稻虾共作模式氮和磷循环特征及平衡状况

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佀国涵^{1, 2,},
袁家富^{1, 2,,},
彭成林^{1, 2},
夏贤格²,
程建平³,
徐祥玉^{1, 2},
贾平安⁴,
谢媛圆¹,
周剑雄¹
1.湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所武汉 430064
2.农业农村部废弃物肥料化利用重点实验室武汉 430064
3.湖北省农业科学院粮食作物研究所武汉 430064
4.潜江市农技推广中心潜江 433199
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0301305
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0301400
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0200807
湖北省农业科学院重大研发成果培育项目2017CGPY01

详细信息

作者简介:佀国涵, 主要从事土壤肥力与养分循环方面的研究。E-mail:siguoh@qq.com

通讯作者:袁家富, 主要从事植物营养与土壤保育方面研究。E-mail:fu1682@sina.com

中图分类号:S181

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-01-31
录用日期:2019-03-27
刊出日期:2019-09-01

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling characteristics and balance of the integrated rice-crayfish system

SI Guohan^{1, 2,},
YUAN Jiafu^{1, 2,,},
PENG Chenglin^{1, 2},
XIA Xiange²,
CHENG Jianping³,
XU Xiangyu^{1, 2},
JIA Ping'an⁴,
XIE Yuanyuan¹,
ZHOU Jianxiong¹
1. Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
2. Key Laboratory of Fertilizer Resource Utilization in Wastes, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, China
3. Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
4. Qianjiang Agro-Technology Extension Center, Qianjiang 433199, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFD0301305
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0301400
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0200807
the Scientific and Technological Achievements Cultivation Project of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences of China2017CGPY01

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Corresponding author:YUAN Jiafu, E-mail: fu1682@sina.com

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摘要
摘要:稻虾共作模式是我国长江中下游地区一种新兴的稻田复合种养生态模式，研究稻虾共作系统中氮（N）和磷（P）的循环特征及盈亏状况，对合理调控稻虾共作系统养分循环和平衡，指导系统N和P优化管理具有重要的意义。本文通过田间试验，采用投入产出法，以中稻单作模式作为对照，研究了稻虾共作模式下N和P的循环特征及平衡状况。结果表明：克氏原螯虾子系统N和P的输出/输入比分别为0.62和0.44，且子系统中N和P以饲料输入最大，占总输入的92.9%和96.4%，以成虾N和P输出最大，分别占总输出的53.3%和59.5%；在目前投入水平下，两种模式土壤子系统中N和P表观平衡均出现盈余，且稻虾共作模式土壤子系统N的盈余量高于中稻单作模式，而P的盈余量则低于中稻单作模式；稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于1，且稻虾共作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于中稻单作模式；稻虾共作模式增加了土壤截存的N和P量，其土壤截存的N和P量较中稻单作模式分别提高49.2 kg·hm^-2和9.1 kg·hm^-2；稻虾共作模式提高了系统N和P表观损失量，其系统N和P表观损失量较中稻单作模式分别提高10.2 kg·hm^-2和1.0 kg·hm^-2。可见稻虾共作模式降低了N和P输出/输入比，促进了土壤中N和P的累积，但增加了系统N和P表观损失量。
关键词:稻虾共作模式/
养分循环/
养分平衡/
氮磷
Abstract:The integrated rice-crayfish system is an emerging complex ecological system of planting and breeding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The study of N and P cycling characteristics and the profit and loss status of N and P in the integrated rice-crayfish system is of great significance to rationally regulate the nutrient cycling and balancing of the integrated rice-crayfish system and guide the optimal management of the N and P. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to study the cycling characteristics and apparent balance of N and P under the integrated rice-crayfish system using an input-output method, with the rice monoculture system as the control. The results showed that the output/input ratios of N and P in the crayfish subsystem were 0.62 and 0.44, respectively. Inside the crayfish subsystem, the N and P were the largest in the feed input, accounting for 92.9% and 96.4% of the total input, respectively; the output of adult crayfish N and P was the largest, accounting for 53.3% and 59.5% of the total output, respectively. Under the current input levels, the apparent balance of both N and P in the soil subsystems of the two systems were in surplus, and the surplus of N in the soil subsystem of the integrated rice-crayfish system was higher than that of the rice monoculture system, while the surplus of P was lower than that of the rice monoculture system. The N and P output/input ratios of the integrated rice-crayfish system and the rice monoculture system were both less than 1, and the N and P output/input ratio of the integrated rice-crayfish system were less than that of the rice monoculture system. The integrated rice-crayfish system increased the amount of N and P in sequestered soil, and the N and P levels in sequestered soil of the integrated rice-crayfish system were higher than those of the rice monoculture system by 49.2 kg·hm^-2 and 9.1 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The integrated rice-crayfish system increased the apparent loss of N and P in the system, and the apparent losses of N and P of the integrated rice-crayfish system were higher than those of the rice monoculture system by 10.2 kg·hm^-2 and 1.0 kg·hm^-2, respectively. It can be seen that the integrated rice-crayfish system reduces the output/input ratio of N and P and promotes the accumulation of N and P in the soil but increases the apparent loss of N and P in the system.
Key words:Integrated rice-crayfish system/
Nutrient cycling/
Nutrient balance/
Nitrogen and phosphorus

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图1稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的田间试验布局图
Figure1.Layout diagrams of field tests of integrated rice-crayfish system and rice monoculture system

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图2稻虾共作模式示意图
Figure2.Diagram for the integrated rice-crayfish system

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图3稻虾共作模式(A)和中稻单作模式(B)农田系统边界及循环模式
*表示未考虑其输出N。
Figure3.Farmland system boundaries and circulation models of integrated rice-crayfish system (A) and rice monoculture system (B)
* means that nitrogen was not included.

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表1稻虾共作模式中克氏原螯虾子系统N和P循环与平衡状况
Table1.N and P cycle and balance of crayfish subsystem of integrated rice-crayfish system

	输入Input (kg·hm^-2)			输出Output (kg·hm^-2)				输出/输入 Output/input
	幼虾 Juvenile crayfish	饲料 Feed	合计 Total	成虾 Adult crayfish	虾壳 Crayfish shell	排泄物 Crayfish excretion	合计 Total	输出/输入 Output/input
N	6.0	79.0	85.0	27.9	10.4	14.0	52.3	0.62
P	0.7	18.6	19.3	5.0	1.8	1.6	8.4	0.44

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表2稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的土壤子系统N和P循环
Table2.N, P cycle and balance of soil subsystem of integrated rice-crayfish system and rice monoculture system

	系统System	输入Input (kg·hm^-2)						输出Output (kg·hm^-2)							表观平衡 Apparent balance (kg·hm^-2)
	系统System	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	水稻秧苗 Rice seedling	降雨 Rainfall	虾壳 Crayfish shell	灌溉水 Irrigation	合计 Total	水稻根系 Rice root	水稻秸秆 Rice straws	水稻籽粒 Rice seed	杂草 Weed	NH₃	N₂O	合计Total	表观平衡 Apparent balance (kg·hm^-2)
N	CR	180.0	2.9	30.5	10.4	30.0	253.8	11.9	57.4	102.6	—	10.7	1.3	183.9	69.9
	MR	180.0	2.9	30.5	—	23.3	236.7	9.9	55.3	97.2	9.8	11.7	1.3	185.2	51.5
P	CR	39.3	0.1	2.0	1.8	2.5	45.7	1.6	8.1	30.4	—	—	—	40.1	5.6
	MR	39.3	0.1	2.0	—	2.8	44.2	1.2	7.7	26.5	2.7	—	—	38.1	6.1
CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system.

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表3稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式中水稻植株的氮、磷吸收量
Table3.N and P uptake of rice plant of integrated rice-crayfish system and rice monoculture system

器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	全氮含量 Total N content (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量 Total P content (g·kg^-1)	氮吸收量 N uptake (kg·hm^-2)	磷吸收量 P uptake (kg·hm^-2)
籽粒 Grain	CR	6 799.0±611.9a	15.1±1.3a	4.5±0.4a	102.6±9.2a	30.4±2.6a
籽粒 Grain	MR	6 561.0±623.3a	14.8±1.4a	4.0±0.4a	97.2±9.2a	26.5±2.5a
秸秆 Straw	CR	7 608.6±738.0a	7.5±0.8a	1.1±0.1a	57.4±5.6a	8.1±1.0a
秸秆 Straw	MR	7 234.8±795.8a	7.6±0.6a	1.1±0.1a	55.3±6.1a	7.7±1.0a
根系 Root	CR	1 440.8±172.9a	8.3±1.1a	1.1±0.1a	11.9±1.4a	1.6±0.1a
根系 Root	MR	1 379.6±165.6a	7.2±0.9a	0.9±0.1b	9.9±1.2a	1.2±0.1b
CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。同列数据同一器官不同字母表示两种模式间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Values of the same organ in a column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% level.

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表4稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的N循环与平衡状况
Table4.N cycle and balance of integrated rice-crayfish system and rice monoculture system

项目Item		CR	MR
输入 Input [kg(N)·hm^-2]	化肥Chemical fertilizer	180.0	180.0
	水稻秧苗Rice seedling	2.9	2.9
	饲料Feed	79.0	—
	降雨Rainfall	30.5	30.5
	幼虾Juvenile crayfish	6.0	—
	灌溉水Irrigation water	30.0	23.3
	合计Total	328.4	236.7
输出 Output [kg(N)·hm^-2]	水稻籽粒Rice seed	102.6	97.2
	成虾Adult crayfish	27.9	—
	NH ₃	10.7	11.7
	N ₂O	1.3	1.3
	合计Total	142.5	110.2
循环量 Circulation content [kg(N)·hm^-2]	水稻根系Rice root	11.9	9.9
	水稻秸秆Rice straw	57.4	55.3
	杂草Weed	—	9.8
	虾壳Crayfish shell	10.4	—
	合计Total	79.7	75.0
土壤截存N量Soil N sequestration [kg(N)·hm^-2]		166.7	117.5
N表观损失量Apparent loss of N [kg(N)·hm^-2]		19.2	9.0
输出/输入Output/input		0.43	0.47
CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system.

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表5稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的P循环与平衡状况
Table5.P cycle and balance of integrated rice-crayfish system and rice monoculture system

项目Item		CR	MR
输入 Input [kg(P)·hm^-2]	化肥Chemical fertilizer	39.3	39.3
	水稻秧苗Rice seedling	0.1	0.1
	饲料Feed	18.6	—
	降雨Rainfall	2.0	2.0
	幼虾Juvenile crayfish	0.7	—
	灌溉水Irrigation	2.5	2.8
	合计Total	63.2	44.2
输出 Output [kg(P)·hm^-2]	水稻籽粒Rice seed	30.4	26.5
	成虾Adult crayfish	5.0	—
	合计Total	35.4	26.5
循环量 Return [kg(P)·hm^-2]	水稻根系Rice root	1.6	1.2
	水稻秸秆Rice straw	8.1	7.7
	杂草Weed	—	2.7
	虾壳Crayfish shell	1.8	—
	合计Total	11.5	11.6
土壤截存P量Soil P sequestration [kg(P)·hm^-2]		26.2	17.1
P表观损失量Apparent loss of P [kg(P)·hm^-2]		1.6	0.6
输出/输入Output/input		0.56	0.60
CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system.

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