高承芳^1,,
黄颖²,
张晓佩¹,
罗旭辉^3,,,
陈恩³,
李文杨¹,
翁伯琦³
1.福建省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 福州 350013
2.福建省农业科学院农业经济与科技信息研究所 福州 350003
3.福建省农业科学院农业生态研究所/福建省红壤山地农业生态过程重点实验室 350013 福州
基金项目: 中央引导地方科技发展专项2016L3004
福建省农业科学院科技创新团队项目STIT2017-3-8
福建省农业科学院科技创新团队项目STIT2017-1-9

详细信息

作者简介:高承芳, 主要从事牧草营养与畜牧利用方面研究。E-mail:gaochengfang602@163.com

通讯作者:罗旭辉, 主要从事水土保持与农业面源污染防控技术研究。E-mail:xuhui22203@163.com

中图分类号:S7

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-03-27
录用日期:2018-08-13
刊出日期:2018-12-01

Emergy analysis of chicken breeding modes under low-efficient Pinus massoniana forests

GAO Chengfang^1,,
HUANG Ying²,
ZHANG Xiaopei¹,
LUO Xuhui^3,,,
CHEN En³,
LI Wenyang¹,
WENG Boqi³
1. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Economic and Technological Information, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
3. Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process in Fujian Province Red Soils, Fuzhou 350013, China
Funds: the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects of China2016L3004
the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesSTIT2017-3-8
the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesSTIT2017-1-9

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Corresponding author:LUO Xuhui, E-mail:xuhui22203@163.com

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摘要
摘要:马尾松低效林是红壤侵蚀区典型植被类型。林下种草养鸡则是林下种草与林下养鸡的耦合新模式，既能解决马尾松林下水土流失问题，又能提高经济效益，实现生态种养循环，驱动水土流失治理。为科学评价马尾松低效林林下种草养鸡模式的生态经济效益，本文应用能值分析法，测评福建省长汀县三洲镇垌坝村传统林下养鸡（对照）、林下种草养鸡两种模式的能值自给率、能值投资率、净能值产出率、环境负载率、可持续发展指数和能值反馈率。结果表明，传统林下养鸡模式的能值自给率、能值投资率、净能值产出率、环境负载率、可持续发展指数和能值反馈率分别为0.860、0.166、2.125、3.380、0.629和0.026，林下种草养鸡模式上述指标值分别为0.400、1.510、0.870、1.370、0.635和0.290。林下种草养鸡模式的能值投资率、可持续发展指数比对照提高1.344和0.006个单位，显示更强的经济活力；能值自给率、环境负载率比对照下降0.460、2.010个单位，显示更低的环境负载。林下种草养鸡模式的净能值产出率低于对照1.255个单位，而能值反馈率高出对照0.264个单位。总体而言，林下种草养鸡耦合模式经济活力更强，环境负载更低，符合脆弱区林下经济发展趋势。侵蚀区土壤结构性差，限制了从系统外导入的化肥在循环系统中功能的发挥，导致系统净能值产出率、能值反馈率较低，这为该模式的优化指明了方向。
关键词:红壤侵蚀区/
马尾松低效林/
水土流失/
林下经济/
种草养鸡/
能值分析
Abstract:Pinus massoniana forest is a typical low-efficient vegetation type in eroded red-soil areas. Ecological breeding of chicken under forest is a new mode that includes traditional raising chicken under forest and grass planting underneath. This model can reduce soil erosion in P. massoniana forests and improve economic performance. To evaluate ecological and economic benefits of ecological breeding of chicken under P. massoniana forest, this paper used emergy analysis method to evaluate self-sufficiency, investment value, net emergy output, environmental load rate, sustainable development index and emergy feedback rate of traditional chicken breeding mode (CK) and ecological chicken breeding mode (ECB) under P. massoniana forests in Tongba Village, Sanzhou Town and Changting County. The results showed that self-sufficiency, investment value, net emergy output, environmental load rate, sustainable development index, and emergy feedback rate of CK were respectively 0.860, 0.166, 2.125, 3.380, 0.629 and 0.026. Then those of ECB were respectively 0.400, 1.510, 0.870, 1.370, 0.635 and 0.290. The values of investment and sustainable development indexes of ECB increased respectively by 1.344 and 0.006 over those of CK, showing stronger economic vitality. The self-sufficiency and environmental load rate of ECB reduced respectively by 0.460 and 2.010 compared with CK, showing lower environment stress. Net emergy output was lower by 1.255 units and emergy feedback rate higher by 0.264 units over CK. Input-output ratio of CK was 0.30, and that of ECB was 0.53, resulting in high emergy self-sufficiency. Net energy output rate and environmental load of ECB were lower than those under CK, while emergy investment rate and sustainable development index were higher. In general, ecological chicken breeding under forest had stronger economic vitality and lower environment stress, and consequently, was consistent with the trend of economic development in vulnerable forest areas. Poor soil structure in soil erosion areas limited the functions of chemical fertilizer in the circulatory system. This led to low net emergy output and emergy feedback rate. This result was indicative for the optimization of forestry economy modes.
Key words:Red-soil erosion zone/
Low-efficient Pinus massoniana forest/
Water and soil loss/
Forestry economy/
Ecological chicken breeding/
Emergy analysis

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图1林下种草养鸡耦合模式能量流动
Figure1.Emergy flow of ecological chicken breeding mode under Pinus massoniana forest


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图2林下养殖河田鸡(传统养殖)模式的能值流动图
Figure2.Emergy flow of traditional chicken breeding mode under Pinus massoniana forest


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表1马尾松林下2种养鸡模式的能值投入
Table1.Energy inputs of 2 chicken breeding modes under Pinus massoniana forest

投入 Input	原始数据 Primary data		能值转换率 Emergy conversion rate (sej·g-1, sej·J-1 or seg·￥-1)	太阳能值 Solar energy (sej)			占总投入的比例 Proportion of total input (%)
	传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest		传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest		传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest
可更新环境资源(R) Renewable natural resources				1.40E+16	1.40E+16		14.60	24.30
??太阳能Solar energy	5.96E+14 J	5.96E+14J	1.00E+00	5.96E+14	5.96E+14		0.73	1.36
??雨水化学能 Rainfall chemical energy	4.68E+11 J	4.68E+11 J	1.54E+04	7.21E+15	7.21E+15		8.88	16.42
??雨水势能 Rainfall potential energy	4.76E+11 J	4.76E+11 J	8.89E+03	4.23E+15	4.23E+15		5.21	9.64
??地球转动能 Earth rotation energy	6.67E+10 J	6.67E+10 J	2.90E+04	1.93E+15	1.93E+15		2.38	4.40
不可更新环境资源(N) Nonrenewable natural resources				6.79E+16	9.21E+15		71.10	16.00
??表层土损耗能 Energy loss of surface soil	1.07E+12 J	1.44E+11 J	6.35E+04	6.79E+16	9.14E+15		83.62	20.82
生产用水 Production water	5.00E+08 g	8.00E+08 g	8.99E+04	4.50E+13	7.19E+13		0.06	0.16
工业辅助能(F) Nonrenewable natural resources				5.84E+15	2.48E+16		6.10	43.10
??电力Electricity	—	2.88E+09 J	1.60E+05[44]	—	4.61E+14		—	1.05
??氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer	—	3.00E+06 g	3.80E+09[44]	—	1.14E+16		—	25.97
??复合肥Compound fertilizer	—	3.00E+06 g	2.80E+09[44]	—	8.40E+15		—	19.13
??疫苗Vaccine	2.60E+03 ￥	2.60E+03 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	4.39E+14	4.39E+14		0.54	1.00
??饲料Feeds	2.50E+04 ￥	1.75E+04 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	4.23E+15	2.96E+15		5.20	6.74
??鸡舍Pheasantry	6.96E+03 ￥	6.96E+03 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	1.18E+15	1.18E+15		1.45	2.68
可更新有机能(R1) Renewable organic energy				7.81E+15	1.03E+16		8.20	17.90
??劳力Labor	6.36E+08 J	7.41E+08 J	1.02E+ 07	6.49E+15	7.56E+15		7.99	17.22
??鸡苗Baby chickens	7.83E+03 ￥	7.83E+03 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	1.32E+15	1.32E+15		1.63	3.02
??种子Seeds	—	1.16E+03 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	—	1.96 E+14		—	0.35
??牧草种苗 Grass seedlings	—	7.25E+03 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	—	1.23E+15		—	2.79
系统反馈能(R0) Feedback energy				3.53E+14	4.79E+14
??牧草Pasture	—	7.50E+02 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	—	1.26E+14		—	0.29
??鸡粪Chicken manure	2.09E+03 ￥	2.09E+02 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	3.53E+14	3.53E+14		0.43	0.80
总投入能值(T) Total energy input				9.55E+16	5.75E+16		100.00	100.00
??表层土损耗能[47]＝耕地面积×土壤侵蚀率×单位质量土壤的有机质含量×有机质能量(有机质能量2.26 E+4 J·g-1, 两种模式的土壤侵蚀率分别为890 t·km-2·a-1和120 t·km-2·a-1, 两种模式土壤有机质平均含量为7.97 g·kg-1)。劳力[48]＝总劳力数×工作日×热工当量。林下种草模式氮肥[48]用量450 kg·hm-2·a-1, 复合肥[45]用量为450 kg·hm-2·a-1。林下种草电力=800 kW·h×3.6 E+6 J·kW-1·h-1。传统林下养殖与林下种草养鸡两种模式的生产用水量分别为500 t·a-1和800 t·a-1。疫苗、饲料、鸡苗、种子、牧草种苗、鸡粪根据价格换算成人民币(疫苗1元·只-1·批-1, 饲料1.6元·kg-1, 鸡苗3元·只-1, 种子450元·hm-2, 牧草种苗8 250元·hm-2, 鸡粪干重400元·t-1), 林下种草养鸡模式被鸡采食的牧草按替代30%饲料换算。鸡舍建设面积400 m2, 建设成本600元·m-2, 按5年使用期折算。2014年长汀能值货币比参考方芸芸等[22]研究结果。总投入＝(R+N+F+R1)。Loss energy of topsoil[47] = cultivated area × soil erosion rate × organic matter content per unit mass of soil × organic energy (organic energy is 2.26E+4 J·g-1. The erosion rates are 890 t·km-2·a-1 and 120 t·km-2·a-1, respectively. The average organic matter content of the two models is 7.97 g·kg-1). Labor[48] = total labor × working days × thermal equivalent. Under the forest, the nitrogen fertilizer[48] dosage is 450 kg·hm-2·a-1, and the compound fertilizer[45] is 450 kg·hm-2·a-1. The undergrowth grass power = 800 kW·h×(3.6E+6) J·kW-1·h-1. The water consumptions for the production of traditional and ecological chicken breeding under forest are 500 t·a-1 and 800 t·a-1 respectively. Vaccine, feed, chick, seed, forage seedlings, chicken manure are converted into RMB (vaccine 1 ￥?batch-1, feed 1.6 ￥·kg-1, chicken 3 ￥?head-1, seed 450 ￥·hm-2, forage grass seedlings 8 250 ￥·hm-2, dry chicken manure 400 ￥·t-1). The grass of ecological chicken-breeding mode replaces 30% feed of the chickens. The henhouse is 400 m2, and the construction cost is 600 ￥·m-2, which is converted according to the 5-year service period. The energy of RMB refers to results of FANG et al[22]. The total energy input = (R + N + F + R1).

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表2马尾松林下2种养鸡模式的能值产出表
Table2.Emergy output of 2 chicken breeding modes under Pinus massoniana forest

产出 Output	原始数据Primary data		能值转换率 Emergy conversion rate (sej×g-1 or seg·￥-1)	太阳能值 Solar emergy (sej)			占总产出的比例 Proportion of total input (%)
	传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest		传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest		传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest
草地Pasture	1.5E+6 g	2.5E+ 6 g	7.78E+07	1.17E+14	1.95E+14		0.40	0.63
肉产品Meat product	1.6E+5 ￥	1.6E+5 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	2.65E+16	2.65E+16		91.70	86.00
马尾松Masson	1.4E+4 ￥	2.4E+4 ￥	1.69E+11[22]	2.33E+15	4.00E+15		8.06	13.00
总产出能值(Y) Gross output				2.89E+16	3.07E+16		100.00	100.00
??经过实地测产, 传统林下养鸡、林下种草养鸡的鲜草产量分别为1 476 kg·hm-2和2 548 kg·hm-2[46]。养殖河田鸡平均净重1.5 kg·只-1, 2014年河田鸡肉产品价格为40元·kg-1。2种模式马尾松木材蓄积净增量分别为21.24 m3·hm-2(2014年数据)和36.35 m3·hm-2(2017年数据)[46], 价格按650元·m-3计算。According to field investigation, the fresh grass yield of traditional and ecological chicken breeding under forest are 1 476 kg·hm-2 and 2 548 kg·hm-2 respectively[46]. The average net weight of chicken is 1.5 kg per head. In 2014, the price of chicken meat product was 40 ￥·kg-1. The net increase of masson (Pinus massoniana) wood storage for traditional and ecological chicken breeding under forest were 21.24 m3·hm-2 (2014 data) and 36.35 m3·hm-2 (2017 data)[46], respectively, and the price was 650 ￥·m-3.

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表3马尾松林下2种养鸡模式的能值指标
Table3.Emergy indicators of 2 chicken breeding modes under Pinus massoniana forest

能值指标 Emergy indicator	表达式 Expression	传统林下养鸡 Traditional chicken breeding under forest	林下种草养鸡 Ecological chicken breeding under forest
能值自给率(ESR) Emergy self-sufficiency ratio	(R+N)/T1)	0.860	0.400
能值投资率(EIR) Emergy investment rate	(F+R1)/(R+N)	0.166	1.510
净能值产出率(EYR) Net emergy output	Y/(F+R1)	2.125	0.870
环境负载率(ELR) Environmental load rate	(F+N)/(R+R1+R0)	3.380	1.370
可持续发展指数(ESI) Sustainable development index	EYR/ELR	0.629	0.635
能值反馈率(FYE) Emergy feedback rate	R0/(F+R1)	0.026	0.290
??1)符号的意义见表 1。1) Meanings of the letters are shown in the table 1.

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