荫蔽栽培与亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡生长和冠层结构的影响

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韩志慧^1,,
郝琨^{2, 3},
刘小刚^1,,,
何红艳⁴,
刘利华^{2, 3},
杨启良¹
1.昆明理工大学现代农业工程学院昆明 650500
2.西安理工大学水利水电学院西安 710048
3.省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室西安 710048
4.云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所保山 678025
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目51469010
国家自然科学基金项目51979133
国家自然科学基金项目51769010
云南省应用基础研究项目2014FB130

详细信息

作者简介:韩志慧, 主要从事节水灌溉理论与新技术研究。E-mail:zhihuiim@126.com

通讯作者:刘小刚, 主要从事节水灌溉理论与新技术研究。E-mail:liuxiaogangjy@126.com

中图分类号:S571.2;S275.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-11-11
录用日期:2019-01-25
刊出日期:2019-10-01

Effects of shade cultivation and deficit irrigation on the growth and canopy structure of Coffea arabica L. in dry-hot region

HAN Zhihui^1,,
HAO Kun^{2, 3},
LIU Xiaogang^1,,,
HE Hongyan⁴,
LIU Lihua^{2, 3},
YANG Qiliang¹
1. Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
2. Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an 710048, China
4. Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops In-stitute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 678025, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China51469010
the National Natural Science Foundation of China51979133
the National Natural Science Foundation of China51769010
the Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province2014FB130

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Corresponding author:LIU Xiaogang, E-mail: liuxiaogangjy@126.com

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摘要
摘要:干热区小粒咖啡水、光管理粗放，高效生产受到限制。通过大田试验，采用完全组合设计，设3个灌水水平[充分灌水（FI）、轻度亏缺灌水（DI_L）和重度亏缺灌水（DI_S）]和4个荫蔽栽培模式[无荫蔽（S₀）：单作咖啡；轻度荫蔽（S_L）：4行咖啡间作1行香蕉；中度荫蔽（S_M）：3行咖啡间作1行香蕉；重度荫蔽（S_S）：2行咖啡间作1行香蕉]，研究香蕉荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡生长和冠层结构的影响。结果表明：与FI相比，其余灌水处理的株高增量和新梢长度分别减少13.62%~23.94%和8.82%~13.96%，总定点因子增加9.55%~34.97%。与S₀相比，其余荫蔽处理的株高增量、茎粗增量、冠幅增量、新梢长度和叶面积指数分别增加18.33%~33.65%、6.43%~15.47%、5.38%~12.60%、8.82%~24.69%和5.18%~22.85%，冠层开度、林隙分数、平均叶倾角、总定点因子和透光率分别减少4.42%~15.50%、4.85%~16.49%、5.50%~15.07%、13.78%~41.44%和10.36%~31.78%。相关分析表明，冠层开度、林隙分数、平均叶倾角、直接定点因子、间接定点因子、总定点因子、冠下直接辐射、冠下间接辐射、透光率和消光系数相互之间均呈显著正相关，且分别与冠层叶面积指数呈显著负相关。聚类分析表明，当类间距离为5时，可将12个处理分为3类，FIS_S、DI_LS_S和FIS_M处理为第1类，FIS_L、DI_LS_L、DI_LS_M、DI_SS_S、FIS₀和DI_SS_M处理为第2类，DI_LS₀、DI_SS_L和DI_SS₀处理为第3类。其中第1类的生长状况最佳，可作为干热区小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的优选组合。该结果可为干热区小粒咖啡水光管理提供理论指导。
关键词:小粒咖啡/
荫蔽栽培模式/
亏缺灌溉/
冠层结构/
聚类分析
Abstract:Highly efficient production of Coffea arabica L. is limited due to irrigation and light management challenges in dry-hot regions. To investigate the effects of an irrigation deficit on the growth and canopy structure of C. arabica under the shade of banana plants, a field experiment was performed using different irrigation levels and shade cultivation modes. A complete combination design was adopted, with three levels of irrigation, i.e. full irrigation (FI), light-deficit irrigation (DI_L) and severe deficit irrigation (DI_S), and four modes of shade cultivation, i.e. no shade cultivation (S₀:monoculture C. arabica), light shade cultivation (S_L:intercropping of four lines of C. arabica and one line of banana), moderate shade cultivation (S_M:intercropping of three lines of C. arabica and one line of banana) and severe shade cultivation (S_S:intercropping of two lines of C. arabica and one line of banana). Compared with FI treatment, other treatments of irrigation decreased the height increment and shoot length by 13.62%-23.94% and 8.82%-13.96%, respectively, and increased the total fixed-point factor by 9.55%-34.97%. Compared with S₀ treatment, other shading cultivation treatments increased the height increment, stem diameter increment, crown width increment, shoot length, and leaf area index of the canopy by 18.33%-33.65%, 6.43%-15.47%, 5.38%-12.60%, 8.82%-24.69% and 5.18%-22.85%, respectively; and decreased the opening, gap fraction, mean leaf dip angle, total fixed-point factor and transmittance of the canopy by 4.42%-15.50%, 4.85%-16.49%, 5.50%-15.07%, 13.78%-41.44% and 10.36%-31.78%, respectively. The opening, gap fraction, mean leaf dip angle, direct fixed-point factor, indirect fixed-point factor, total fixed-point factor, direct radiation of the crown, indirect radiation of the crown, transmittance, and extinction coefficient of the C. arabica canopy were significantly positively correlated with each other and were significantly negatively correlated with leaf area index. Cluster analysis indicated that the twelve treatments could be divided into three categories. The first category was FIS_S, DI_LS_S and FIS_M; the second category was FIS_L, DI_LS_L, DI_LS_M, DI_SS_S, FIS₀ and DI_SS_M; and the third category was DI_LS₀, DI_SS_L and DI_SS₀, when the distances between classes was five. It was clear that the best growth condition was the first category, which can be used as a suitable combination of irrigation and banana shade cultivation mode for C. arabica in dry-hot regions. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for the irrigation and light management of C. arabica in dry-hot regions.
Key words:Coffea arabica/
Shade cultivation modes/
Deficit irrigation/
Canopy structure/
Cluster analysis

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图1荫蔽栽培与亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡冠层透光率和消光系数的影响
FI、DI_L和DI_S分别表示充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水, S₀、S_L、S_M和S_S分别表示无荫蔽栽培、轻度荫蔽栽培、中度荫蔽栽培和重度荫蔽栽培。不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平下差异显著。
Figure1.Effects of shade cultivation and deficit irrigation on light transmittance and extinction coefficient of Coffea arabica L. canopy
FI, DI_L and DI_S mean full irrigation, light deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, respectively. S₀, S_L, S_M and S_S mean no shade cultivation, light shade cultivation, moderate shade cultivation and severe shade cultivation, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.

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图2小粒咖啡冠层结构参数的聚类分析谱系
FI、DI_L和DI_S分别表示充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水, S₀、S_L、S_M和S_S分别表示无荫蔽栽培、轻度荫蔽栽培、中度荫蔽栽培和重度荫蔽栽培。
Figure2.Cluster dendrogram of eleven indicators of Coffea arabica L. canopy
FI, DI_L and DI_S mean full irrigation, light deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, respectively. S₀, S_L, S_M and S_S mean no shade cultivation, light shade cultivation, moderate shade cultivation and severe shade cultivation, respectively.

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表1荫蔽栽培与亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡生长的影响
Table1.Effects of shade cultivation and deficit irrigation on growth of Coffea arabica L.

灌水水平 Irrigation level (I)	荫蔽栽培模式 Shade cultivation mode (S)	株高增量 Height increment (cm)	茎粗增量 Stem diameter increment (mm)	冠幅增量 Crown width increment (cm)	新梢长度 New twig length (cm)
FI	S₀	23.95±1.11efg	9.99±0.10d	20.88±1.59bc	15.82±0.81efg
	S_L	30.50±1.26b	10.38±0.25c	21.70±0.55abc	17.13±0.75cd
	S_M	32.15±2.12b	10.78±0.08b	22.58±0.83ab	18.76±0.91ab
	S_S	34.33±1.06a	11.18±0.15a	23.00±1.36a	19.34±0.37a
DI_L	S₀	22.85±0.68g	9.43±0.17e	20.28±1.27cd	14.41±1.12h
	S_L	25.35±1.74ef	10.08±0.13d	21.25±0.99abc	15.40±0.40fgh
	S_M	27.75±1.26cd	10.44±0.10c	22.18±0.81ab	16.96±0.39cde
	S_S	28.50±0.85c	10.80±0.14b	22.65±0.81ab	18.01±0.78bc
DI_S	S₀	19.63±1.40h	8.54±0.14f	18.75±0.89d	13.31±1.12i
	S_L	22.75±1.80g	9.30±0.06e	20.18±1.05cd	14.84±0.73gh
	S_M	23.65±1.06fg	9.96±0.17d	21.15±1.3bc	16.05±0.75def
	S_S	25.95±0.75de	10.31±0.12c	21.80±1.07abc	16.93±0.38cde
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value)
I		119.665^**	223.869^**	8.958^**	44.089^**
S		69.132^**	229.614^**	12.604^**	52.889^**
I×S		3.325^*	4.597^**	0.143	0.172
数据为平均值±标准差(n=4), 同列数据后不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平下差异显著, 表示5%显著水平, 表示1%显著水平。FI、DI_L和DI_S分别表示充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水, S₀、S_L、S_M和S_S分别表示无荫蔽栽培、轻度荫蔽栽培、中度荫蔽栽培和重度荫蔽栽培。Data are expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation, n=4). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level. means significance at 5%, ** means significance at 1%. FI, DI_L and DI_S mean full irrigation, light deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, respectively. S₀, S_L, S_M and S_S mean no shade cultivation, light shade cultivation, moderate shade cultivation and severe shade cultivation, respectively.

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表2荫蔽栽培与亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡冠层结构参数的影响
Table2.Effects of shade cultivation and deficit irrigation on indicators of major indicators of Coffea arabica L. canopy

灌水水平 Irrigation level (I)	荫蔽栽培模式 Shadecultivation mode (S)	Op (%)	GF (%)	LAI	MLDA (°)	DFPF (%)	IFPF (%)	TFPF (%)	DRC (mol?m^-2?d^-1)	IRC (mol?m^-2?d^-1)
FI	S₀	9.74±0.18b	11.76±0.19cd	4.10±0.06fg	9.63±0.17bc	5.52±0.70bc	5.82±0.72bcde	6.06±0.29cd	2.26±0.08b	0.31±0.01ab
	S_L	9.28±0.09c	11.38±0.11def	4.35±0.07e	9.20±0.18cde	5.44±0.19c	4.78±1.22ef	5.15±0.08efg	1.94±0.10cd	0.28±0.04ab
	S_M	8.72±0.10d	10.38±0.17h	4.86±0.08b	8.55±0.17fg	4.14±0.52de	4.60±0.67f	4.34±0.37h	1.66±0.07f	0.27±0.03ab
	S_S	7.96±0.15f	9.63±0.15i	5.15±0.06a	8.23±0.26g	3.43±0.57e	4.98±0.40def	3.49±0.13i	1.41±0.02g	0.27±0.03ab
DI_L	S₀	9.88±0.08b	12.02±0.22c	4.11±0.05fg	9.78±0.28b	6.38±0.54b	6.73±0.82ab	6.46±0.49c	2.26±0.06b	0.31±0.01a
	S_L	9.30±0.41c	11.22±0.47efg	4.39±0.28de	9.30±0.36cd	5.73±0.99bc	5.37±1.01cdef	5.25±0.65ef	1.89±0.28cde	0.30±0.01ab
	S_M	8.95±0.38d	10.86±0.64g	4.70±0.37bc	8.83±0.55ef	5.11±0.73c	5.55±0.58cdef	4.64±0.60gh	1.77±0.24def	0.27±0.03ab
	S_S	8.38±0.23e	10.15±0.09h	5.08±0.06a	8.33±0.17g	3.68±0.24e	4.45±0.40f	3.78±0.19i	1.47±0.03g	0.27±0.03b
DI_S	S₀	10.31±0.12a	13.03±0.14a	3.87±0.05h	10.63±0.40a	7.49±0.34a	7.12±0.72a	8.05±0.45a	2.49±0.05a	0.31±0.02a
	S_L	10.04±0.03ab	12.44±0.15b	3.96±0.03gh	9.88±0.38b	7.28±0.82a	6.26±0.82abc	7.34±0.21b	2.40±0.02ab	0.31±0.02a
	S_M	9.43±0.12c	11.47±0.24de	4.27±0.13ef	9.43±0.15bc	5.28±0.25c	6.12±0.49abcd	5.53±0.33de	2.05±0.10c	0.29±0.04ab
	S_S	8.96±0.05d	10.97±0.27fg	4.60±0.09cd	8.95±0.19def	4.86±0.51cd	4.88±0.49ef	4.78±0.25fgh	1.73±0.03ef	0.28±0.05ab
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value)
I		61.746^**	76.955^**	41.801^**	34.224^**	30.732^**	8.184^**	89.860^**	40.550^**	1.633
S		133.012^**	116.566^**	88.697^**	57.906^**	46.886^**	12.173^**	129.925^**	95.095^**	5.350^**
I×S		1.291	1.508	1.364	0.337	1.246	1.387	2.689^*	1.426	0.344
数据为平均值±标准差(n=4), 同列数据后不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平下差异显著, 表示5%显著水平, 表示1%显著水平。FI、DI_L和DI_S分别表示充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水, S₀、S_L、S_M和S_S分别表示无荫蔽栽培、轻度荫蔽栽培、中度荫蔽栽培和重度荫蔽栽培。Op、GF、LAI、MLDA、DFPF、IFPF、TFPF、DRC和IRC分别表示开度、林隙分数、叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、直接定点因子、间接定点因子、总定点因子、冠下直接辐射和冠下间接辐射。Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n=4). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level. means significance at 5%, ** means significance at 1%. FI, DI_L and DI_S mean full irrigation, light deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, respectively. S₀, S_L, S_M and S_S mean no shade cultivation, light shade cultivation, moderate shade cultivation and severe shade cultivation, respectively. Op, GF, LAI, MLDA, DFPF, IFPF, TFPF, DRC and IRC mean opening, gap fraction, leaf area index, mean leaf dip angle, direct fixed-point factor, indirect fixed-point factor, total fixed-point factor, direct radiation of the crown and indirect radiation of the crown, respectively.

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表3小粒咖啡冠层结构参数的相关分析
Table3.Correlation coefficient matrix of major indicators of Coffea arabica L. canopy

	Op	GF	LAI	MLDA	DFPF	IFPF	TFPF	DRC	IRC	Tr	EC
Op	1.000
GF	0.975^**	1.000
LAI	-0.972^**	-0.961^**	1.000
MLDA	0.923^**	0.941^**	-0.932^**	1.000
DFPF	0.891^**	0.910^**	-0.880^**	0.865^**	1.000
IFPF	0.688^**	0.684^**	-0.667^**	0.694^**	0.677^**	1.000
TFPF	0.960^**	0.974^**	-0.934^**	0.931^**	0.920^**	0.696^**	1.000
DRC	0.973^**	0.963^**	-0.975^**	0.934^**	0.871^**	0.707^**	0.956^**	1.000
IRC	0.497^**	0.499^**	-0.502^**	0.493^**	0.503^**	0.435^*	0.536^**	0.455^*	1.000
Tr	0.975^**	0.965^**	-0.977^**	0.937^**	0.878^**	0.715^**	0.962^**	0.997^**	0.519^**	1.000
EC	0.917^**	0.918^**	-0.973^**	0.897^**	0.853^**	0.596^**	0.877^**	0.906^**	0.465^*	0.908^**	1.000
Op、GF、LAI、MLDA、DFPF、IFPF、TFPF、DRC、IRC、Tr和EC分别表示开度、林隙分数、叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、直接定点因子、间接定点因子、总定点因子、冠下直接辐射、冠下间接辐射、透光率和消光系数。、分别表示在0.05、0.01水平上显著相关。Op, GF, LAI, MLDA, DFPF, IFPF, TFPF, DRC and IRC mean opening, gap fraction, leaf area index, mean leaf dip angle, direct fixed-point factor, indirect fixed-point factor, total fixed-point factor, direct radiation of the crown, indirect radiation of the crown, transmittance and extinction coefficient, respectively. and ** mean significant correlation at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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