 53.4 | 32.4 | 6.69±0.11ab | 19.6 | 15.1 | |
| 相对增幅为各处理相对于CK1的增幅。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。The relative increase is the increase as to CK1. Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同猪场肥水施用处理对玉米和小麦地上部生物量的影响
Table3.Effects of different swine slurry application treatments on shoot biomasses of maize and wheat
| 处理 Treatment | 玉米Maize | 小麦Wheat | |||||
| 地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (Mg?hm–2) | 增幅 Increase (%) | 相对增幅 Relative increase (%) | 地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (Mg?hm–2) | 增幅 Increase (%) | 相对增幅 Relative increase (%) | ||
| CK | 14.92±0.24c | 11.54±0.02d | |||||
| CK1 | 17.80±1.14bc | 19.3 | 11.97±0.10cd | 3.7 | |||
| CK2 | 19.01±0.41b | 27.4 | 6.8 | 12.11±0.72bcd | 5.0 | 1.2 | |
| 25%WB | 19.91±0.40ab | 33.5 | 11.9 | 12.95±0.10ab | 12.2 | 8.2 | |
| 50%WB | 20.72±0.55ab | 38.9 | 16.4 | 12.74±0.61abc | 10.4 | 6.4 | |
| 25%WI | 23.14±0.14a | 55.1 | 30.0 | 13.47±0.42a | 16.8 | 12.5 | |
| 50%WI | 23.12±0.41a | 55.0 | 29.9 | 13.56±0.14a | 17.5 | 13.3 | |
| 相对增幅:各处理相对于CK1的增幅。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。The relative increase is the increase as to CK1. Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4不同猪场肥水施用处理对玉米和小麦氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率的影响
Table4.Effects of different swine slurry application treatments on N uptake and utilization in a maize-wheat rotation succession
| 处理 Treatment | 玉米生育期Maize period | 小麦生育期Wheat period | |||||||||
| 籽粒氮吸收 Grain N uptake (kg?kg–1) | 地上部氮吸收 Aboveground N uptake (kg?kg–1) | NAE (kg?kg–1) | NPE (kg?kg–1) | ANR (%) | 籽粒氮吸收 Grain N uptake (kg?kg–1) | 地上部氮吸收 Aboveground N uptake (kg?kg–1) | NAE (kg?kg–1) | NPE (kg?kg–1) | ANR (%) | ||
| CK | 77.98±1.95e | 130.20±0.25d | — | — | — | 132.09±1.04c | 172.95±1.16d | — | — | — | |
| CK1 | 94.64±5.30d | 175.84±1.14c | 4.32±1.96d | 31.54±1.90c | 19.02±3.86c | 142.10± 1.21b | 185.28±1.34c | 1.22±0.40d | 32.27±0.40d | 6.85±0.75d | |
| CK2 | 103.08±5.76cd | 184.98±0.41c | 5.98±2.04cd | 33.20±2.04bc | 22.83±2.75bc | 148.03±6.79b | 190.93±5.45c | 1.85±1.13d | 32.90±1.13d | 9.99±3.03d | |
| 25%WB | 108.72±4.34c | 194.67±0.40bc | 9.52±1.39bc | 36.74±1.39abc | 26.86±10.29b | 158.75±2.13a | 203.20±1.94b | 4.53±0.40c | 35.57±0.40c | 16.81±1.08c | |
| 50%WB | 122.48±8.50b | 226.40±0.55ab | 11.34±2.77ab | 38.56±2.77abc | 40.09±14.36a | 160.05±1.03a | 203.98±3.87b | 4.92±0.29bc | 35.97±0.29bc | 17.24±2.15bc | |
| 25%WI | 134.63±2.00a | 246.77±0.14a | 14.72±0.50a | 41.95±0.51a | 48.57±4.60a | 165.47±3.52a | 213.20±5.33a | 6.37±0.29a | 37.42±0.29a | 22.36±2.96a | |
| 50%WI | 133.29±5.89ab | 246.17±0.41a | 14.54±1.33a | 41.76±1.33a | 48.32±3.88a | 164.81±2.99a | 212.48±4.07a | 6.10±0.62ab | 37.15±0.62ab | 21.96±2.26ab | |
| NAE:氮肥农学效率; NPE:氮肥偏生产力; ANR:氮肥表观利用率。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。NAE: N agronomic efficiency; NPE: N partial productivity; ANR: apparent N recovery rate. Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05. | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5玉米、小麦基肥和追肥期不同猪场肥水施用处理对氨挥发及其排放因子的影响
Table5.Amount of NH3 volatilization and the proportion of applied N lost as NH3 volatilization at basal fertilization and top-dressing stages in maize and wheat growth periods under different swine slurry application treatments
| 作物 Crop | 处理 Treatment | 氨挥发 NH3 volatilization [kg(N)?hm–2?d–1] | 排放因子 N lost as NH3 volatilization of the applied N (%) | |||||
| 基肥期 Basal fertilization | 追肥期 Top-dressing | 共计 Total | 基肥期 Basal fertilization | 追肥期 Top-dressing | 共计 Total | |||
| 玉米 Maize | CK | 2.62±0.06d | 1.86±0.15b | 4.48±0.12d | ||||
| CK1 | 8.52±0.62a | 19.44±0.08a | 27.96±0.66a | 4.92 | 14.65 | 9.78 | ||
| CK2 | 5.29±0.68bc | 20.24±1.24a | 25.54±1.57abc | 2.23 | 15.32 | 8.77 | ||
| 25%WB | 5.56±0.55bc | 20.35±1.06a | 25.91±1.35ab | 2.45 | 15.41 | 8.93 | ||
| 50%WB | 6.27±1.26b | 20.18±0.57a | 26.45±1.82ab | 3.04 | 15.27 | 9.15 | ||
| 25%WI | 5.23±0.73bc | 19.49±0.76a | 24.72±1.26bc | 2.17 | 14.69 | 8.43 | ||
| 50%WI | 4.38±0.47c | 18.95±0.02a | 23.33±0.48c | 1.46 | 14.24 | 7.85 | ||
| 小麦 Wheat | CK | 1.16±0.05f | 1.31±0.13b | 2.47±0.11e | ||||
| CK1 | 11.88±0.16a | 8.80±0.14a | 20.68±0.23a | 11.91 | 8.33 | 10.12 | ||
| CK2 | 10.21±0.45bc | 8.47±0.14a | 18.69±0.57bc | 10.06 | 7.96 | 9.01 | ||
| 25%WB | 9.44±0.15d | 8.69±0.19a | 18.13±0.31c | 9.20 | 8.21 | 8.70 | ||
| 50%WB | 10.52±0.22b | 8.62±0.12a | 19.15±0.31b | 10.40 | 8.13 | 9.27 | ||
| 25%WI | 9.95±0.16c | 8.58±0.23a | 18.53±0.35bc | 9.76 | 8.08 | 8.92 | ||
| 50%WI | 8.43±0.23e | 8.79±0.11a | 17.22±0.26d | 8.08 | 8.32 | 8.20 | ||
| 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表6不同猪场肥水施用处理下玉米-小麦轮作周期内土壤(0~100 cm)-作物系统氮素表观平衡
Table6.Apparent N balance in soil (0-100 cm)-crop system in a maize-wheat cropping rotation succession under different swine slurry application treatments
| kg(N)?hm–2 | ||||||||
| 氮素收支N budget | CK | CK1 | CK2 | 25%WB | 50%WB | 25%WI | 50%WI | |
| 氮输入 N input | 肥料氮Fertilizer N | 0.0 | 420.0 | 420.0 | 420.0 | 420.0 | 420.0 | 420.0 |
| 种子Seeds N | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |
| 大气沉降Deposition N | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | |
| 灌溉Irrigation N | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | |
| 起始矿质氮Initial Nmin | 197.8 | 197.8 | 197.8 | 197.8 | 197.8 | 197.8 | 197.8 | |
| 秸秆氮Straw N | 95.1 | 124.1 | 124.8 | 128.8 | 146.8 | 155.0 | 155.8 | |
| 总输入Total input | 335.4 | 784.4 | 785.1 | 789.1 | 807.1 | 815.3 | 816.1 | |
| 氮输出 N output | 作物吸收Crop uptake N | 303.1±9.7d | 361.1±9.7c | 375.9±11.4c | 397.9±23.6b | 430.4±37.7a | 460.0±7.1a | 458.6±12.9a |
| 残留Nmin Residual N min | 155.2±7.0d | 233.9±27.2c | 263.6±21.5abc | 264.8±13.2abc | 291.6±10.62a | 272.3±4.0ab | 255.9±9.7bc | |
| 氨挥发损失NH3-loss N | 6.9±0.1d | 48.6±0.7a | 44.2±1.1b | 44.0±1.4b | 45.6±2.1b | 43.2±0.9b | 40.5±0.3c | |
| 其他形式氮损失Other N loss | -129.9±16.6d | 140.7±33.2a | 101.4±31.0ab | 82.4±37.1bc | 39.6±25.9c | 39.8±3.8c | 61.0±8.5bc | |
| 氮素盈余N surplus | 32.3±9.7e | 423.3±9.6a | 409.2±11.4ab | 391.3±23.6bc | 376.7±37.7cd | 355.3±7.1d | 357.4±12.9 d | |
| Nmin:矿质氮。同行不同小写字母表示不同施肥处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Nmin: mineral nitrogen. Different lowercase letters within the same row indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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