Progress in studies of carbon source/sink and emission reduction strategies in vineyard ecosystem
Liang ZHANG1, Zhi-Lei WANG1, Ting-Ting XUE1, Xiao-Yun HAO1, Chen-Lu YANG1, Fei-Fei GAO1, Ying WANG1, Xing HAN1, Hua LI,1,2,3,*, Hua WANG,1,2,3,*1College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China 2Wine Industrial Technology Research Institute of China, Yinchuan 750000, China 3Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
Science and Technology Achievements Promotion Program of National Forestry and Grassland Administration (K3130217005) National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1002500)
Abstract The vineyard ecosystem is an important part of agro-ecosystem, and contiguous vineyards have important ecological values. The research on carbon source/sink in vineyard ecosystem is an indispensable content of our understanding of carbon cycling. The mechanisms of carbon cycling and the carbon sink function of vineyard ecosystem have become hot topics. We found that a large amount of carbon was fixed in vineyard ecosystem that was distributed in annual organs (fruit, etc), perennial organs (trunk, etc) and soil carbon pool. The carbon input flux of the vineyard ecosystem was greater than the carbon output flux, suggesting a carbon sink. Soil was the largest carbon pool of vineyard ecosystem, accounting for 70% of total carbon stock, especially the soil-vines interface. Covering and non-tillage can reduce carbon emissions and increase soil fertility in vineyards. In order to clarify the carbon sink functions of vineyard ecosystem, we reviewed the latest research progress in the field, including the mechanisms of carbon cycling, and the strategies of carbon emission reduction. This paper provides a theoretical basis and prospects for future research directions and application. Keywords:vineyard ecosystem;carbon cycling;carbon source;carbon sink;carbon stock;carbon reduction strategies
PDF (1228KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 引用本文 张亮, 王志磊, 薛婷婷, 郝笑云, 杨晨露, 高飞飞, 王莹, 韩星, 李华, 王华. 葡萄园生态系统碳源/汇及碳减排策略研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(3): 179-191. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0252 ZHANG Liang, WANG Zhi-Lei, XUE Ting-Ting, HAO Xiao-Yun, YANG Chen-Lu, GAO Fei-Fei, WANG Ying, HAN Xing, LI Hua, WANG Hua. Progress in studies of carbon source/sink and emission reduction strategies in vineyard ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(3): 179-191. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0252
Fig. 2Carbon cycling in vineyard ecosystem. The arrow indicates direction of carbon flow. GPP, gross primary productivity; NBP, net productivity in vineyard biota; NEP, net productivity in vineyard ecosystem; NPP, net primary productivity in vines; NR, non-biological respiration consumption; Ra, autotrophic respiration of vines; Rh, soil respiration.
气候等生态因素对葡萄园碳储量有显著的影响作用(表2)。气候和水分有效性是影响葡萄园生态系统碳储量的主要因素。碳储量随年份变化较大, 主要归因于气候条件的影响, 在干燥的气候条件下碳储量明显降低。有研究结果证实, 当水不是限制因素时葡萄园的碳储量可以达到一个相对较高的值(Novara et al., 2019)。
3 葡萄园生态系统中CO2产生及碳减排策略
3.1 CO2的产生
葡萄园生态系统的碳输出过程主要指葡萄园土壤呼吸过程, 以及凋落物的矿质过程。即使葡萄种植比其他农业生产的污染更少,葡萄种植必须采取措施来减少GHG的排放(Nistor et al., 2018)。然而, 很少有研究关注葡萄园在GHG产生和碳封存中的作用, 因为研究葡萄园在GHG排放方面的作用需要相当长的时间, 研究产生N2O和CH4的影响因素需要3-5年, 研究碳固定的长期管理措施需要10-20年(Yu et al., 2017)。
葡萄园生态系统到底产生多少CO2? 研究者通过碳足迹这一概念进行了说明。在意大利撒丁岛南部的葡萄园进行了碳足迹调查研究, 发现每生产1 kg葡萄, 会释放0.39 kg CO2 (Marras et al., 2015)。从葡萄栽培和葡萄种植来看, 各研究得出的碳足迹结果不相同。Chiriacò等(2019)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为15%, Soosay等(2012)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为28%。通过研究葡萄酒产业的碳足迹, 发现葡萄酒生产过程的碳足迹远远高于葡萄栽培过程的碳足迹。葡萄酒加工和包装过程的碳足迹最高, 为22%, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹为18% (Rugani et al., 2013)。Bosco等(2011)对意大利葡萄园的研究发现, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹仅为7%。不同研究者得出碳足迹水平不一致, 其原因可能为不同的葡萄酒生产阶段和环境条件在各研究之间存在很大的差异。
葡萄园生态系统中, 除土壤异养呼吸过程和凋落物的矿化过程排放CO2之外, 栽培过程中也产生大量的CO2。栽培过程中的耕作是葡萄园地面管理中最重要的一项管理措施, 对GHG的排放和平衡具有重要作用。耕作过程中使用拖拉机等设备燃烧化石燃料会产生CO2。研究发现, 在葡萄园中使用1 L柴油产生3.15 kg CO2, 使用1 L汽油产生2.78 kg CO2 (Carlisle et al., 2006)。
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Carbon and nitrogen in soil and vine roots in harrowed and grass-covered vineyards 1 2014
... 葡萄园碳储量的研究大多集中在土壤碳汇方面, 葡萄园生态系统中最大碳储量分布于土壤, 尤其是土壤表层的土藤界面(Williams et al., 2011; Eldon & Gershenson, 2015), 并且土壤有机碳(SOC)可以长期封存在土壤碳库中来抵消大气中CO2的增加(Lal, 2004; Paradelo et al., 2011).对葡萄园土壤碳储量的研究结果证实管理措施对土藤界面的碳储量和封存潜力影响较大(Novara et al., 2019), 葡萄园的多种管理措施可以增加土壤中的碳含量, 如营养保留、覆盖和侵蚀控制等有机管理措施(Agnelli et al., 2014).Wolff等(2018)采用了3种不同的管理方式(最小化耕作、间作作物耕作和传统耕作), 研究美国纳帕谷赤霞珠葡萄园土壤碳储量变化, 发现1991- 2003年间, 传统耕作土壤中的碳含量保持不变; 2003-2010年间, 最小化耕作方式土壤碳含量平均增加了8.4%, 间作作物耕作方式土壤碳储量表现出 较低的增长, 传统耕作方式土壤碳储量基本保持 不变. ...
Do cover crops increase or decrease nitrous oxide emissions? A meta-analysis 4 2014
... 葡萄园田间管理技术中, 覆盖对其碳储量影响最为显著, 将在下文的碳减排策略中进行详细综述.葡萄园生态系统中的覆盖管理, 主要有生草覆盖和作物覆盖.葡萄园生草覆盖, 改善了葡萄园小气候, 有利于葡萄树冠快速生长, 最大程度增加碳的吸收, 提高葡萄园中土壤的碳含量(Govaerts et al., 2009).作物覆盖同样重要.地中海地区的葡萄园生态系统中, 覆盖作物可能会增加土壤中碳的输入, 导致土壤中的SOC随着时间的延长而增加(Basche et al., 2014; Novara et al., 2019).另外, 葡萄园的覆盖管理可以被认为是耕地和草地系统的结合, 在每行之间种植永久性和半永久性的覆盖物, 类似于免耕, 而且从耕地系统到草地系统的转换通常会导致碳吸收的增加(Tesic et al., 2007; Celette et al., 2008), 在较少耕作和覆盖作物的管理条件下, 表层土壤碳储量水平显著增加. ...
... 葡萄园生态系统中已经尝试了许多固碳方法, 如覆盖、有机改良、作物残茬、少耕或免耕、改良轮作和复种.无论采用何种方法, SOC变化缓慢, 对于可检测到的变化, 长期的实验是必要的(Smith, 2004).在短期2-3年的研究中, 覆盖草本植物的固碳率高于间作大麦(Hordeum vulgare)(Peregrina et al., 2010).在过去的几十年里, 覆盖上作物用来增加土壤的肥力, 改善土壤结构, 提高碳封存(Delgado et al., 2007; Dobrei et al., 2015), 也可以更好地控制疾病和害虫(Basche et al., 2014). ...
... 葡萄园覆盖豆科作物不仅有助于碳封存, 也可以更好地保持土壤中的氮, 降低葡萄种植行内土壤淋溶作用.豆科作物增加土壤中氮含量, 在一定程度上减少了无机肥的使用(Basche et al., 2014), 与此同时, 豆科作物所增加的高水平的氮肥会增加N2O的排放.可通过行间间作黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)等多年生草本植物限制硝酸盐的浸出和N2O排放(Feyereisen et al., 2006), 由于多年生草本植物可以有效利用土壤中的有效氮.然而, 在葡萄园中覆盖豆科作物的负面影响可能与葡萄竞争营养物质有关, 也可能与通过侵蚀作用造成土壤有机质减少有关.有研究发现, 覆盖豆科作物对碳汇有负面影响(Chan et al., 2011).覆盖豆科作物对葡萄园的碳汇功能尚存在争议, 还需进一步的研究. ...
... 除了覆盖之外, 有机葡萄栽培中通过创建有益昆虫的栖息地、保持葡萄树平衡和树冠综合管理来控制GHG排放、杂草和害虫, 减缓有机物分解, 增加土壤碳库中的碳含量(Basche et al., 2014). ...
Seasonal dry matter, starch, and nutrient distribution in ‘concord’ grapevine roots 1 2002
... 2.2.3.1 农艺措施 关于多年生作物系统中农艺措施对碳储量影响的研究相对较少, 但有关葡萄园生态系统中农艺措施对碳储量的影响研究有了一定的进展.研究发现, 在葡萄园使用杀虫剂、化肥和农药是葡萄酒产业链中GHG排放的主要来源, 也会影响碳储量(Pizzigallo et al., 2008; Fusi et al., 2014).种植方式显著地影响葡萄园碳储量.在天然葡萄种植区, 传统葡萄园的碳储量远高于有机葡萄园的碳储量(0-60 cm深土层, 传统葡萄园碳储量为241.79 t·hm-2, 有机葡萄园碳储量为161.41 t·hm-2), 原因为有机葡萄园的土壤呼吸速率高于常规土壤呼吸速率(Liguori et al., 2009; Brunori et al., 2016), 这与大多数研究结果相反. ...
The changing carbon cycle at Mauna Loa Observatory 1 2007
... 大气中CO2含量增加造成的温室效应, 导致海平面上升、水资源分布不均等一系列环境问题, 碳循环问题引起了学术界的广泛关注.在当前气候变化背景下, 应运而生的节能减排、农业生态系统的碳源、碳汇和固碳等问题成为科学界研究的热点(Walther et al., 2002; Buermann et al., 2007; Goosse, 2010; Vendrame et al., 2019).果园作为经济林的代表, 是农业生态系统的重要组成部分.果园生态系统与草原生态系统相比, 单位面积碳固定量更高(Janssens et al., 2003), 与非经济林生态系统相比, 人为可控性更大.通过合理施肥、覆盖作物、免耕、农艺措施等管理方式可以改善土壤结构, 提高果园生产力, 从而实现生态系统碳减排与增效的双赢. ...
Effects of land use on soil respiration: conversion of oak woodlands to vineyards 2 2006
... 葡萄园生态系统中, 除土壤异养呼吸过程和凋落物的矿化过程排放CO2之外, 栽培过程中也产生大量的CO2.栽培过程中的耕作是葡萄园地面管理中最重要的一项管理措施, 对GHG的排放和平衡具有重要作用.耕作过程中使用拖拉机等设备燃烧化石燃料会产生CO2.研究发现, 在葡萄园中使用1 L柴油产生3.15 kg CO2, 使用1 L汽油产生2.78 kg CO2 (Carlisle et al., 2006). ...
Competition for nitrogen in an unfertilized intercropping system: the case of an association of grapevine and grass cover in a Mediterranean climate 1 2009
... 生物量不同, 碳储量不同.葡萄园中叶和枝条的生物量为4.0-5.0和5.0-6.0 t·hm-2, 葡萄园生物量碳储量为18-22 t·hm-2 (Nistor et al., 2018).相类似的研究, 新西兰葡萄园4.0 t·hm-2生物量所对应的碳储量为8.0 t·hm-2 (Nendel & Kersebaum, 2004), 究其原因可能为栽培方式、环境、品种、施肥等影响葡萄光合作用, 从而影响碳分配, 继而影响葡萄地上部分碳储量.葡萄树龄也影响碳储量.Chiarawipa等(2013)对我国3个葡萄园的碳储量进行专项研究, 得出10年生的葡萄园生物量碳储量最高(48.62 t·hm-2), 其次是5年生的葡萄园(48.46 t·hm-2), 18年生的葡萄园最低(38.72 t·hm-2).研究发现, 2009年赤霞珠葡萄园生物量碳储量为3.43 t·hm-2, 2010年生物量碳储量为3.55 t·hm-2 (Wolff et al., 2018).不同品种碳储量差异显著, 一般情况下红葡萄品种的碳储量高于白葡萄品种.在澳大利亚葡萄园, 研究4个白葡萄和4个红葡萄品种的碳储量, 发现每株葡萄的碳储量分别为: 赤霞珠(3.11 kg) >西拉(Vitis vinifera ‘Syrah’, 2.52 kg) >霞多丽(2.04 kg) >长相思(Vitis vinifera ‘Sauvignon Blanc’, 1.92 kg) >美乐(Vitis vinifera ‘Merlot’, 1.9 kg) >雷司令(Vitis vinifera ‘Riesling’, 1.44 kg) >黑皮诺(Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir’, 1.27 kg) >灰皮诺(Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Gris’, 0.78 kg)(Wightwick et al., 2013). ...
The potential carbon neutrality of sustainable viticulture showed through a comprehensive assessment of the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of wine production 1 2019
... 葡萄园生态系统到底产生多少CO2? 研究者通过碳足迹这一概念进行了说明.在意大利撒丁岛南部的葡萄园进行了碳足迹调查研究, 发现每生产1 kg葡萄, 会释放0.39 kg CO2 (Marras et al., 2015).从葡萄栽培和葡萄种植来看, 各研究得出的碳足迹结果不相同.Chiriacò等(2019)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为15%, Soosay等(2012)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为28%.通过研究葡萄酒产业的碳足迹, 发现葡萄酒生产过程的碳足迹远远高于葡萄栽培过程的碳足迹.葡萄酒加工和包装过程的碳足迹最高, 为22%, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹为18% (Rugani et al., 2013).Bosco等(2011)对意大利葡萄园的研究发现, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹仅为7%.不同研究者得出碳足迹水平不一致, 其原因可能为不同的葡萄酒生产阶段和环境条件在各研究之间存在很大的差异. ...
Red, white and ‘green’: the cost of carbon in the global wine trade 1 2007
A decade of advances in cover crops: cover crops with limited irrigation can increase yields, crop quality, and nutrient and water use efficiencies while protecting the environment 1 2007
... 葡萄园生态系统中已经尝试了许多固碳方法, 如覆盖、有机改良、作物残茬、少耕或免耕、改良轮作和复种.无论采用何种方法, SOC变化缓慢, 对于可检测到的变化, 长期的实验是必要的(Smith, 2004).在短期2-3年的研究中, 覆盖草本植物的固碳率高于间作大麦(Hordeum vulgare)(Peregrina et al., 2010).在过去的几十年里, 覆盖上作物用来增加土壤的肥力, 改善土壤结构, 提高碳封存(Delgado et al., 2007; Dobrei et al., 2015), 也可以更好地控制疾病和害虫(Basche et al., 2014). ...
Can minor compaction increase soil carbon sequestration? A case study in a soil under a wheel-track in an orchard 2 2012
... 葡萄园生态系统中已经尝试了许多固碳方法, 如覆盖、有机改良、作物残茬、少耕或免耕、改良轮作和复种.无论采用何种方法, SOC变化缓慢, 对于可检测到的变化, 长期的实验是必要的(Smith, 2004).在短期2-3年的研究中, 覆盖草本植物的固碳率高于间作大麦(Hordeum vulgare)(Peregrina et al., 2010).在过去的几十年里, 覆盖上作物用来增加土壤的肥力, 改善土壤结构, 提高碳封存(Delgado et al., 2007; Dobrei et al., 2015), 也可以更好地控制疾病和害虫(Basche et al., 2014). ...
No-tillage conversion of harvested perennial grassland to annual cropland reduces root biomass, decreases active carbon stocks, and impacts soil biota 1 2010
... 土壤作为一个潜在的碳源, 自然植被转耕释放20%-70%的土壤碳储量(Luo et al., 2010), 而且SOC对土地利用极为敏感(Chen et al., 2018), 以地中海的葡萄园为例, 在地中海的草原地区建立葡萄园21年后, 土壤表层15 cm处的SOC下降了57% (Novara et al., 2013).栽培类型对土壤的碳储存也有重要的影响, 最小灌溉和免耕条件下, 有机栽培葡萄园SOC的损失比传统栽培葡萄园更小, 有机栽培的葡萄园生态系统具有将碳封存到土壤中的巨大潜力(Jastrow et al., 2007; DuPont et al., 2010).葡萄园生态系统的碳储量还受地域、树龄和品种的影响, 所以研究葡萄园生态系统碳储量是一个系统、复杂的过程. ...
Effects of cultivation and alternative vineyard management practices on soil carbon storage in diverse Mediterranean landscapes: a review of the literature 1 2015
... 葡萄园碳储量的研究大多集中在土壤碳汇方面, 葡萄园生态系统中最大碳储量分布于土壤, 尤其是土壤表层的土藤界面(Williams et al., 2011; Eldon & Gershenson, 2015), 并且土壤有机碳(SOC)可以长期封存在土壤碳库中来抵消大气中CO2的增加(Lal, 2004; Paradelo et al., 2011).对葡萄园土壤碳储量的研究结果证实管理措施对土藤界面的碳储量和封存潜力影响较大(Novara et al., 2019), 葡萄园的多种管理措施可以增加土壤中的碳含量, 如营养保留、覆盖和侵蚀控制等有机管理措施(Agnelli et al., 2014).Wolff等(2018)采用了3种不同的管理方式(最小化耕作、间作作物耕作和传统耕作), 研究美国纳帕谷赤霞珠葡萄园土壤碳储量变化, 发现1991- 2003年间, 传统耕作土壤中的碳含量保持不变; 2003-2010年间, 最小化耕作方式土壤碳含量平均增加了8.4%, 间作作物耕作方式土壤碳储量表现出 较低的增长, 传统耕作方式土壤碳储量基本保持 不变. ...
Relationships between soil organic status and microbial community density and genetic structure in two agricultural soils submitted to various types of organic management 1 2007
A comprehensive review of carbon footprint analysis as an extended environmental indicator in the wine sector 1 2013
... 葡萄园生态系统到底产生多少CO2? 研究者通过碳足迹这一概念进行了说明.在意大利撒丁岛南部的葡萄园进行了碳足迹调查研究, 发现每生产1 kg葡萄, 会释放0.39 kg CO2 (Marras et al., 2015).从葡萄栽培和葡萄种植来看, 各研究得出的碳足迹结果不相同.Chiriacò等(2019)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为15%, Soosay等(2012)得出葡萄栽培过程中的碳足迹为28%.通过研究葡萄酒产业的碳足迹, 发现葡萄酒生产过程的碳足迹远远高于葡萄栽培过程的碳足迹.葡萄酒加工和包装过程的碳足迹最高, 为22%, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹为18% (Rugani et al., 2013).Bosco等(2011)对意大利葡萄园的研究发现, 葡萄生长阶段的碳足迹仅为7%.不同研究者得出碳足迹水平不一致, 其原因可能为不同的葡萄酒生产阶段和环境条件在各研究之间存在很大的差异. ...
Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia, USA 1 2002