Differences in anatomical structure and hydraulic function of xylem in branches of angiosperms in field and garden habitats
Jing FANG1,2, Lin-Feng YE1,2, Sen CHEN1,2, Shi-Tong LU1,2, Tian-Tian PAN1,2, Jiang-Bo XIE1,2,3, Yan LI1,2,3, Zhong-Yuan WANG,1,*1State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China 2College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China 3State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770651) National Natural Science Foundation of China(41730638) National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901280)
Abstract Aims Water is essential for plant survival and growth. Water availability affects the anatomical structure and hydraulic function of xylem, and finally makes trees form specific acclimating characters. Therefore, comparing the differences of hydraulic function and anatomical structure between plants growing in field and garden habitats, can facilitate a better understanding on the acclimation of plants to water conditions. Methods We compared hydraulic safety (water potential at 50% loss of conductivity, P50), hydraulic efficiency (specific hydraulic conductivity, Ks) and xylem anatomy (vessel diameter (D), double thickness of vessel wall (T), vessel density (N), xylem density (WD) and thickness-to-span ratio of vessels ((t/b)2)), between field and garden plants of Acer buergerianum, Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Ligustrum lucidum. We also analyzed the differences of the relationship between xylem hydraulic function and anatomical structure in field and garden habitats. Important findings We found that: 1) The Ks was higher and P50 was lower in field habitat of the three angiosperms, which were related to the larger D and smaller (t/b)2. 2) The intraspecific correlation analysis between Ks and P50 showed that there were no efficiency-safety trade-offs. 3) Intraspecific correlation analysis of anatomical structure and functional traits showed that there was no significant correlation between D and P50; except for L. lucidum in garden habitat, the T and (t/b)2of the other trees was positively correlated with P50. Comparing to garden habitat, plants in field habitat with low water availability or no additional irrigation increased their diameter of vessels to improve water transport efficiency, so as to avoid the decrease of water potential and effectively reduce the potential risk of embolism. Keywords:embolism;cavitation resistance;hydraulic efficiency;xylem anatomy;efficiency-safety trade-off
PDF (3001KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 引用本文 方菁, 叶琳峰, 陈森, 陆世通, 潘天天, 谢江波, 李彦, 王忠媛. 自然和人工生境被子植物枝木质部结构与功能差异. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(6): 650-658. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0430 FANG Jing, YE Lin-Feng, CHEN Sen, LU Shi-Tong, PAN Tian-Tian, XIE Jiang-Bo, LI Yan, WANG Zhong-Yuan. Differences in anatomical structure and hydraulic function of xylem in branches of angiosperms in field and garden habitats. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(6): 650-658. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0430
Table 2 表2 表2自然和人工生境3种被子植物样树的基本特性(平均值±标准误) Table 2Basic characteristics of the sampled trees for the three species in field and garden habitats (mean ± SE)
Fig. 1Hydraulic functional traits of three species in field and garden habitats (mean ± SE). A, The specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks). B, Embolism resistance (water potential at 50% loss of conductivity, P50). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences within species (p < 0.05).
Fig. 2Examples of light microscopy images of xylem cross sections of three species in field and garden habitats. A, Acer buergerianum in the field. B, Cyclobalanopsis glauca in the field. C, Ligustrum lucidum in the field. D, A. buergerianum in the garden. E, C. glauca in the garden. F, L. lucidum in the garden.
Fig. 3Xylem anatomical structure traits of three species in field and garden habitats (mean ± SE). A, Vessel diameter (D). B, Double thickness of vessel wall (T). C, Vessel density (N). D, Xylem density (WD). E, Thickness-to-span ratio of vessels ((t/b)2). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences within species (p < 0.05).
Fig. 4Correlation networks between functional traits (Ks and P50) and structural traits of xylem for the three species in field and garden habitat. A, Acer buergerianum in the field. B, Cyclobalanopsis glauca in the field. C, Ligustrum lucidum in the field. D, A. buergerianum in the garden. E, C. glauca in the garden. F, L. lucidum in the garden. Solid lines, positive correlations; dashed lines, negative correlations. Red lines, p < 0.05; grey lines, p > 0.05. Line thickness indicate the correlation coefficient (r) values. D, vessel diameter (μm); Ks, specific hydraulic conductivity (kg·m-1∙MPa-1·s-1); N, vessel density (103∙mm-2); P50, water potential at 50% loss of conductivity (-MPa); T, double thickness of vessel wall (μm); Ttob, thickness-to-span ratio of vessels ((t/b)2); WD, xylem density (g∙cm-3).
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Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought 2 2012
... 干旱是全球性自然灾害, 在过去的一个世纪, 引发了许多森林大规模死亡事件(Allen et al., 2010).干旱引起的森林衰退不仅发生在干旱地区, 也发生在湿润地区(Choat et al., 2012).植物在经历严重干旱后的1至4年里, 普遍存在严重的“遗留效应”, 即生长变缓和恢复不完全(Anderegg et al., 2016).湿润地区的植物因干旱过后的恢复能力较差, 可能难以应对更严重的干旱(Gazol et al., 2018), 且大多数被子植物的水力安全边界(发生气孔关闭与栓塞的水势差)较裸子植物更狭窄(Choat et al., 2012), 因此在湿润地区, 被子植物的生存和分布更容易受到干旱的威胁. ...
... ), 且大多数被子植物的水力安全边界(发生气孔关闭与栓塞的水势差)较裸子植物更狭窄(Choat et al., 2012), 因此在湿润地区, 被子植物的生存和分布更容易受到干旱的威胁. ...
Diversity of hydraulic traits in nine Cordia species growing in tropical forests with contrasting precipitation 1 2007
... 水在植物生存和生长过程中至关重要.木质部解剖结构受水分有效性影响, 因此木质部导管的结构在潮湿和干燥生境中明显不同(Carlquist, 1977).植物水力功能与其木质部导管结构密切相关(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001; Wheeler et al., 2005), 在不同生境下, 解剖结构的变化势必会引起水力功能方面的变化.植物对不同水分条件生境的适应, 使其形成相应的适应机制(安锋等, 2002).Tissier等(2004)对位于校园和校外低山丘的槭属(Acer)植物进行研究, 发现水分条件较好的校园植物输水效率更高, 栓塞抗性更弱; 而Beikircher和Mayr (2009)的研究表明, Ligustrum vulgare在人工生境下栓塞抗性、输水效率更高, Viburnum lantana则是位于自然生境的栓塞抗性、输水效率更高.Maherali和Delucia (2000)对生长于干旱沙漠和潮湿山地环境下的西黄松(Pinus ponderosa)进行了研究, 发现它们的栓塞抗性没有变化, 但位于沙漠的个体输水效率更高.湿润生境和干燥生境下植物水力性状的差异反映其输水系统的竞争要求(Choat et al., 2007).一般认为水需要以较高的速度被输送到树木冠层, 以使光合作用达到最大, 这是通过最大限度减少通过导管系统引起的栓塞来达到的(Sperry, 2003). ...
Is xylem cavitation resistance a relevant criterion for screening drought resistance among Prunus species? 2 2008
... 干旱导致植物死亡的一个主要原因是水力失效, 土壤供水不足与高蒸发需求矛盾, 导致木质部导管栓塞, 输水效率降低(McDowell et al., 2008), 条件恶劣时植物的死亡不可避免(Tyree & Sperry, 1989).输水效率是植物运输水的能力, 常用比导率(Ks)衡量(Tissier et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2016; Schumann et al., 2019); 栓塞抗性与植物从持续干旱时期存活和恢复的能力密切相关(Brodribb & Cochard, 2009), 可评估植物抵御干旱环境的能力(Cochard et al., 2008), 由木质部压力和因栓塞引起的导水率损失之间的关系来描述, 常用导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)作为其衡量指标(Tissier et al., 2004; Beikircher & Mayr, 2009; Schumann et al., 2019).Tyree和Zimmermann (2002)认为, 木质部的“效率” (输水效率)和“安全” (栓塞抗性)之间存在权衡, 即导管(或管胞)输水效率越高, 其木质部栓塞抗性就越弱.许多****对此进行了研究, 但关于效率-安全权衡是否普遍存在所有植物中, 尚无统一定论. ...
... 木质部栓塞抗性与导管解剖结构密切相关(Wheeler et al., 2005).本研究结果表明, 自然生境和人工生境下的3种植物导管直径与P50均没有显著的相关关系(图4).与其他研究(Cochard et al., 2007; Fichot et al., 2010; Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相似, 他们也未发现导管直径与栓塞抗性的显著关系.因此, 正如Tyree和Sperry (1989)所推测的, 导管直径与栓塞的形成机制之间没有直接关系.除导管直径外, 木质部栓塞抗性还与导管内径跨度和导管壁厚有关, 导管内径跨度的减小、导管壁厚的增加或二者兼有, 都可以增加导管抵抗内爆的能力, 从而增加其栓塞抗性(Jacobsen et al., 2005).Beikircher和Mayr (2009)对L. vulgare和V. lantana的研究结果表明, 跨物种分析中T、(t/b)2与P50存在正相关关系.Cochard等(2008)对李属(Prunus)植物的研究得出相同结论, 并指出导管壁为37 μm宽时, P50与(t/b)2相关性最好(R2 = 0.76, p = 0.001).与上述发现相似, 本研究中除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2与P50均呈现正相关关系(图4), 因此T和(t/b)2可以较好地指示种内栓塞抗性的强弱. ...
Xylem vulnerability to cavitation varies among poplar and willow clones and correlates with yield 1 2007
... 木质部栓塞抗性与导管解剖结构密切相关(Wheeler et al., 2005).本研究结果表明, 自然生境和人工生境下的3种植物导管直径与P50均没有显著的相关关系(图4).与其他研究(Cochard et al., 2007; Fichot et al., 2010; Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相似, 他们也未发现导管直径与栓塞抗性的显著关系.因此, 正如Tyree和Sperry (1989)所推测的, 导管直径与栓塞的形成机制之间没有直接关系.除导管直径外, 木质部栓塞抗性还与导管内径跨度和导管壁厚有关, 导管内径跨度的减小、导管壁厚的增加或二者兼有, 都可以增加导管抵抗内爆的能力, 从而增加其栓塞抗性(Jacobsen et al., 2005).Beikircher和Mayr (2009)对L. vulgare和V. lantana的研究结果表明, 跨物种分析中T、(t/b)2与P50存在正相关关系.Cochard等(2008)对李属(Prunus)植物的研究得出相同结论, 并指出导管壁为37 μm宽时, P50与(t/b)2相关性最好(R2 = 0.76, p = 0.001).与上述发现相似, 本研究中除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2与P50均呈现正相关关系(图4), 因此T和(t/b)2可以较好地指示种内栓塞抗性的强弱. ...
Adjustment of structure and function of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha at high vs. low precipitation 3 2007
... 一般来说, 湿润生境中的树木输水效率较高(Tissier et al., 2004; Schuldt et al., 2016); 但也有研究表明位于较干旱生境的植物有更高的输水效率, 如位于较干旱生境的Metrosideros polymorpha (Cornwell et al., 2007)、Viburnum lantana (Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、Nothofagus pumilio和N. antarctica (Bucci et al., 2012)的输水效率更高, 与上述发现相同, 本研究中, 位于自然生境(水分有效性较低)的树种输水效率显著高于位于人工生境的同一树种(图1A).输水效率与导管直径有关, 根据Hagen-Poiseuille方程, 木质部导水率与导管直径的4次方成正比(Tyree & Zimmermann, 2002).本研究中自然生境的植物导管直径更大(图3A), 输水效率更高(图1A), 进一步证实了上述观点.栓塞抗性取决于植物对生境的适应(Cornwell et al., 2007), 在不同生境(Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... ), 进一步证实了上述观点.栓塞抗性取决于植物对生境的适应(Cornwell et al., 2007), 在不同生境(Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... 树种在不同生境的水分利用策略不同, 其水力功能与解剖结构相协调.自然生境3个树种栓塞抗性更弱, 因此存在更高的潜在栓塞风险, 通过形成更大的导管直径来增加Ks可能是有利的: 它可以优化水的运输, 从而在水资源相对充足的时期固定碳, 并可以在较少负水势的情况下促进更高的蒸腾(Bréda et al., 2006; Cornwell et al., 2007).高Ks在避免栓塞方面发挥重要作用(Tyree et al., 1994), 因为更高的输水效率可以为栓塞抗性较弱的树木提供充足的水分, 当土壤水分有效性降低时可以避免叶水势急剧下降而栓塞(Bucci et al., 2012).Maherali等(2004)观察到落叶被子植物的Ks随降水减少而增加, 表明Ks增加可能是对自然生境水分限制的一种重要适应.本研究中除三角槭为落叶被子植物外, 青冈和女贞均为常绿被子植物, 因此Ks增加作为对自然生境水分限制的适应, 不只存在于落叶被子植物中. ...
Common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits do not hold among unrelated Populus deltoides × Populus nigra hybrids 1 2010
... 木质部栓塞抗性与导管解剖结构密切相关(Wheeler et al., 2005).本研究结果表明, 自然生境和人工生境下的3种植物导管直径与P50均没有显著的相关关系(图4).与其他研究(Cochard et al., 2007; Fichot et al., 2010; Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相似, 他们也未发现导管直径与栓塞抗性的显著关系.因此, 正如Tyree和Sperry (1989)所推测的, 导管直径与栓塞的形成机制之间没有直接关系.除导管直径外, 木质部栓塞抗性还与导管内径跨度和导管壁厚有关, 导管内径跨度的减小、导管壁厚的增加或二者兼有, 都可以增加导管抵抗内爆的能力, 从而增加其栓塞抗性(Jacobsen et al., 2005).Beikircher和Mayr (2009)对L. vulgare和V. lantana的研究结果表明, 跨物种分析中T、(t/b)2与P50存在正相关关系.Cochard等(2008)对李属(Prunus)植物的研究得出相同结论, 并指出导管壁为37 μm宽时, P50与(t/b)2相关性最好(R2 = 0.76, p = 0.001).与上述发现相似, 本研究中除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2与P50均呈现正相关关系(图4), 因此T和(t/b)2可以较好地指示种内栓塞抗性的强弱. ...
Xylem hydraulic efficiency versus vulnerability in seedlings of four contrasting Mediterranean tree species (Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra) 1 2002
... “安全”的木质部意味着对导管的充分保护, 主要是防止空穴化和栓塞, “效率”意味着一定导管组织投资下, 管道水力阻力较低(Wheeler et al., 2005).许多****认为在“安全”和“效率”之间存在一种结构上的权衡: 高效的木质部易水力失效(Tyree et al., 1994).而近来的研究表明, 树种中Ks和P50之间只存在微弱的权衡或没有权衡(Schuldt et al., 2016)(Bucci et al., 2012; Gleason et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016).本研究中, 不论是自然生境还是人工生境, 种内都不存在效率-安全权衡关系(图4).Schuldt等(2016)的种内研究中并未发现效率-安全权衡, 认为其原因可能是P50变化范围太小, 即效率-安全权衡可能取决于水力功能性状的变化范围.Martínez-Vilalta等(2002)对9种木本植物进行研究, 结果表明跨物种Ks和P50存在权衡, 其拟合的负幂曲线有助于揭示不存在效率-安全权衡的原因: 只有当研究物种的Ks和P50处于负幂曲线的中心部分, 或对变化范围大的Ks和P50进行研究时, 这种权衡才会变得显著(Martínez-Vilalta et al., 2002).本研究中, 树种在同一生境的Ks和P50变化范围较小(图1), 可能因此掩盖了其权衡关系.大的Ks和P50变化范围便于验证效率-安全权衡(Froux et al., 2002), 因此与共生的、系统发育相关的类群研究或种内研究(Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相比, 在不同生境物种的种间研究中(Tissier et al., 2004), 更可能出现效率-安全权衡关系.未来需要对更多物种进行研究, 以便深入理解跨生境跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡. ...
Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes 1 2018
... 干旱是全球性自然灾害, 在过去的一个世纪, 引发了许多森林大规模死亡事件(Allen et al., 2010).干旱引起的森林衰退不仅发生在干旱地区, 也发生在湿润地区(Choat et al., 2012).植物在经历严重干旱后的1至4年里, 普遍存在严重的“遗留效应”, 即生长变缓和恢复不完全(Anderegg et al., 2016).湿润地区的植物因干旱过后的恢复能力较差, 可能难以应对更严重的干旱(Gazol et al., 2018), 且大多数被子植物的水力安全边界(发生气孔关闭与栓塞的水势差)较裸子植物更狭窄(Choat et al., 2012), 因此在湿润地区, 被子植物的生存和分布更容易受到干旱的威胁. ...
Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world’s woody plant species 2 2016
... 干旱导致植物死亡的一个主要原因是水力失效, 土壤供水不足与高蒸发需求矛盾, 导致木质部导管栓塞, 输水效率降低(McDowell et al., 2008), 条件恶劣时植物的死亡不可避免(Tyree & Sperry, 1989).输水效率是植物运输水的能力, 常用比导率(Ks)衡量(Tissier et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2016; Schumann et al., 2019); 栓塞抗性与植物从持续干旱时期存活和恢复的能力密切相关(Brodribb & Cochard, 2009), 可评估植物抵御干旱环境的能力(Cochard et al., 2008), 由木质部压力和因栓塞引起的导水率损失之间的关系来描述, 常用导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)作为其衡量指标(Tissier et al., 2004; Beikircher & Mayr, 2009; Schumann et al., 2019).Tyree和Zimmermann (2002)认为, 木质部的“效率” (输水效率)和“安全” (栓塞抗性)之间存在权衡, 即导管(或管胞)输水效率越高, 其木质部栓塞抗性就越弱.许多****对此进行了研究, 但关于效率-安全权衡是否普遍存在所有植物中, 尚无统一定论. ...
... “安全”的木质部意味着对导管的充分保护, 主要是防止空穴化和栓塞, “效率”意味着一定导管组织投资下, 管道水力阻力较低(Wheeler et al., 2005).许多****认为在“安全”和“效率”之间存在一种结构上的权衡: 高效的木质部易水力失效(Tyree et al., 1994).而近来的研究表明, 树种中Ks和P50之间只存在微弱的权衡或没有权衡(Schuldt et al., 2016)(Bucci et al., 2012; Gleason et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016).本研究中, 不论是自然生境还是人工生境, 种内都不存在效率-安全权衡关系(图4).Schuldt等(2016)的种内研究中并未发现效率-安全权衡, 认为其原因可能是P50变化范围太小, 即效率-安全权衡可能取决于水力功能性状的变化范围.Martínez-Vilalta等(2002)对9种木本植物进行研究, 结果表明跨物种Ks和P50存在权衡, 其拟合的负幂曲线有助于揭示不存在效率-安全权衡的原因: 只有当研究物种的Ks和P50处于负幂曲线的中心部分, 或对变化范围大的Ks和P50进行研究时, 这种权衡才会变得显著(Martínez-Vilalta et al., 2002).本研究中, 树种在同一生境的Ks和P50变化范围较小(图1), 可能因此掩盖了其权衡关系.大的Ks和P50变化范围便于验证效率-安全权衡(Froux et al., 2002), 因此与共生的、系统发育相关的类群研究或种内研究(Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相比, 在不同生境物种的种间研究中(Tissier et al., 2004), 更可能出现效率-安全权衡关系.未来需要对更多物种进行研究, 以便深入理解跨生境跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡. ...
Drought experience and cavitation resistance in six shrubs from the Great Basin, Utah 1 2000
Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? 1 2008
... 干旱导致植物死亡的一个主要原因是水力失效, 土壤供水不足与高蒸发需求矛盾, 导致木质部导管栓塞, 输水效率降低(McDowell et al., 2008), 条件恶劣时植物的死亡不可避免(Tyree & Sperry, 1989).输水效率是植物运输水的能力, 常用比导率(Ks)衡量(Tissier et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2016; Schumann et al., 2019); 栓塞抗性与植物从持续干旱时期存活和恢复的能力密切相关(Brodribb & Cochard, 2009), 可评估植物抵御干旱环境的能力(Cochard et al., 2008), 由木质部压力和因栓塞引起的导水率损失之间的关系来描述, 常用导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)作为其衡量指标(Tissier et al., 2004; Beikircher & Mayr, 2009; Schumann et al., 2019).Tyree和Zimmermann (2002)认为, 木质部的“效率” (输水效率)和“安全” (栓塞抗性)之间存在权衡, 即导管(或管胞)输水效率越高, 其木质部栓塞抗性就越弱.许多****对此进行了研究, 但关于效率-安全权衡是否普遍存在所有植物中, 尚无统一定论. ...
The ecological significance of long- distance water transport: short-term regulation, long-term acclimation and the hydraulic costs of stature across plant life forms 1 2003
... 一般来说, 湿润生境中的树木输水效率较高(Tissier et al., 2004; Schuldt et al., 2016); 但也有研究表明位于较干旱生境的植物有更高的输水效率, 如位于较干旱生境的Metrosideros polymorpha (Cornwell et al., 2007)、Viburnum lantana (Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、Nothofagus pumilio和N. antarctica (Bucci et al., 2012)的输水效率更高, 与上述发现相同, 本研究中, 位于自然生境(水分有效性较低)的树种输水效率显著高于位于人工生境的同一树种(图1A).输水效率与导管直径有关, 根据Hagen-Poiseuille方程, 木质部导水率与导管直径的4次方成正比(Tyree & Zimmermann, 2002).本研究中自然生境的植物导管直径更大(图3A), 输水效率更高(图1A), 进一步证实了上述观点.栓塞抗性取决于植物对生境的适应(Cornwell et al., 2007), 在不同生境(Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... )、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... ), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... “安全”的木质部意味着对导管的充分保护, 主要是防止空穴化和栓塞, “效率”意味着一定导管组织投资下, 管道水力阻力较低(Wheeler et al., 2005).许多****认为在“安全”和“效率”之间存在一种结构上的权衡: 高效的木质部易水力失效(Tyree et al., 1994).而近来的研究表明, 树种中Ks和P50之间只存在微弱的权衡或没有权衡(Schuldt et al., 2016)(Bucci et al., 2012; Gleason et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016).本研究中, 不论是自然生境还是人工生境, 种内都不存在效率-安全权衡关系(图4).Schuldt等(2016)的种内研究中并未发现效率-安全权衡, 认为其原因可能是P50变化范围太小, 即效率-安全权衡可能取决于水力功能性状的变化范围.Martínez-Vilalta等(2002)对9种木本植物进行研究, 结果表明跨物种Ks和P50存在权衡, 其拟合的负幂曲线有助于揭示不存在效率-安全权衡的原因: 只有当研究物种的Ks和P50处于负幂曲线的中心部分, 或对变化范围大的Ks和P50进行研究时, 这种权衡才会变得显著(Martínez-Vilalta et al., 2002).本研究中, 树种在同一生境的Ks和P50变化范围较小(图1), 可能因此掩盖了其权衡关系.大的Ks和P50变化范围便于验证效率-安全权衡(Froux et al., 2002), 因此与共生的、系统发育相关的类群研究或种内研究(Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相比, 在不同生境物种的种间研究中(Tissier et al., 2004), 更可能出现效率-安全权衡关系.未来需要对更多物种进行研究, 以便深入理解跨生境跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡. ...
Biophysical perspectives of xylem evolution: Is there a tradeoff of hydraulic efficiency for vulnerability to dysfunction? 4 1994
... 水在植物生存和生长过程中至关重要.木质部解剖结构受水分有效性影响, 因此木质部导管的结构在潮湿和干燥生境中明显不同(Carlquist, 1977).植物水力功能与其木质部导管结构密切相关(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001; Wheeler et al., 2005), 在不同生境下, 解剖结构的变化势必会引起水力功能方面的变化.植物对不同水分条件生境的适应, 使其形成相应的适应机制(安锋等, 2002).Tissier等(2004)对位于校园和校外低山丘的槭属(Acer)植物进行研究, 发现水分条件较好的校园植物输水效率更高, 栓塞抗性更弱; 而Beikircher和Mayr (2009)的研究表明, Ligustrum vulgare在人工生境下栓塞抗性、输水效率更高, Viburnum lantana则是位于自然生境的栓塞抗性、输水效率更高.Maherali和Delucia (2000)对生长于干旱沙漠和潮湿山地环境下的西黄松(Pinus ponderosa)进行了研究, 发现它们的栓塞抗性没有变化, 但位于沙漠的个体输水效率更高.湿润生境和干燥生境下植物水力性状的差异反映其输水系统的竞争要求(Choat et al., 2007).一般认为水需要以较高的速度被输送到树木冠层, 以使光合作用达到最大, 这是通过最大限度减少通过导管系统引起的栓塞来达到的(Sperry, 2003). ...
... 一般来说, 湿润生境中的树木输水效率较高(Tissier et al., 2004; Schuldt et al., 2016); 但也有研究表明位于较干旱生境的植物有更高的输水效率, 如位于较干旱生境的Metrosideros polymorpha (Cornwell et al., 2007)、Viburnum lantana (Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、Nothofagus pumilio和N. antarctica (Bucci et al., 2012)的输水效率更高, 与上述发现相同, 本研究中, 位于自然生境(水分有效性较低)的树种输水效率显著高于位于人工生境的同一树种(图1A).输水效率与导管直径有关, 根据Hagen-Poiseuille方程, 木质部导水率与导管直径的4次方成正比(Tyree & Zimmermann, 2002).本研究中自然生境的植物导管直径更大(图3A), 输水效率更高(图1A), 进一步证实了上述观点.栓塞抗性取决于植物对生境的适应(Cornwell et al., 2007), 在不同生境(Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
... 树种在不同生境的水分利用策略不同, 其水力功能与解剖结构相协调.自然生境3个树种栓塞抗性更弱, 因此存在更高的潜在栓塞风险, 通过形成更大的导管直径来增加Ks可能是有利的: 它可以优化水的运输, 从而在水资源相对充足的时期固定碳, 并可以在较少负水势的情况下促进更高的蒸腾(Bréda et al., 2006; Cornwell et al., 2007).高Ks在避免栓塞方面发挥重要作用(Tyree et al., 1994), 因为更高的输水效率可以为栓塞抗性较弱的树木提供充足的水分, 当土壤水分有效性降低时可以避免叶水势急剧下降而栓塞(Bucci et al., 2012).Maherali等(2004)观察到落叶被子植物的Ks随降水减少而增加, 表明Ks增加可能是对自然生境水分限制的一种重要适应.本研究中除三角槭为落叶被子植物外, 青冈和女贞均为常绿被子植物, 因此Ks增加作为对自然生境水分限制的适应, 不只存在于落叶被子植物中. ...
... “安全”的木质部意味着对导管的充分保护, 主要是防止空穴化和栓塞, “效率”意味着一定导管组织投资下, 管道水力阻力较低(Wheeler et al., 2005).许多****认为在“安全”和“效率”之间存在一种结构上的权衡: 高效的木质部易水力失效(Tyree et al., 1994).而近来的研究表明, 树种中Ks和P50之间只存在微弱的权衡或没有权衡(Schuldt et al., 2016)(Bucci et al., 2012; Gleason et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016).本研究中, 不论是自然生境还是人工生境, 种内都不存在效率-安全权衡关系(图4).Schuldt等(2016)的种内研究中并未发现效率-安全权衡, 认为其原因可能是P50变化范围太小, 即效率-安全权衡可能取决于水力功能性状的变化范围.Martínez-Vilalta等(2002)对9种木本植物进行研究, 结果表明跨物种Ks和P50存在权衡, 其拟合的负幂曲线有助于揭示不存在效率-安全权衡的原因: 只有当研究物种的Ks和P50处于负幂曲线的中心部分, 或对变化范围大的Ks和P50进行研究时, 这种权衡才会变得显著(Martínez-Vilalta et al., 2002).本研究中, 树种在同一生境的Ks和P50变化范围较小(图1), 可能因此掩盖了其权衡关系.大的Ks和P50变化范围便于验证效率-安全权衡(Froux et al., 2002), 因此与共生的、系统发育相关的类群研究或种内研究(Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相比, 在不同生境物种的种间研究中(Tissier et al., 2004), 更可能出现效率-安全权衡关系.未来需要对更多物种进行研究, 以便深入理解跨生境跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡. ...
Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism 2 1989
... 干旱导致植物死亡的一个主要原因是水力失效, 土壤供水不足与高蒸发需求矛盾, 导致木质部导管栓塞, 输水效率降低(McDowell et al., 2008), 条件恶劣时植物的死亡不可避免(Tyree & Sperry, 1989).输水效率是植物运输水的能力, 常用比导率(Ks)衡量(Tissier et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2016; Schumann et al., 2019); 栓塞抗性与植物从持续干旱时期存活和恢复的能力密切相关(Brodribb & Cochard, 2009), 可评估植物抵御干旱环境的能力(Cochard et al., 2008), 由木质部压力和因栓塞引起的导水率损失之间的关系来描述, 常用导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)作为其衡量指标(Tissier et al., 2004; Beikircher & Mayr, 2009; Schumann et al., 2019).Tyree和Zimmermann (2002)认为, 木质部的“效率” (输水效率)和“安全” (栓塞抗性)之间存在权衡, 即导管(或管胞)输水效率越高, 其木质部栓塞抗性就越弱.许多****对此进行了研究, 但关于效率-安全权衡是否普遍存在所有植物中, 尚无统一定论. ...
... 木质部栓塞抗性与导管解剖结构密切相关(Wheeler et al., 2005).本研究结果表明, 自然生境和人工生境下的3种植物导管直径与P50均没有显著的相关关系(图4).与其他研究(Cochard et al., 2007; Fichot et al., 2010; Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相似, 他们也未发现导管直径与栓塞抗性的显著关系.因此, 正如Tyree和Sperry (1989)所推测的, 导管直径与栓塞的形成机制之间没有直接关系.除导管直径外, 木质部栓塞抗性还与导管内径跨度和导管壁厚有关, 导管内径跨度的减小、导管壁厚的增加或二者兼有, 都可以增加导管抵抗内爆的能力, 从而增加其栓塞抗性(Jacobsen et al., 2005).Beikircher和Mayr (2009)对L. vulgare和V. lantana的研究结果表明, 跨物种分析中T、(t/b)2与P50存在正相关关系.Cochard等(2008)对李属(Prunus)植物的研究得出相同结论, 并指出导管壁为37 μm宽时, P50与(t/b)2相关性最好(R2 = 0.76, p = 0.001).与上述发现相似, 本研究中除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2与P50均呈现正相关关系(图4), 因此T和(t/b)2可以较好地指示种内栓塞抗性的强弱. ...
Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap 2 2002
... 干旱导致植物死亡的一个主要原因是水力失效, 土壤供水不足与高蒸发需求矛盾, 导致木质部导管栓塞, 输水效率降低(McDowell et al., 2008), 条件恶劣时植物的死亡不可避免(Tyree & Sperry, 1989).输水效率是植物运输水的能力, 常用比导率(Ks)衡量(Tissier et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2016; Schumann et al., 2019); 栓塞抗性与植物从持续干旱时期存活和恢复的能力密切相关(Brodribb & Cochard, 2009), 可评估植物抵御干旱环境的能力(Cochard et al., 2008), 由木质部压力和因栓塞引起的导水率损失之间的关系来描述, 常用导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)作为其衡量指标(Tissier et al., 2004; Beikircher & Mayr, 2009; Schumann et al., 2019).Tyree和Zimmermann (2002)认为, 木质部的“效率” (输水效率)和“安全” (栓塞抗性)之间存在权衡, 即导管(或管胞)输水效率越高, 其木质部栓塞抗性就越弱.许多****对此进行了研究, 但关于效率-安全权衡是否普遍存在所有植物中, 尚无统一定论. ...
... 一般来说, 湿润生境中的树木输水效率较高(Tissier et al., 2004; Schuldt et al., 2016); 但也有研究表明位于较干旱生境的植物有更高的输水效率, 如位于较干旱生境的Metrosideros polymorpha (Cornwell et al., 2007)、Viburnum lantana (Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、Nothofagus pumilio和N. antarctica (Bucci et al., 2012)的输水效率更高, 与上述发现相同, 本研究中, 位于自然生境(水分有效性较低)的树种输水效率显著高于位于人工生境的同一树种(图1A).输水效率与导管直径有关, 根据Hagen-Poiseuille方程, 木质部导水率与导管直径的4次方成正比(Tyree & Zimmermann, 2002).本研究中自然生境的植物导管直径更大(图3A), 输水效率更高(图1A), 进一步证实了上述观点.栓塞抗性取决于植物对生境的适应(Cornwell et al., 2007), 在不同生境(Beikircher & Mayr, 2009)、不同物种间(Tissier et al., 2004)存在差异, 在种内也存在差异(Bucci et al., 2012; Aguilar-Romero et al., 2017).本研究表明, 不同生境下3种植物栓塞抗性也有显著差异(图1B), 与一般认为的较湿润生境下树种栓塞抗性更弱不同(Tissier et al., 2004; Nolf et al., 2014; Schuldt et al., 2016), 本研究发现人工生境的树种栓塞抗性更强(图1B), 与Bucci等(2012)的研究结果相同: 与干燥生境的同种植物相比, 位于湿润生境的N. antarctica、N. pumilio和N. dombeyi有更强的栓塞抗性.栓塞抗性取决于导管壁的加厚(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001).本研究中, 人工生境三角槭和女贞的T较自然生境更大(图3B), 其栓塞抗性也更强(图1B).除T外, (t/b)2也常用来评价物种的栓塞抗性.在Hacke等(2001)的研究中, (t/b)2与P50在针叶树(R2 = 0.78)和被子植物(R2 = 0.81)中都表现出很强的相关性, 因此(t/b)2大的植物可以避免木质部导管壁在负压下坍塌, 从而减缓栓塞的形成.本研究得出相同的结论, 人工生境下3种植物的(t/b)2显著大于自然生境(图3E), 栓塞抗性也更强(图1).(t/b)2与P50的相关性比单独使用b或T更好(Hacke et al., 2001), 本研究中, 3种植物人工生境的(t/b)2均显著大于自然生境, 而T仅有三角槭和女贞表现出人工生境大于自然生境, 因此与T相比, (t/b)2在本研究中能更好地指示P50在不同生境的强弱. ...
Inter- vessel pitting and cavitation in woody Rosaceae and other vesselled plants: a basis for a safety versus efficiency trade-off in xylem transport 3 2005
... 水在植物生存和生长过程中至关重要.木质部解剖结构受水分有效性影响, 因此木质部导管的结构在潮湿和干燥生境中明显不同(Carlquist, 1977).植物水力功能与其木质部导管结构密切相关(Tyree et al., 1994; Hacke et al., 2001; Wheeler et al., 2005), 在不同生境下, 解剖结构的变化势必会引起水力功能方面的变化.植物对不同水分条件生境的适应, 使其形成相应的适应机制(安锋等, 2002).Tissier等(2004)对位于校园和校外低山丘的槭属(Acer)植物进行研究, 发现水分条件较好的校园植物输水效率更高, 栓塞抗性更弱; 而Beikircher和Mayr (2009)的研究表明, Ligustrum vulgare在人工生境下栓塞抗性、输水效率更高, Viburnum lantana则是位于自然生境的栓塞抗性、输水效率更高.Maherali和Delucia (2000)对生长于干旱沙漠和潮湿山地环境下的西黄松(Pinus ponderosa)进行了研究, 发现它们的栓塞抗性没有变化, 但位于沙漠的个体输水效率更高.湿润生境和干燥生境下植物水力性状的差异反映其输水系统的竞争要求(Choat et al., 2007).一般认为水需要以较高的速度被输送到树木冠层, 以使光合作用达到最大, 这是通过最大限度减少通过导管系统引起的栓塞来达到的(Sperry, 2003). ...
... “安全”的木质部意味着对导管的充分保护, 主要是防止空穴化和栓塞, “效率”意味着一定导管组织投资下, 管道水力阻力较低(Wheeler et al., 2005).许多****认为在“安全”和“效率”之间存在一种结构上的权衡: 高效的木质部易水力失效(Tyree et al., 1994).而近来的研究表明, 树种中Ks和P50之间只存在微弱的权衡或没有权衡(Schuldt et al., 2016)(Bucci et al., 2012; Gleason et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016).本研究中, 不论是自然生境还是人工生境, 种内都不存在效率-安全权衡关系(图4).Schuldt等(2016)的种内研究中并未发现效率-安全权衡, 认为其原因可能是P50变化范围太小, 即效率-安全权衡可能取决于水力功能性状的变化范围.Martínez-Vilalta等(2002)对9种木本植物进行研究, 结果表明跨物种Ks和P50存在权衡, 其拟合的负幂曲线有助于揭示不存在效率-安全权衡的原因: 只有当研究物种的Ks和P50处于负幂曲线的中心部分, 或对变化范围大的Ks和P50进行研究时, 这种权衡才会变得显著(Martínez-Vilalta et al., 2002).本研究中, 树种在同一生境的Ks和P50变化范围较小(图1), 可能因此掩盖了其权衡关系.大的Ks和P50变化范围便于验证效率-安全权衡(Froux et al., 2002), 因此与共生的、系统发育相关的类群研究或种内研究(Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相比, 在不同生境物种的种间研究中(Tissier et al., 2004), 更可能出现效率-安全权衡关系.未来需要对更多物种进行研究, 以便深入理解跨生境跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡. ...
... 木质部栓塞抗性与导管解剖结构密切相关(Wheeler et al., 2005).本研究结果表明, 自然生境和人工生境下的3种植物导管直径与P50均没有显著的相关关系(图4).与其他研究(Cochard et al., 2007; Fichot et al., 2010; Hajek et al., 2016; Schuldt et al., 2016)相似, 他们也未发现导管直径与栓塞抗性的显著关系.因此, 正如Tyree和Sperry (1989)所推测的, 导管直径与栓塞的形成机制之间没有直接关系.除导管直径外, 木质部栓塞抗性还与导管内径跨度和导管壁厚有关, 导管内径跨度的减小、导管壁厚的增加或二者兼有, 都可以增加导管抵抗内爆的能力, 从而增加其栓塞抗性(Jacobsen et al., 2005).Beikircher和Mayr (2009)对L. vulgare和V. lantana的研究结果表明, 跨物种分析中T、(t/b)2与P50存在正相关关系.Cochard等(2008)对李属(Prunus)植物的研究得出相同结论, 并指出导管壁为37 μm宽时, P50与(t/b)2相关性最好(R2 = 0.76, p = 0.001).与上述发现相似, 本研究中除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2与P50均呈现正相关关系(图4), 因此T和(t/b)2可以较好地指示种内栓塞抗性的强弱. ...