Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field
XUJing-Xin1, ZHENGYou-Fei1,2,*,, MAIBo-Ru3, ZHAOHui2, CHUZhong-Fang2, HUANGJi-Qing2, YUANYue2 1Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;and 3Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China 通讯作者:* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail: zhengyf@nuist.edu.cn) 收稿日期:2017-02-28 接受日期:2016-09-13 网络出版日期:2017-07-28 版权声明:2017植物生态学报编辑部本文是遵循CCAL协议的开放存取期刊,引用请务必标明出处。 基金资助:基金项目 国家自然科学基金(41475108、41575110)和江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划(KYLX_ 0837)
关键词:涡度相关法;O3干沉降;O3通量;冬小麦田;气孔O3沉降通道;非气孔O3沉降通道 Abstract Aims Anthropogenic pollutants cause an increase in ground-level ozone concentration, which is a known threat to plant growth and yield and has been extensively observed worldwide. Since ozone is only slightly soluble in water, it is deposited mainly through dry deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ozone dry deposition and to estimate the contribution of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathways to total ozone deposition in a winter wheat field.Methods The research site was a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field located in Yongfeng experimental station of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The data used in this study were collected from March 16, 2016 to May 30, 2016. We observed ozone dry deposition with an eddy-covariance system. This system mainly included a 3D sonic anemometer, an open-path infrared absorption spectrometer, a fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer and a slow-response ozone monitor. We simultaneously measured meteorological data including solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T), air relativity humidity (RH), wind speed, net radiation, and rainfall. All raw data were recorded with data-logger and averaged every 30 min.Important findings Half hourly means of ozone concentrations (CO3), ozone flux (FO3) and ozone dry deposition velocity (Vd) in the winter wheat field were 32.9 nL·L-1, -5.09 nmol·m-2·s-1, 0.39 cm·s-1, and the ranges of them were 16-58 nL·L-1, -2.9- -11.7 nmol·m-2·s-1, 0.17-0.63 cm·s-1, respectively. FO3 and CO3/Vd were found to be mismatched with phase peaks occurring at different time intervals. The ecosystem was more effective on ozone dry deposition, under conditions of moderate to high SR (SR ≥ 400 W·m-2), moderate T and humility (T = 18 °C and RH > 40%). The relationship between Vdmax and SR was this function (y = 1.06 -exp (-0.0094 - x)). Vdmax increased with SR When SR < 400 W·m-2, and Vdmax reached its maximum when SR =400 W·m-2. Vdmax maintained its maximum when SR ≥ 400 W·m-2. The relationship between Vdmax and T was “bell” curve (y = 1.06 - (x - 18)2/169). Vdmax reached its maximum when T = 18 °C. Vdmax decreased with RH when RH < 40 % (y = 0.030x - 0.106). The variation of Vd might uncertainty when RH was high. There was a liner positive relationship between friction velocity (u*) and Vd, but this relationship was not significant. The mean day-to-day and daytime contributions of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway to total ozone deposition were 32%, 68% and 42%, 58%, respectively, during the whole experimental period.
2.3.1 O3气孔导度的估算 为了验证彭曼公式估算的冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度值(Gsto1)的有效性, 将RH划分为干燥条件(RH < 60%)和湿润条件(RH ≥ 60%)两种情况(Lamaud et al., 2009)。我们分析了不同RH条件下Gsto1与SR之间的相关关系, 同时作为参考, 也分析了不同条件下总初级生产力(GPP)与SR之间的相关关系。图5分别为不同干湿条件下Gsto1/GPP与SR的关系图。对比图5A与图5B可以看出, 当RH ≥ 60%时很多散点出现在Gsto1-SR的关系图中, 而这种现象并没有出现在GPP-SR的关系图中。这说明在冬小麦冠层表面确实有液态水的存在, 它的蒸发作用必然造成湿润条件下Gsto1值的误差。由此可见, 在湿润条件下不能利用彭曼公式估算的冠层O3气孔导度值。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图4观测期间(包含白天和夜间)太阳辐射(SR)(A)、温度(T)(B)、相对湿度(RH)(C)和摩擦速度(u*)(D)与O3干沉降速率(Vd)的关系。 -->Fig. 4Boundary-line (A, B, C) and linear (D) analysis of relationships between solar radiation (SR)(A), air temperature (T)(B), air relative humility (RH)(C), friction velocity (u*)(D) and ozone dry deposition velocity (Vd) during the whole experimental period (including daytime and nighttime). -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图5不同相对湿度(RH)条件下利用彭曼公式估算的冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto1)(A)和总初级生产力(GPP)(B)与太阳辐射(SR)的关系 Fig. 5 Canopy stomatal conductance for ozone (Gsto1) estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation (A), gross primary production (GPP) (B) vs solar radiation (SR) in two ranges of air relative humidity (RH). --> -->
图6是在干燥条件下(RH < 60%) Gsto1与GPP的关系图。通过双样本t检验分析, Gsto1和GPP之间不存在显著差异(p < 0.01), 决定系数R2为0.81, 斜率为14.35。结合公式(3)获得观测期间冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度值(图7)。从图7可以看出, 在观测前期和观测后期, O3气孔导度值较低, 观测中期值较大。这样的结果比较符合冬小麦的生育期变化, 观测前期和后期主要处于冬小麦拔节期和成熟期, 中期为冬小麦生长旺盛期(抽穗-扬花-灌浆期), 且O3气孔导度在4月20-24日(扬花期)达到最大(0.64 cm·s-1)。此外成熟期的O3气孔导度比拔节期的要小。从图7中对比冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)变化可以看出, LAI与O3气孔导度的变化具有相同趋势。这说明随着冬小麦逐渐生长, LAI逐渐达到最大(3.5 m2·m-2), O3气孔导度也会随之增大至峰值, 等到冬小麦达到成熟期后, 叶片开始老化, LAI开始减小, O3气孔导度也随之变小。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图6干燥条件下(RH < 60%)利用彭曼公式估算的冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto1)与总初级生产力(GPP)的关系。 -->Fig. 6Canopy stomatal conductance for ozone estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation (Gsto1) vs gross primary production (GPP) when RH < 60%. -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图7观测期间冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto)和叶面积指数(LAI)的变化。 -->Fig. 7Time series of canopy stomatal conductance for ozone (Gsto) and leaf area index (LAI) during the whole experimental period. -->
2.3.2 不同O3沉降通道的分配规律 通常假设FO3主要有气孔O3和非气孔O3这两个沉降通道。气孔O3沉降通量等于冠层O3气孔导度与O3浓度的乘积。图8显示了观测期间冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的逐日分配比例和降水量的分布。由图8可知, 整个观测期间非气孔O3通道分配比例明显大于气孔O3通道的分配比, 在观测中期气孔O3沉降通道所占比例要大于观测前期和后期的值, 当有降雨出现的时候, 气孔O3沉降通道的分配比例明显减小。在整个观测期, 平均通过气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道所沉降的O3通量占总O3干沉降通量的比例分别是32%和68%。图9显示了冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的日分配比例, 可以看出夜间以非气孔沉降为主, 气孔O3沉降量为0, 主要因为夜间冬小麦叶片的气孔是关闭的。白天通过气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道所沉降的O3通量平均占总O3干沉降通量的比例分别是42%和58%。气孔O3沉降通量在14:00-16:00出现两个峰值, 比例分别为57%和60%, 变化范围在21%-59%之间。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图8观测期间冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的分配比例和降水量的分布图。 -->Fig. 8Day-to-day contribution of different ozone dry deposition pathways to total ozone deposition and the rainfall during the whole experimental period. -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图9冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的日分配比例。 -->Fig. 9Daily contribution of different ozone dry deposition pathways to total ozone deposition. -->
3 讨论
3.1 O3干沉降日变化过程
本研究中冬小麦田主要生育期的O3干沉降通量(FO3)和O3沉降速率(Vd)的变化范围为-2.9 - -11.7 nmol·m-2·s-1、0.17-0.63 cm·s-1, 平均FO3与Vd分别为-5.09 nmol·m-2·s-1、0.39 cm·s-1, 与其他农田生态系统观测结果相似。例如, 玉米田平均FO3值为-4 - -7 nmol·m-2·s-1, Vd为1-2 cm·s-1 (Stella et al., 2011, 2013; Loubet et al., 2013); 麦田和橘园FO3范围分别为0 - -20 nmol·m-2·s-1和-6 - -8 nmol·m-2·s-1 (Tuzet et al., 2011; Fares et al., 2012); 葡萄和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum) FO3分别为-6 nmol·m-2·s-1和-10 nmol·m-2·s-1 (Grantz et al., 1995, 1997); 蔬菜和马铃薯平均FO3和Vd分别为-5.08 nmol·m-2·s-1、0.4 cm·s-1和-9.5 nmol·m-2·s-1、0.66 cm·s-1 (Fowler et al., 2001; Coyle et al., 2009)。本团队前期(2013年)利用梯度法在同一地区的另一个试验地进行了麦田干沉降的观测并获得相应结果(李硕等, 2016)。作为一个参考, 对梯度法和涡度相关法的观测结果进行了简单对比。从表1可以看出, 梯度法观测的FO3和Vd平均值分别为-7.29 nmol·m-2·s-1和0.55 cm·s-1, 均高于涡度相关法观测结果的30%和29%, 也间接表明该地区的CO3年际差异并不大。对比气候因子SR和RH, 发现涡度相关法观测时期的平均SR比梯度法低38%, 平均RH则高10%。较低的SR和较高的RH均会限制Vd, 从而影响O3的干沉降过程, 表明气象因子对O3干沉降过程存在影响。对比两次观测的FO3和Vd的日变化结果, 发现FO3的变化趋势基本一致, 且峰值出现的时刻也接近; 而Vd峰值出现的时刻并不相同, 梯度法出现在正午, 涡度相关法则出现在上午。梯度法和涡度相关法均属于微气象法, 但两者观测的原理、所用仪器和计算方法均存在很大不同, 这本身就会对观测结果带来差距。有研究指出对于长期的观测, 梯度法的观测结果与涡度相关法的较为接近, 但对于短期或昼夜尺度的观测, 涡度相关法明显优于梯度法(Muller et al., 2009)。 就O3浓度(CO3)而言, 冬小麦农田生态系统CO3的日变化趋势与T相似, 且两者显著正相关, 其原因主要是因为温度会影响O3前体物及其化学反应的光解速率(Kurpius et al., 2002)。CO3的昼夜差别较大, 说明该生态系统的CO3主要来自于局地的光化学反应。本研究中T的峰值比SR滞后了2-3 h, CO3的峰值比T也滞后2 h, 而FO3峰值不存在滞后现象, 与朱治林等(2014a)在玉米田生态系统得出的O3干沉降结果相似, 原因是新生成的O3并非立即沉降到下垫面, 而是在植被冠层内储存。Vd的日变化趋势与CO3完全不同。Vd的最大值出现在09:00, 与Stella等(2011)在玉米田和Zhang等(2006)在森林生态系统的观测结果相似。这可能是因为上午光照温和, 温湿度适中, 冬小麦气孔快速张开并达到最大, 因而Vd最高。CO3和Vd在夜间的变化很小, 因此夜间的FO3也较小且较平稳。当FO3和Vd达到峰值时, CO3正处于快速增长阶段, 这种日变化的不同步现象在其他研究中也有报道(Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2013)。其原因主要是当CO3达到最大值的时候, 作物气孔张开度减小或开始关闭, O3的气孔沉降开始降低, 因此Vd会较小。 Table 1 表1 表1梯度法和涡度相关法的观测结果对比 Table 1Comparison of measurements by gradient and eddy-covariance technique
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Foliage surface ozone deposition: A role for surface moisture? 2 2006
Forest thinning experiment confirms ozone deposition to forest canopy is dominated by reaction with biogenic VOCs. 1 2004
... 本研究结果表明, 当RH ≥ 60%时由于植被冠层存在液态水蒸发的干扰, 利用彭曼公式无法准确估算冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度, 而结合GPP进行修正后的气孔导度具有较高的准确度.然而, 当RH < 60%时, Gsto1-SR拟合方程的截距为0.15 cm·s-1, 表明在观测的某一个阶段也存在土壤水分蒸发的干扰, GPP-Gsto1的复相关系数R2 = 0.81.气孔O3沉降通道是指植物通过气孔吸收O3的通道.O3大多通过气孔沉降通道渗透至植物组织, 造成光合损伤, 因此准确计算气孔O3沉降通量所占比例被认为是对植物进行O3风险评估最有效的方法(Massman, 2004; Uddling et al., 2004).在整个观测期通过平均气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道沉降的O3通量占总O3干沉降量的比例分别是32%和68%, 与其他生态系统的研究结果相似(Goldstein et al., 2004; Vitale et al., 2005; Altimir et al., 2006; Hogg et al., 2007; Fares et al., 2012; Morani et al., 2014).这说明非气孔O3沉降通道是O3干沉降的主要沉降通道, 甚至在植物气孔活动非常强烈的时期, 非气孔沉降通量仍能占总O3沉降通量的50%左右(Zhang et al., 2006).此外, 气孔O3通量与植物生理活性密切相关, 其会随植物冠层叶面积指数增加而增加(Massman, 2004); 降雨发生也会影响气孔O3通量的吸收, 这是因为当植物冠层表面湿润的时候, 气孔会被表面的水珠或水膜阻塞而导致气孔关闭(Zhang et al., 2002), 从而减小气孔O3通量的吸收.通过对比不同O3沉降通道的日分配比例可以发现, 白天(8:00-18:00)的气孔O3沉降通量变化范围为21%-59%, 通过气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道所沉降的O3通量平均占总O3干沉降通量的比例为42%和58%.这说明白天气孔O3沉降对总O3通量有较大贡献, 在10:00-17:00, 气孔O3通量占总O3通量的50%以上, 这主要和植物的光合作用、气孔吸收密切相关.其中在14:00-16:00之间气孔O3沉降通量达到两次峰值(57%和60%).有研究表明, 气孔O3通量由环境O3浓度和植物气孔导度共同决定(Mauzerall & Wang, 2001).第一次峰值出现是在14:00左右, 这可能是因为此时植物的气孔开度较大, 且CO3也较高, 从而使气孔O3通量较大.第二次峰值出现在16:00左右, 此时植物气孔导度和FO3均已开始减小, 但由于CO3峰值的出现, 从而可能使气孔O3通量减小的幅度远比FO3的小, 从而导致气孔O3沉降贡献率的峰值出现. ...
Ozone deposition to a cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) field: Stomatal and surface wetness effects during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment. 1 1997
The Landes experiment: Biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of ozone and aerosol particles above a pine forest. 1 1994
... 为了定量评估陆地生态系统O3干沉降通量并预测O3胁迫对植物的潜在影响, 国内外发展了不同的研究方法.我国使用开顶式气室(OTC)及开放式(FACE)的方法开展了高浓度O3胁迫对植物影响的试验研究(Feng et al., 2008; 姚芳芳等, 2008; 陈娟等, 2011; 王云霞等, 2011; 郑有飞等, 2011; Wang et al., 2012), 并建立了相应的O3评估响应模型(刘建栋等, 2004; 姚芳芳等, 2007; 吴荣军等, 2010; 佟磊等, 2012).上述两种方法仅限于农田生态系统的观测研究, 应用于陆地生态系统O3干沉降观测时存在很大的局限性.梯度法首先观测两层高度以上的O3浓度、风速和温度梯度, 再用通量-廓线关系计算不同生态系统的O3沉降量(朱治林等, 2014b), 因而具有更广阔的使用范围.近年来, 随着涡度相关技术的发展, 梯度法也逐步运用到O3干沉降观测研究, 并被认为是目前最好的研究方法(Muller et al., 2010).自20世纪70年代开始, 欧美国家利用这些方法在森林、草地和农田等陆地生态系统展开了广泛的研究(Lamaud et al., 1994; Pio et al., 2000; Bassin et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2010; Stella et al., 2011, 2013).相对而言, 我国利用梯度法和涡度相关法观测O3干沉降的研究还处于起步阶段.少量的报道仅限于草地(潘小乐等, 2010)、玉米(Zea mays)田(朱治林等, 2014a)以及冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田(李硕等, 2016)等生态系统的O3干沉降的观测. ...
Partitioning of ozone deposition over a developed maize crop between stomatal and non-stomatal uptakes, using eddy-covariance flux measurements and modelling. 2 2009
... 冠层O3气孔导度的估算可以利用H2O气孔通量进行推导, 后者主要利用彭曼公式转换得到(Lamaud et al., 2009): ...
... 为了定量评估陆地生态系统O3干沉降通量并预测O3胁迫对植物的潜在影响, 国内外发展了不同的研究方法.我国使用开顶式气室(OTC)及开放式(FACE)的方法开展了高浓度O3胁迫对植物影响的试验研究(Feng et al., 2008; 姚芳芳等, 2008; 陈娟等, 2011; 王云霞等, 2011; 郑有飞等, 2011; Wang et al., 2012), 并建立了相应的O3评估响应模型(刘建栋等, 2004; 姚芳芳等, 2007; 吴荣军等, 2010; 佟磊等, 2012).上述两种方法仅限于农田生态系统的观测研究, 应用于陆地生态系统O3干沉降观测时存在很大的局限性.梯度法首先观测两层高度以上的O3浓度、风速和温度梯度, 再用通量-廓线关系计算不同生态系统的O3沉降量(朱治林等, 2014b), 因而具有更广阔的使用范围.近年来, 随着涡度相关技术的发展, 梯度法也逐步运用到O3干沉降观测研究, 并被认为是目前最好的研究方法(Muller et al., 2010).自20世纪70年代开始, 欧美国家利用这些方法在森林、草地和农田等陆地生态系统展开了广泛的研究(Lamaud et al., 1994; Pio et al., 2000; Bassin et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2010; Stella et al., 2011, 2013).相对而言, 我国利用梯度法和涡度相关法观测O3干沉降的研究还处于起步阶段.少量的报道仅限于草地(潘小乐等, 2010)、玉米(Zea mays)田(朱治林等, 2014a)以及冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田(李硕等, 2016)等生态系统的O3干沉降的观测. ...
Investigating discrepancies in heat, CO2 fluxes and O3 deposition velocity over maize as measured by the eddy-covariance and the aerodynamic gradient methods. 1 2013
Protecting agricultural crops from the effects of tropospheric ozone exposure: Reconciling science and standard setting in the United States, Europe, and Asia. 2011
Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990-2006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps. 1 2011
... O3很难溶于水, 主要通过干沉降的方式清除, 其中陆地生态系统是最重要的汇(Fowler et al., 2009).研究表明, 近地层高浓度O3已经对陆面植被的生长发育、光合作用及其产量产生了严重的负效应(金明红和冯宗炜, 2000; 郑启伟等, 2006; 王春乙和白月明, 2007; 张薇薇等, 2009; 郑有飞等, 2010a, 2010b; Mills et al., 2011; Payne et al., 2011; Vandermeiren et al., 2012; 朱治林等, 2012; Feng et al., 2014). ...
Comparing i-Tree modeled ozone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest. 1 2014
... 本研究结果表明, 当RH ≥ 60%时由于植被冠层存在液态水蒸发的干扰, 利用彭曼公式无法准确估算冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度, 而结合GPP进行修正后的气孔导度具有较高的准确度.然而, 当RH < 60%时, Gsto1-SR拟合方程的截距为0.15 cm·s-1, 表明在观测的某一个阶段也存在土壤水分蒸发的干扰, GPP-Gsto1的复相关系数R2 = 0.81.气孔O3沉降通道是指植物通过气孔吸收O3的通道.O3大多通过气孔沉降通道渗透至植物组织, 造成光合损伤, 因此准确计算气孔O3沉降通量所占比例被认为是对植物进行O3风险评估最有效的方法(Massman, 2004; Uddling et al., 2004).在整个观测期通过平均气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道沉降的O3通量占总O3干沉降量的比例分别是32%和68%, 与其他生态系统的研究结果相似(Goldstein et al., 2004; Vitale et al., 2005; Altimir et al., 2006; Hogg et al., 2007; Fares et al., 2012; Morani et al., 2014).这说明非气孔O3沉降通道是O3干沉降的主要沉降通道, 甚至在植物气孔活动非常强烈的时期, 非气孔沉降通量仍能占总O3沉降通量的50%左右(Zhang et al., 2006).此外, 气孔O3通量与植物生理活性密切相关, 其会随植物冠层叶面积指数增加而增加(Massman, 2004); 降雨发生也会影响气孔O3通量的吸收, 这是因为当植物冠层表面湿润的时候, 气孔会被表面的水珠或水膜阻塞而导致气孔关闭(Zhang et al., 2002), 从而减小气孔O3通量的吸收.通过对比不同O3沉降通道的日分配比例可以发现, 白天(8:00-18:00)的气孔O3沉降通量变化范围为21%-59%, 通过气孔O3沉降通道和非气孔O3沉降通道所沉降的O3通量平均占总O3干沉降通量的比例为42%和58%.这说明白天气孔O3沉降对总O3通量有较大贡献, 在10:00-17:00, 气孔O3通量占总O3通量的50%以上, 这主要和植物的光合作用、气孔吸收密切相关.其中在14:00-16:00之间气孔O3沉降通量达到两次峰值(57%和60%).有研究表明, 气孔O3通量由环境O3浓度和植物气孔导度共同决定(Mauzerall & Wang, 2001).第一次峰值出现是在14:00左右, 这可能是因为此时植物的气孔开度较大, 且CO3也较高, 从而使气孔O3通量较大.第二次峰值出现在16:00左右, 此时植物气孔导度和FO3均已开始减小, 但由于CO3峰值的出现, 从而可能使气孔O3通量减小的幅度远比FO3的小, 从而导致气孔O3沉降贡献率的峰值出现. ...
Comparison of ozone flux over grassland by gradient and eddy covariance technique. 1 2009
Sources of uncertainty in eddy covariance ozone flux measurements made by dry chemiluminescence fast response analysers. 1 2010
... 为了定量评估陆地生态系统O3干沉降通量并预测O3胁迫对植物的潜在影响, 国内外发展了不同的研究方法.我国使用开顶式气室(OTC)及开放式(FACE)的方法开展了高浓度O3胁迫对植物影响的试验研究(Feng et al., 2008; 姚芳芳等, 2008; 陈娟等, 2011; 王云霞等, 2011; 郑有飞等, 2011; Wang et al., 2012), 并建立了相应的O3评估响应模型(刘建栋等, 2004; 姚芳芳等, 2007; 吴荣军等, 2010; 佟磊等, 2012).上述两种方法仅限于农田生态系统的观测研究, 应用于陆地生态系统O3干沉降观测时存在很大的局限性.梯度法首先观测两层高度以上的O3浓度、风速和温度梯度, 再用通量-廓线关系计算不同生态系统的O3沉降量(朱治林等, 2014b), 因而具有更广阔的使用范围.近年来, 随着涡度相关技术的发展, 梯度法也逐步运用到O3干沉降观测研究, 并被认为是目前最好的研究方法(Muller et al., 2010).自20世纪70年代开始, 欧美国家利用这些方法在森林、草地和农田等陆地生态系统展开了广泛的研究(Lamaud et al., 1994; Pio et al., 2000; Bassin et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2010; Stella et al., 2011, 2013).相对而言, 我国利用梯度法和涡度相关法观测O3干沉降的研究还处于起步阶段.少量的报道仅限于草地(潘小乐等, 2010)、玉米(Zea mays)田(朱治林等, 2014a)以及冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田(李硕等, 2016)等生态系统的O3干沉降的观测. ...
秋季在北京城郊草地下垫面上的一次臭氧干沉降观测试验 1 2010
... 为了定量评估陆地生态系统O3干沉降通量并预测O3胁迫对植物的潜在影响, 国内外发展了不同的研究方法.我国使用开顶式气室(OTC)及开放式(FACE)的方法开展了高浓度O3胁迫对植物影响的试验研究(Feng et al., 2008; 姚芳芳等, 2008; 陈娟等, 2011; 王云霞等, 2011; 郑有飞等, 2011; Wang et al., 2012), 并建立了相应的O3评估响应模型(刘建栋等, 2004; 姚芳芳等, 2007; 吴荣军等, 2010; 佟磊等, 2012).上述两种方法仅限于农田生态系统的观测研究, 应用于陆地生态系统O3干沉降观测时存在很大的局限性.梯度法首先观测两层高度以上的O3浓度、风速和温度梯度, 再用通量-廓线关系计算不同生态系统的O3沉降量(朱治林等, 2014b), 因而具有更广阔的使用范围.近年来, 随着涡度相关技术的发展, 梯度法也逐步运用到O3干沉降观测研究, 并被认为是目前最好的研究方法(Muller et al., 2010).自20世纪70年代开始, 欧美国家利用这些方法在森林、草地和农田等陆地生态系统展开了广泛的研究(Lamaud et al., 1994; Pio et al., 2000; Bassin et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2010; Stella et al., 2011, 2013).相对而言, 我国利用梯度法和涡度相关法观测O3干沉降的研究还处于起步阶段.少量的报道仅限于草地(潘小乐等, 2010)、玉米(Zea mays)田(朱治林等, 2014a)以及冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田(李硕等, 2016)等生态系统的O3干沉降的观测. ...
Impacts of atmospheric pollution on the plant communities of British acid grasslands. 1 2011
... O3很难溶于水, 主要通过干沉降的方式清除, 其中陆地生态系统是最重要的汇(Fowler et al., 2009).研究表明, 近地层高浓度O3已经对陆面植被的生长发育、光合作用及其产量产生了严重的负效应(金明红和冯宗炜, 2000; 郑启伟等, 2006; 王春乙和白月明, 2007; 张薇薇等, 2009; 郑有飞等, 2010a, 2010b; Mills et al., 2011; Payne et al., 2011; Vandermeiren et al., 2012; 朱治林等, 2012; Feng et al., 2014). ...
Seasonal variability of ozone dry deposition under southern European climate conditions, in Portugal. 1 2000
... 为了定量评估陆地生态系统O3干沉降通量并预测O3胁迫对植物的潜在影响, 国内外发展了不同的研究方法.我国使用开顶式气室(OTC)及开放式(FACE)的方法开展了高浓度O3胁迫对植物影响的试验研究(Feng et al., 2008; 姚芳芳等, 2008; 陈娟等, 2011; 王云霞等, 2011; 郑有飞等, 2011; Wang et al., 2012), 并建立了相应的O3评估响应模型(刘建栋等, 2004; 姚芳芳等, 2007; 吴荣军等, 2010; 佟磊等, 2012).上述两种方法仅限于农田生态系统的观测研究, 应用于陆地生态系统O3干沉降观测时存在很大的局限性.梯度法首先观测两层高度以上的O3浓度、风速和温度梯度, 再用通量-廓线关系计算不同生态系统的O3沉降量(朱治林等, 2014b), 因而具有更广阔的使用范围.近年来, 随着涡度相关技术的发展, 梯度法也逐步运用到O3干沉降观测研究, 并被认为是目前最好的研究方法(Muller et al., 2010).自20世纪70年代开始, 欧美国家利用这些方法在森林、草地和农田等陆地生态系统展开了广泛的研究(Lamaud et al., 1994; Pio et al., 2000; Bassin et al., 2004; Fares et al., 2010; Stella et al., 2011, 2013).相对而言, 我国利用梯度法和涡度相关法观测O3干沉降的研究还处于起步阶段.少量的报道仅限于草地(潘小乐等, 2010)、玉米(Zea mays)田(朱治林等, 2014a)以及冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田(李硕等, 2016)等生态系统的O3干沉降的观测. ...
Ozone risk assessment for agricultural crops in Europe: Further development of stomatal flux and flux-response relationships for European wheat and potato. 1 2007
... 此外还对比了白天和夜间的Vd与SR、T、RH和u*的关系, 可以看出Vd与SR、T、RH和u*的关系主要受白天的关系控制.其中Vd与SR、T和RH的关系和白天植物气孔导度与它们的关系非常相似(Pleijel et al., 2007), 这同样也体现了白天气孔O3沉降过程与O3干沉降过程有着密切的关系, 且它的日变化过程可以控制O3干沉降的变化模式(Wieser et al., 2000). ...
Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia. 1 2007
Ozone uptake by an evergreen Mediterranean forest (Quercus ilex L.) in Italy—Part II: Flux modelling. Upscaling leaf to canopy ozone uptake by a process-based model. 2 2005