施肥方式对水稻‘花优14’干物质积累、产量及肥料利用率的影响

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

沙之敏^1,,
陈侠桦²,
赵峥³,
史超超¹,
袁永坤⁴,
曹林奎^1,,
1.上海交通大学农业与生物学院上海 200240
2.宝山区农业推广服务中心上海 201901
3.上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所上海 201403
4.青浦区水务局上海 201700
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0801106
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目31601825
国家自然科学基金重点项目71333010

详细信息

作者简介:沙之敏, 研究方向为植物营养学与农业面源污染控制。E-mail:zhiminsha@sjtu.edu.cn

通讯作者:曹林奎, 研究方向为农业面源污染控制。E-mail:clk@sjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号:S131

计量

文章访问数:925
HTML全文浏览量:4
PDF下载量:731
被引次数:0

出版历程

收稿日期:2017-11-10
录用日期:2018-03-05
刊出日期:2018-06-01

Effect of fertilizer management on dry matter accumulation, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rice cultivar 'Huayou-14'

SHA Zhimin^1,,
CHEN Xiahua²,
ZHAO Zheng³,
SHI Chaochao¹,
YUAN Yongkun⁴,
CAO Linkui^1,,
1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2. Baoshan District Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Shanghai 201901, China
3. Eco-environmental Protection Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
4. Qingpu Water Authority, Shanghai 201700, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0801106
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31601825
the National Natural Science Foundation of China71333010

More Information

Corresponding author:CAO Linkui, E-mail:clk@sjtu.edu.cn

摘要
HTML全文
图(4)表(5)
参考文献(24)
相关文章
施引文献
资源附件(0)
访问统计

摘要
摘要:基于长期测坑定位试验，连续两年研究了不同施肥方式对上海地区高产杂交水稻‘花优14’干物质积累规律、产量和肥料利用率的影响，以期为上海地区稻田科学的养分管理提供理论依据。试验设置4个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥处理[CT，300 kg（N）·hm^-2，60 kg（P₂O₅）·hm^-2和60 kg（K₂O）·hm^-2]、有机无机配施处理（MT，与CT等氮磷钾，80%尿素+20%有机肥，磷钾不足部分以化肥补充）和单施有机肥处理（OT，与CT处理等氮量），分析了不同施肥处理下水稻干物质积累特征、产量结构、肥料利用率和经济效益的差异。结果表明，水稻生育期干物质量积累符合Logistic方程。MT年平均干物质最大积累速率达0.78 kg·hm^-2·d^-1，分别比OT和CK显著高0.17 kg·hm^-2·d^-1和0.19 kg·hm^-2·d^-1，与CT之间无显著差异。MT灌浆期同化物输入对籽粒贡献率为76.3%，与CT差异不显著，但比OT和CK处理分别显著提高9.4%和5.2%。水稻收获后，MT的年平均产量分别比CT、OT和CK处理高3.5%、15.6%和63.4%，氮素农学利用率分别较CT和OT提高9.7%和53.7%。有机肥结合化肥施用能够显著提高水稻干物质积累速率并促进花后同化产物向籽粒的输入，从而提高产量，在保证水稻经济效益的同时减少化肥投入，提高了肥料利用率，是较优的施肥方式。
关键词:水稻/
施肥方式/
有机无机配施/
干物质积累/
肥料利用率
Abstract:Rice is one of the most important crops in China. The production of rice has dramatically increased over the last 50 years due to high input of chemical fertilizers. To control the unreasonable application of fertilizers (e.g., more chemical fertilizers, less organic manure or neglect of crop growth curve), we researched the effects of fertilizer application on dry matter accumulation and yield of rice in Shanghai. The objective of the study was to explore a scientific fertilization management for high yield and high fertilizer use efficiency cultivation of rice in Shanghai. To this end, two-year (2014-2015) field Lysimeter experiment was conducted at a typical paddy rice plot in a rural suburb of Shanghai, China. The 'Huayou-14' rice cultivar, which is widely cultivated in Shanghai, was used in the experiment. A total of four treatments were investigated, including no fertilizer treatment (CK) as the control, receiving neither chemical fertilizer nor manure; sole chemical fertilizer treatment (CT) of 300 kg(N)·hm^-2 urea, 60 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 calcium superphosphate and 60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2 potassium chloride applied according to the practice of local famers in the area; sole organic fertilizer treatment (OT) of poultry manure with total N at the same rate of 300 kg(N)·hm^-2; and chemical-organic fertilizers mixture (MT) of 80% urea and 20% organic manure based on 300 kg(N)·hm^-2. The dry matter accumulation characteristics, yield, fertilizer utilization rate and profitability were analyzed for different fertilization treatments. The effects of different fertilization treatments on dry matter accumulation of rice became significant from booting stage, which was higher in MT and CT than in OT and CK. Dry matter accumulation curves of 'Huayou-14' during growth stage were simulated by Logistic equation Y=W_m/(1+ae^-bt), in which t is the days after transplanting, Y is the dry matter accumulation, W_m is the ultimate amount of dry matter. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate under MT increased respectively by 0.17 kg·hm^-2·d^-1 and 0.19 kg·hm^-2·d^-1 compared with OT and CK, but no significant difference compared with CT. Photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage contributed mainly to rice yield. The contribution rate of photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage to yield under MT was 76.3%, which was 9.4% and 5.2% higher than that under OT and CK, but had no significant difference from that under CT. At harvest, rice yield increased respectively by 15.6% and 63.4% under MT compared with OT and CK. However, no significant difference was observed between MT and CT. Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer significantly improved under MT, which was respectively 9.7% and 53.7% higher than CT and OT. It was possible to improve yield by increasing dry matter accumulation and extending growth period. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure was effective for dry matter accumulation as it provided sufficient nutrient supply for growth and dry matter accumulation even after flowering. Thus, it was a useful strategy for improving rice yield, reducing chemical fertilizer input and avoiding excessive waste of resources.
Key words:Paddy rice/
Fertilizer management/
Organic-inorganic fertilizer mixture/
Dry matter accumulation/
Fertilizer use efficiency

HTML全文

图1测坑结构及水稻种植示意图
Figure1.Schematic view of Lysimeter structure and rice cultivation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图2不同施肥处理水稻营养体生物量(a)和总生物量(b)的动态变化
Figure2.Dynamics of vegetative organs biomass and total biomass of rice in different fertilization treatments

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图3不同施肥处理水稻干物质积累速率曲线
Figure3.Curves of total biomass accumulation rates of rice in different fertilization treatments

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图4不同施肥处理的水稻经济效益比较
不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾、有机肥和稻谷价格分别为4.95 ¥ ·kg^-1、4.95 ¥ ·kg^-1、10 ¥ ·kg^-1、500 ¥ ·t^-1和3.2 ¥ ·kg^-1。
Figure4.Economic benefits of rice production in different fertilization treatments
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05. The prices of urea, calcium phosphate, potassium chloride, organic manure and rice are 4.95 ¥ ·kg^-1, 4.95 ¥ ·kg^-1, 10 ¥ ·kg^-1, 500 ¥ ·t^-1 and 3.2 ¥ ·kg^-1, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1供试不同处理的施肥方案
Table1.Fertilization scheme for different treatments

处理 Treatment	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer		磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer		钾肥 Potassium fertilizer
处理 Treatment	种类 Type	施用量 Application rate [kg(N)·hm^-2]	种类 Type	施用量 Application rate [kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2]	种类 Type	施用量 Application rate [kg(K₂O)·hm^-2]
CK	—	—	—	—	—	—
CT	尿素 Urea	300	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	60	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	60
MT	商品有机肥20%+尿素80% Manure 20% + urea 80%	300	商品有机肥/过磷酸钙 Manure/calcium superphosphate	56.6/0.4	商品有机肥/氯化钾 Manure/potassium chloride	20.4/39.6
OT	商品有机肥 Manure	300	商品有机肥 Manure	283	商品有机肥 Manure	101.9
氮肥尿素含氮量为46%;商品有机肥为鸡粪有机肥, 含N 2.26%, 含P₂O₅ 2.13%, 含K₂O 0.77%, 含水率为26.8%;磷肥过磷酸钙P₂O₅含量为17.5%;钾肥氯化钾K₂O含量为60%。N content of urea is 46%. Manure is made from poultry waste, containing 2.26% of N, 2.13% of P₂O₅ and 0.77% of K₂O, water content of manure was 26.8%. P₂O₅ and K₂O contents in calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride are 17.5% and 60%, respectively.

下载: 导出CSV
表2供试土壤基本理化性质
Table2.Physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	EC (mS·cm^-1)	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	有效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-2)
CK	6.84	15.46	0.11	1.23	5.65	7.25	40.52	43.10	1.35
CT	6.92	16.12	0.12	1.10	6.22	6.60	50.63	46.69	1.32
MT	6.94	18.48	0.11	1.23	6.43	6.64	60.07	54.47	1.28
OT	7.04	28.27	0.12	1.46	4.71	9.99	65.26	76.15	1.20

下载: 导出CSV
表3不同施肥处理水稻地上部干物质积累的Logistic模型
Table3.Logistic equations for rice total biomass accumulation in different fertilization treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression function	相关系数 Correlation coefficient (r)	最大增长速率 Highest increase rate (HIR) (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	最大增长速率出现的天数 Day of HIR (d)
2014	CK	Y=35.5/(1+3 146.2e^{-0.083 4 t})	0.998	0.74	96
	CT	Y=86.63/(1+64.523e^{-0.043 6 t})	0.997	0.95	95
	MT	Y=81.88/(1+87.64e^{-0.045 5 t})	0.998	0.93	93
	OT	Y=53.392/(1+132.78e^{-0.052 t})	0.995	0.70	98
2015	CK	Y=40.139/(1+105.65e^{-0.044 t})	0.996	0.44	106
	CT	Y=60.271/(1+75.22e^{-0.043 8 t})	0.998	0.66	98
	MT	Y=59.684/(1+53.89e^{-0.041 8 t})	0.997	0.62	95
	OT	Y=48.949/(1+70.835e^{-0.041 6 t})	0.997	0.51	102
t为作物移栽后的天数; Y为作物干物质积累量。“t” is the days after transplanting; Y is the dry matter accumulation.

下载: 导出CSV
表4不同施肥处理的水稻产量及构成因素
Table4.Rice yield and yield components in different fertilizer treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	秸秆干重 Straw dry weight (t·hm^-2)	谷草比 Grain-straw ratio	千粒重 1 000-grain weight (g)	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (10⁴ panicle·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per panicle	穗长 Panicle length (cm)
2014	CK	6.63±0.38b	4.31±0.56b	1.57±0.11a	30.80±0.25a	129.52±11.98b	103.67±6.54b	12.13±1.72b
	CT	10.22±0.72a	9.72±1.37a	1.08±0.09ab	30.00±0.44a	230.63±36.55a	134.05±8.82a	15.66±0.22a
	MT	10.61±0.21a	11.53±0.37a	0.92±0.01b	29.93±0.49a	245.07±4.11a	123.74±4.40a	15.05±0.19a
	OT	9.93±0.67a	8.33±1.27a	1.23±0.17ab	30.47±0.29a	201.26±27.28ab	132.00±1.93a	15.24±0.32a
2015	CK	5.09±0.06b	5.94±0.39b	0.86±0.04a	32.80±0.91a	108.54±3.53b	125.21±12.90a	12.88±1.74a
	CT	8.27±0.24a	12.64±0.61a	0.66±0.02b	31.33±0.73a	278.98±12.83a	113.02±1.79a	13.93±0.07a
	MT	8.54±0.06a	12.64±0.77a	0.68±0.03b	31.27±0.54a	288.48±36.76a	109.92±4.41a	13.92±0.02a
	OT	6.63±0.18ab	8.06±0.28a	0.83±0.05a	32.67±0.30a	152.70±8.38ab	114.89±8.41a	11.03±1.86a
不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05.

下载: 导出CSV
表5不同施肥处理的水稻肥料效率与收获指数
Table5.Fertilizer use efficiencies and harvest indexes of rice in different fertilizer treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花前贮藏干物质转运 Dry matter transfer at pre-anthesis		花后同化物输入籽粒 Assimilate transport to grain at post-anthesis		氮素农学效率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity	收获指数 Harvest index
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转运量 Transfer rate (t·hm^-2)	对籽粒贡献 Contribution rate to grain (%)	输入量 Transport rate (t·hm^-2)	对籽粒贡献 Contribution rate to grain (%)	氮素农学效率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity	收获指数 Harvest index
2014	CK	2.14c	40.41	4.49b	59.60	—	—	0.61a
	CT	3.70a	32.88	6.52ab	67.12	11.96ab	34.05a	0.52bc
	MT	3.52a	32.48	7.09a	67.52	13.26a	35.36a	0.48c
	OT	3.10b	45.55	6.83ab	54.45	11.01b	33.10a	0.55b
2015	CK	1.04b	17.42	4.91c	82.58	—	—	0.46a
	CT	1.47ab	11.60	11.17a	88.40	10.60a	27.56a	0.40b
	MT	1.89a	14.98	10.74a	85.02	11.50a	28.46a	0.40b
	OT	1.67a	20.73	6.39b	79.27	5.10b	22.09b	0.45a
不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	KIM H Y, LIM S S, KWAK J H, et al. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.) exposed to experimental warming with elevated CO₂[J]. Plant and Soil, 2011, 342(1/2):59-71 https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2090905687_Amanullah
[2]	易琼, 赵世诚, 张秀芝, 等.实时实地氮素管理对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(4):777-785 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2012.11466 YI Q, ZHAO S C, ZHANG X Z, et al. Yield and nitrogen use efficiency as influenced by real time and site specific nitrogen management in two rice cultivars[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(4):777-785 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2012.11466
[3]	李旭毅, 孙永健, 程洪彪, 等.两种生态条件下氮素调控对不同栽培方式水稻干物质积累和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(4):773-781 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0500 LI X Y, SUN Y J, CHENG H B, et al. Effects of nitrogen reg-ulation on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of rice under different cultivation models and two kinds of ecological conditions[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(4):773-781 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0500
[4]	宋珍霞, 高明, 关博谦, 等.硼对烤烟干物质积累和养分吸收的动态模拟[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(4):565-570 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2006.0418 SONG Z X, GAO M, GUAN B Q, et al. Simulating the dy-namics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation of flue-cured tobacco under different boron concentration[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2006, 12(4):565-570 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2006.0418
[5]	TILMAN D, CASSMAN K G, MATSON P A, et al. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J]. Nature, 2002, 418(6898):671-677 doi: 10.1038/nature01014
[6]	黄丽芬, 张蓉, 余俊, 等.有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报, 2015, 41(3):458-467 http://www.cqvip.com/QK/90181X/201503/664087688.html HUANG L F, ZHANG R, YU J, et al. Effects of organic farming on yield and quality of hybrid japonica rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(3):458-467 http://www.cqvip.com/QK/90181X/201503/664087688.html
[7]	AMIRI M E, FALLAHI E. Impact of animal manure on soil chemistry, mineral nutrients, yield, and fruit quality in 'golden delicious' apple[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2009, 32(4):610-617 doi: 10.1080/01904160802714995
[8]	OKAZAKI K, SHINANO T, OKA N, et al. Metabolite profiling of Raphanus sativus L. to evaluate the effects of manure amendment[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2010, 56(4):591-600 doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2010.00490.x
[9]	冯蕾, 童成立, 石辉, 等.不同氮磷钾施肥方式对水稻碳、氮累积与分配的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2011, 22(10):2615-2621 http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_yystxb201110019 FENG L, DONG C L, SHI H, et al. Effects of different nitro-gen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization modes on carbon-and nitrogen accumulation and allocation in rice plant[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011, 22(10):2615-2621 http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_yystxb201110019
[10]	谢小兵, 周雪峰, 蒋鹏, 等.低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].作物学报, 2015, 41(10):1591-1602 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XBZW201510020.htm XIE X B, ZHOU X F, JIANG P, et al. Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on grain yield and ni-trogen use efficiency in super rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(10):1591-1602 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XBZW201510020.htm
[11]	GEHL D T, BAILEY L D, GRANT C A, et al. Effects of incremental n fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in southern manitoba[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1990, 70(1):51-60 doi: 10.4141/cjps90-006
[12]	马冬云, 郭天财, 王晨阳, 等.施氮量对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物积累、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报, 2008, 34(6):1027-1033 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zuowxb200806016 MA D Y, GUO T C, WANG C Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on accumulation, translocation, and partitioning of photosynthate in winter wheat at grain filling stage[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2008, 34(6):1027-1033 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zuowxb200806016
[13]	田中伟, 王方端, 戴廷波, 等.小麦品种改良过程中物质积累转运特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学, 2012, 45(4):801-808 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNYK201204028.htm TIAN Z W, WANG F R, DAI T B, et al. Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation during the wheat genetic improvement and their relationship to grain yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(4):801-808 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNYK201204028.htm
[14]	MA B L, DWYER L M. Nitrogen uptake and use of two con-trasting maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence[J]. Plant and Soil, 1998, 199(2):283-291 doi: 10.1023/A:1004397219723
[15]	YU Q, LIU J D, ZHANG Y Q, et al. Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2002, 46(4):185-191 doi: 10.1007/s00484-002-0141-3
[16]	李国强, 汤亮, 张文宇, 等.不同株型小麦干物质积累与分配对氮肥响应的动态分析[J].作物学报, 2009, 35(12):2258-2265 http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/XBZW200912018.htm LI G Q, TANG L, ZHANG W Y, et al. Dynamic analysis on response of dry matter accumulation and partitioning to ni-trogen fertilizer in wheat cultivars with different plant types[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2009, 35(12):2258-2265 http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/XBZW200912018.htm
[17]	张翔, 毛家伟, 黄元炯, 等.不同施肥处理对烤烟干物质积累与分配的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2011, (3):31-34 http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_trfl201103006.aspx ZHANG X, MAO J W, HUANG Y J, et al. Effects of various fertilizer application structures on dry matter accumulation and distribution of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China, 2011, (3):31-34 http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_trfl201103006.aspx
[18]	彭耀林, 朱俊英, 唐建军, 等.有机无机肥长期配施对水稻产量及干物质生产特性的影响[J].江西农业大学学报, 2004, 26(4):485-490 http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/JXND200404002.htm PENG Y L, ZHU J Y, TANG J J, et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on the yield and dry matter producing characters of rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2004, 26(4):485-490 http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/JXND200404002.htm
[19]	姜佰文, 李贺, 王春宏, 等.有机无机肥料配合施用对水稻干物质积累及运转的影响[J].东北农业大学学报, 2013, 44(5):10-13 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DBDN201305004.htm JIANG B W, LI H, WANG C H, et al. Effect of mixed appli-cation of organic-inorganic fertilizers on dry matter accumu-lation and translocation of rice[J]. Journal of Northeast Agri-cultural University, 2013, 44(5):10-13 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DBDN201305004.htm
[20]	宋桂云, 杨恒山, 徐寿军, 等.氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山10产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(2):289-296 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.16065 SONG G Y, YANG H S, XU S J, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield, dry matter and N accu-mulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10 used for both grain and feed purpose in Keerqin[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fer-tilizer Science, 2017, 23(2):289-296 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.16065
[21]	HUANG J H, LIU M Q, CHEN X Y, et al. Effects of intra-specific variation in rice resistance to aboveground herbi-vore, brown planthopper, and rice root nematodes on plant yield, labile pools of plant, and rhizosphere soil[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2015, 51(4):417-425 doi: 10.1007/s00374-014-0985-9
[22]	李文娟, 何萍, 高强, 等.不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及氮素营养特性差异研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(1):51-57 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2010.0108 LI W J, HE P, GAO Q, et al. Dry matter formation and nitro-gen uptake in two maize cultivars differing in nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(1):51-57 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2010.0108
[23]	王宜伦, 李潮海, 谭金芳, 等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报, 2011, 37(2):339-347 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zuowxb201102017 WANG Y L, LI C H, TAN J F, et al. Effect of postponing N application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(2):339-347 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zuowxb201102017
[24]	ZHAO Z, SHA Z M, LIU Y B, et al. Modeling the impacts of alternative fertilization methods on nitrogen loading in rice production in Shanghai[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 566/567:1595-1603 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.055