刘培,
邵宇婷,
王志国,
唐艺玲,
王建武^,
农业农村部华南热带农业环境重点实验室/广东省生态循环农业重点实验室/广东省现代生态循环农业工程中心/华南农业大学资源环境学院 广州 510642
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31770556

详细信息

作者简介:刘培, 主要从事甜玉米//大豆间作体系优化研究。E-mail:2326147321@qq.com

通讯作者:王建武, 主要从事循环农业和转基因作物安全方面的研究。E-mail:wangjw@scau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S344.2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-02-22
录用日期:2019-04-01
刊出日期:2019-09-01

Effect of nitrogen reduction on yield stability of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system in South China

LIU Pei,
SHAO Yuting,
WANG Zhiguo,
TANG Yiling,
WANG Jianwu^,
Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture/Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31770556

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Corresponding author:WANG Jianwu, E-mail: wangjw@scau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:在广东省广州市华南农业大学试验中心，通过大田定位试验（2013年秋-2017年秋5年9季）对比了两种施氮水平[减量施氮（300 kg·hm^-2，N1）和常规施氮（360 kg·hm^-2，N2）]、4种种植模式[甜玉米单作（SS）、甜玉米//大豆2：3间作（S2B3）、甜玉米//大豆2：4间作（S2B4）、大豆单作（SB）]的甜玉米、大豆及系统产量的动态变化，采用W²（Wricke's ecovalence，生态价值指数）、变异系数（CV）和可持续指数（SYI）评价了产量的时间稳定性，旨在为华南地区一年2熟制甜玉米产区地力保育和绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明：1）各处理甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量呈现明显的生产季节动态变化，不同年季、种植模式对甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量均有极显著影响，施氮水平仅显著影响甜玉米的产量。2）所有间作处理甜玉米的相对产量均高于单作，间作系统的实际产量损失指数（AYLs）均大于零，表明甜玉米//大豆间作能稳定地保持间作优势且显著提高了土地利用效率。3）不同处理甜玉米产量的W²、CV和SYI均没有显著差异，但单作大豆的W²值显著高于间作，单作大豆的产量稳定性低于间作大豆。种植模式对系统总产量稳定性有显著影响，且间作大豆提高了其稳定性。4）间作大豆显著提高了土壤地力贡献率，S2B3和S2B4的平均地力贡献率分别为75.07%和74.27%，比SS分别高30.29和29.47个百分点。5）与单作甜玉米相比，9季甜玉米//大豆间作显著提高了土壤pH，缓解了长期大量施氮导致的土壤酸化对地力的影响。连续减量施氮没有影响甜玉米//大豆间作系统土壤有机质和全量养分含量，300 kg·hm^-2的施氮量能够满足甜玉米和大豆对氮素的需要。减量施氮与间作大豆是华南甜玉米产区资源高效利用、系统产量稳定的可持续绿色生产模式。
关键词:减量施氮/
甜玉米//大豆间作/
产量稳定性/
土壤地力贡献率/
肥料贡献率/
绿色生产模式
Abstract:The increasing demand for fresh sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata) in southern China has prioritized the need to find solutions to the environmental pollution caused by its continuous production and excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers. A promising method for improving crop production and environmental conditions is to intercrop sweet maize with legumes and to reduce nitrogen fertilization. In this paper, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center of South China Agriculture University for a total of 9 cropping season in five years (2013-2017) to investigate the dynamic changes of maize//soybean intercropping and system yields in sweet maize farmlands in South China under two nitrogen levels[reduced nitrogen dose of 300 kg·hm^-2 (N1) and conventional nitrogen dose of 360 kg·hm^-2 (N2)] and four cropping patterns[sole sweet maize (SS), sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratios of 2:3 (S2B3) and 2:4 (S2B4), sole soybean (SB)]. This study analyzed the dynamic change of land equivalent ratio and actual yield loss index, and evaluated the stability of system yield by W² (Wricke's ecovalence), CV (coefficient of variation) and SYI (sustainability index), and aimed to explore the effects of reduced nitrogen application on the time stability of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system in South China. Results showed that:1) the yields of sweet maize, soybean, and the total system under different treatments showed obvious seasonal dynamic changes and were significantly affected by cropping and planting patterns. Nitrogen application levels only significantly affected the yield of sweet maize. 2) The relative yield of sweet maize under all intercropping treatments was higher than that under monocropping, and the actual yield loss index (AYLs) of the intercropping system was greater than zero, indicating that sweet maize//soybean intercropping could maintain the intercropping advantage stably and significantly improving land use efficiency. 3) There were no significant differences in W², CV and SYI of sweet maize among different treatments, but the W²value of monocropping soybean was significantly higher than that of the intercropping patterns, and the yield stability of monocropping soybean was lower than that of intercropping soybean. Planting pattern had a significant effect on the stability of the total yield of the system, and intercropping soybean increased the stability of the total yield of the system. 4) Nitrogen fixation of intercropping soybean significantly increased the soil fertility contribution rate. The soil fertility contribution rate of S2B3 and S2B4 were 75.07% and 74.27%, respectively, which were 30.29 and 29.47 percentage points higher than that of SS, respectively. 5) Compared with monocropping sweet maize, sweet maize//soybean intercropping in 9 seasons significantly increased soil pH and alleviated the effect of soil acidification induced by a large amount of nitrogen application on soil fertility for a long time. The soil organic matter and total nutrient content in the sweet maize//soybean intercropping system were not affected by continuous reduced nitrogen application, and 300 kg·hm^-2 could meet the needs of sweet maize and soybean for nitrogen. Reducing nitrogen application and intercropping soybean are sustainable and green production models for efficient utilization of resources and stable system yield in sweet maize producing areas in South China.
Key words:Reduced nitrogen application/
Sweet maize//soybean intercropping/
Yield stability/
Soil fertility contribution rate/
Fertilizer contribution rate/
Green production model

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图12013—2017年试验区月降雨量(mm)和月平均温度(℃)
Figure1.Monthly rainfall (mm) and monthly average temperature (℃) from 2013 to 2017 in the study area


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图22013—2017年不同处理下甜玉米//大豆间作系统的甜玉米(A)、大豆(B)和系统总产量(C)
SS:甜玉米单作; S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; SB:大豆单作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。
Figure2.Sweet maize (A), soybean (B) and total (C) yields of sweet maize//soybean intercropping systems under different treatments from 2013 to 2017
SS: sole sweet maize; S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; SB: sole soybean; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm^-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm^-2.


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图32013—2017年各处理下甜玉米//大豆间作物系统的实际产量损失指数和土地当量比
S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。不同小写字母表示相同季节不同处理之间差异显著(Duncan法, P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Actual yield loss (AYL) index and land equivalent ratio (LER) of different treatments of sweet maize//soybean intercropping systems from 2013 to 2017
S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm^-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm^-2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments during the same crop season at 0.05 level.


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图42016—2017年各处理甜玉米//大豆间作系统的土壤地力贡献率(A)与肥料贡献率(B)
SS:甜玉米单作; S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。
Figure4.Soil fertility contribution rate and fertilizer contribution rate of different treatments of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system in 2016-2017
SS: sole sweet maize; S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm^-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm^-2.


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图52016—2017年各处理甜玉米//大豆间作系统的平均肥料贡献率
SS:甜玉米单作; S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。柱形图上不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(Duncan法, P < 0.05)。
Figure5.Averaged fertilizer contribution rates of different treatments of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system in 2016-2017
SS: sole sweet maize; S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm^-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm^-2. Different lowercase letters in the bars indicate significant differences among treatments (Duncan's multiple range test, P < 0.05).


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表12013—2017年各处理下甜玉米//大豆间作物系统中甜玉米、大豆和系统产量3因素方差分析
Table1.Three factors anova of variance for sweet maize, soybean and system yields of sweet maize//soybean intercropping systems during 2013-2017

变异来源 Sources of variation	甜玉米产量Sweet maize yield			大豆产量Soybean yield			系统总产量Total yields
	df	F		df	F		df	F
年季(S) Season	8	126.31***		8	102.493***		8	145.124***
种植模式(C) Cropping system	2	1 155.714***		1	26.643***		2	165.376***
施氮水平(N) Nitrogen rate	1	3.165*		1	0.187		1	0.085
S x C	16	3.987***		8	1.898		16	12.798***
S x N	8	0.677		8	0.719		8	0.597
C x N	2	0.365		1	0.061		2	0.007
S x C x N	16	0.518		8	0.398		16	0.413
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001.

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表22013—2017年各处理甜玉米//大豆间作系统的甜玉米、大豆和系统平均产量及产量稳定性分析
Table2.Yields and yield stability analysis of sweet maize, soybean and system of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system in 2013-2017

项目 Item	处理 Treatment	平均产量 Average yield (g·m-2)	W2	CV	SYI
甜玉米 Sweet maize	SS-N1	1 458.01±21.36a	59 058.72±14 226.43a	0.15±0.01a	0.70±0.02a
	SS-N2	1 465.23±7.11a	49 173.47±34 634.47a	0.14±0.02a	0.71±0.03a
	S2B3-N1	1 028.40±8.80b	32 619.94±7 714.11a	0.16±0.01a	0.67±0.03a
	S2B3-N2	1 046.83±6.40b	35 472.55±11 065.80a	0.17±0.01a	0.63±0.02a
	S2B4-N1	872.99±4.54c	31 526.87±7 201.25a	0.14±0.00a	0.71±0.01a
	S2B4-N2	901.24±5.10c	36 695.23±4 573.20a	0.15±0.01a	0.66±0.01a
大豆Soybean	S2B3-N1	925.18±33.41c	240 018.66±80 589.90bc	0.40±0.00ab	0.36±0.01a
	S2B3-N2	918.62±37.33c	159 848.76±13 378.19c	0.45±0.03a	0.32±0.03a
	S2B4-N1	1 118.15±25.30b	187 595.90±12 721.16c	0.41±0.02a	0.35±0.03a
	S2B4-N2	1 094.09±24.66b	373 320.85±79 119.20b	0.47±0.03a	0.31±0.05a
	SB	2 050.44±23.37a	932 332.24±52 727.71a	0.32±0.02b	0.41±0.02a
系统合计System total	SS-N1	1 458.01±21.36c	829 473.24±79 234.47ab	0.15±0.01d	0.70±0.02a
	SS-N2	1 465.23±7.11c	759 126.67±12 117.10ab	0.14±0.02d	0.71±0.03a
	S2B3-N1	1 953.58±30.37b	180 680.78±36 099.10c	0.24±0.01c	0.54±0.02b
	S2B3-N2	1 965.44±30.98b	212 720.77±45 027.59c	0.26±0.01bc	0.50±0.03bc
	S2B4-N1	1 991.14±20.82ab	297 393.72±85 027.91c	0.27±0.01bc	0.49±0.03bc
	S2B4-N2	1 995.33±26.00ab	654 911.29±179 568.71b	0.30±0.03ab	0.47±0.06bc
	SB	2 050.44±23.37a	1 052 659.53±120 618.58a	0.32±0.02a	0.41±0.02d
SS:甜玉米单作; S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; SB:大豆单作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。W2: Wricke’s生态价值; SYI:产量可持续指数; CV:变异系数。数值为均值±标准误, 同列同一项目数据不同小写字母代表不同处理之间差异显著(Duncan法, P < 0.05)。SS: sole sweet maize; S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; SB: sole soybean; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm-2. W2: Wricke’s ecovalence; SYI: sustainable yield index; CV: coefficient of variation. Values are mean ± standard error. Different lowercase letters in the same column of the same item indicate significant differences among treatments (Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05).

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表32017年秋季成熟期各处理对甜玉米//大豆间作系统土壤养分含量的影响
Table3.Effects of treatments on the soil nutrients contents of sweet maize//soybean intercropping system at harvest stage in autumn of 2017

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Orgnic matter (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg-1)	全钾 Total potassium (g·kg-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline nitrogen (mg·kg-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (g·kg-1)
SS-N1	4.95±0.13b	14.14±0.49a	0.72±0.04a	0.95±0.05a	19.80±1.84a	141.32±21.17a	122.33±10.81ab	324.35±35.74a
SS-N2	5.06±0.02b	14.65±0.70a	0.78±0.03a	1.09±0.03a	19.04±2.26a	137.31±32.61a	125.93±2.58a	333.71±24.97a
S2B3-N1	5.64±0.06a	14.36±0.39a	0.72±0.04a	1.04±0.03a	20.38±2.31a	114.71±16.76a	97.27±3.10b	281.47±47.87ab
S2B3-N2	5.48±0.12a	15.45±0.24a	0.77±0.04a	1.00±0.02a	19.10±1.25a	114.00±11.59a	113.73±11.24ab	254.95±39.01ab
S2B4-N1	5.59±0.16a	15.35±0.17a	0.75±0.02a	1.02±0.03a	19.58±1.69a	132.16±18.02a	103.57±8.84ab	250.38±14.67ab
S2B4-N2	5.48±0.05a	14.51±1.43a	0.76±0.06a	1.00±0.11a	19.10±1.22a	114.81±10.42a	106.57±12.58ab	216.49±33.71b
SS:甜玉米单作; S2B3:甜玉米//大豆2:3间作; S2B4:甜玉米//大豆2:4间作; N1:减量施氮; N2:常规施氮。数值为均值±标准误, 同列数据不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(Duncan法, P < 0.05)。SS: sole sweet maize; S2B3: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:3; S2B4: sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratio of 2:4; N1: reduced nitrogen dose, 300 kg·hm-2; N2: conventional nitrogen dose, 360 kg·hm-2. Values are mean ± standard error. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05).

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