删除或更新信息,请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

互联网时代的公共承运人规制

中国政法大学 辅仁网/2017-06-25

互联网时代的公共承运人规制
The Regulation of Common Carriers in Online Platforms 高薇; 1:北京大学法学院 摘要(Abstract):

公共承运人是普通法上的概念。互联网企业在很多方面具有公共承运人的特征,因而引发了公共承运人在互联网治理中的复兴。随着互联网进入Web 2.0时代,出现了各种互联网平台,关于公共承运人的讨论逐渐从网络服务提供商扩展至互联网平台。这些平台在发布信息和进行网络商业活动中扮演越来越重要的角色,而许多实例已经表明,它们在很多方面可以潜在地对互联网用户进行歧视,严重影响大众体验。互联网平台的不中立问题以及由此引发的巨大危害,是我国当前互联网研究、立法以及司法实践中的盲点。为规制这一问题,建议将公共承运人引入互联网平台规制,将一些互联网平台定性为公共承运人,核心义务为遵守平台中立性原则。

关键词(KeyWords): 公共承运人;;网络中立性;;平台中立性;;网络平台

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金青年项目“网络纠纷解决机制研究”(项目号:12CFX050)的阶段性研究成果

作者(Author): 高薇;

Email:


参考文献(References): [1]吴修铭:《总开关——信息帝国的兴衰变迁》,顾佳译,中信出版社2011年版。[2][美]克里斯·安德森:《免费:商业的未来》,蒋旭峰、冯斌、璩静译,中信出版社2012年版。[3][美]劳伦斯·莱斯格:《代码2.0:网络空间中的法律》,李旭等译,清华大学出版社2009年版。(1)参见国家工商总局在人民网上进行的披露,http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2015/0128/c1004-26463776.html,最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(2)即向广大用户提供互联网接入业务、信息业务和增值业务的电信运营商。参见百度百科的定义。(1)Oren Bracha&Frank Pasquale,Federal Search Commission?Access,Fairness,and Accountability in the Law of Search,93 Cornell L.Rev.1149,1206,1208–09(2008);Andrew Odlyzko,Network Neutrality,Search Neutrality,and the Never-Ending Conflict Between Efficiency and Fairness in Markets,8 Rev.Networkecon.40,48,52-53(2009).For contrary views,see Mark A.Jamison,Should Google Be Regulated as a Public Utility?,9 J.L.Econ.&POL’Y 223,235-236,245-246(2013).(2)Kevin Werbach,The Network Utility,60 DUKE L.J.1761,1821-1823(2011).(3)Bill Davidow,Is Apple a Common Carrier?FORBES(Apr.20,2011),available at:http://www.forbes.com/sites/billdavidow/2011/04/20 /is-apple-a-common-carrier/(arguing in favor of updating the concept of common carriage to encompass companies such as Apple).(4)Jonathan Zitrrain,The Future of the Internet-And How to Stop It,Yale University Press,184-185(2008);see also Danah Boyd,Facebook Is a Utility;Utilities Get Regulated,APOPHENIA(May 15,2010),available at:http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2010/05/15/facebook-is-a-utility-utilities-get-regulated.html;Zeynep Tufekci,Google Buzz:The Corporatization of Social Commons,Technosociology(Feb.17,2010),available at:http://technosociology.org/?p=102.For a contrary view,see Adam Thierer,The Perilsof Classifying Social Media Platforms as Public Utilities 51(Mercatus Ctr.,George Mason Univ.,Working Paper No.12-11,2012),available at:http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/Perils Classifying Social Media Public Utilities.pdf.(5)这三家国内互联网巨头现在被戏称为BAT,分别是百度的首字母B,阿里的首字母A,腾讯的首字母T。(6)我国正在制定首部电子商务法,第三方交易平台责任是该法的重要内容之一。全国人大财经委负责我国电子商务法的具体起草工作,并由部分省市研究并提交立法草案作为立法参考。笔者参与了上海市人大财经委牵头的《中华人民共和国电子商务法立法框架》的起草讨论工作。其中重要一节为“第三方经营者的特别规定”,涉及第三方平台经营者的特别义务,平台经营者对内管理责任、自营业务与他营义务的区分以及建立信用评价方法等内容。目前规定还没能对第三方平台经营者进行准确的法律定位。笔者在讨论中提出,不建议平台承担过多义务,因为这意味着更大的权力。这在本文第三部分有详细论述。根据本文观点,第三方交易平台的重要义务是保持中立性原则。(7)参见《布莱克法律词典》,“公共承运人”词条。A carrier that is required by law to transport passengers or freight,without refusal,if the approved fare or charge is paid.-Also termed public carrier.这一点将其区别于私人承运人。后者不负有接受大众业务的义务,因而不被认为是公共承运人,而被界定为合同承运人。(8)Munn v.Illinois,94 U.S.113,125(1876)(“it has been customary in England from time immemorial,and in this country from its first colonization,to regulate ferries,common carriers,hackmen,bakers,millers,wharfingers,innkeepers,&c.[sic],and in so doing to fix a maximum charge to be made”).(1)Bruce Wyman,The Law of the Public Callings as a Solution of the Trust Problem,17 HARV.L.REV.156(1904).(2)See Charles K.Burdick,The Origin of the Peculiar Duties of Public Service Companies,11 COLUM.L.REV.514,616,743(1911).(3)James B.Speta,A Common Carrier Approach to Internet Interconnection,54 Fed.Comm.L.J.225,251-268(2002).(4)Munn v.Illinois,94 U.S.113,125(1876).(5)See James B.Speta,A Common Carrier Approach to Internet Interconnection,54 Fed.Comm.L.J.225,258(6)id.at 259.(7)id.at 260.(8)E.g.,Grinnell v.W.Union Tel.Co.,113 Mass.299(1873).The liability of a telegraph company is quite unlike that of a common carrier.A common carrier has the exclusive possession and control of the goods to be carried,with peculiar opportunities for embezzlement or collusion with thieves....A telegraph company is intrusted with nothing but an order or message,which is not to be carried in the form in which it is received,but is to be transmitted or repeated by electricity......(9)1934年法案后被1996年电信法案(Telecommunications Act of 1996)修订。(10)47 U.S.C.§153(h)(1994).(11)See James B.Speta,A Common Carrier Approach to Internet Interconnection,54 Fed.Comm.L.J.225,264.(12)关于认定公共承运人的各种标准以及应用标准时的困难参见Christopher S.Yoo,Is There a Role for Common Carriage in an Internet-based World?Houston L.Rev.51:2(2013),553-556.(1)Nebbia v.New York,291 U.S.502,536(1934).(2)J.H.Saltzer,D.P.Reed&D.D.Clark,End-to-End Arguments in System Design,ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.2,no.4,277-288(1984).(The“end-to-end”principle states that the application-specific functions ought to be placed in the end hosts of network,rather than intermediary nodes.)(3)“网络中立性”的概念最早由Tim Wu创造。See Tim Wu,Network Neutrality,Broadband Discrimination,Journal on Telecommunications&High Technology Law,2,141–178.目前并没有关于网络中立性的统一定义。有关不同定义的细微差别,可参见Jan Kr?mer,Lukas Wiewiorra and Christof Weinhardt,Net Neutrality:A Progress Report,Telecommunications Policy,Volume 37,October 2013,Issue 8,794-813.(4)一些国家针对网络中立性进行了专门立法。智利在2010年成为了第一个针对网络中立性立法的国家。这也同样引起了欧盟的重视,See F.Chirico,I.v.d.Haar and P.Larouche,Network Neutrality in the EU,(2007)TILEC Discussion Paper No.2007‐030,available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1018326.(5)关于网络中立性可参见http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=BU5Lcm Onu38T1Ek OJHp7sw Fkr1wee Mt DEe I-d UYJa Pz64Q_N2xxkq0W757I5zgnun BS22a3_8ggl9m Ggb D-Eg_,最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(6)Bruce M.Owen,Antecedents to Net Neutrality,REGULATION,Fall 2007,at 14,14(“[T]he architects of the concept of net neutrality....have simply resurrected the traditional but uncommonly na?ve‘common carrier’solution to the threats they fear.”);Christian Sandvig,Network Neutrality Is the New Common Carriage,9 INFO:J.POL’Y,REG.&STRATEGY FOR TELECOMM.,INFO.&MEDIA,no.2/3,2007,at136,143–44(“The parallel between common carrier regulation and the network neutrality is a fairly obvious one.”);Randolph J.May,The“Common Carrier”Free Press,FREE STATE FOUND.(Apr.27,2009),available at:http://freestatefoundation.blogspot.com/2009/04/common-carrier-free-press.html(“[A]ll net neutrality-like mandates...in effect constitute common carrier-like regulation......”).(1)Jonathan Zitrrain,The Future of the Internet-And How to Stop It,Yale University Press,181-185(2008).(2)Bill Davidow,Is Apple a Common Carrier?FORBES(Apr.20,2011),available at:http://www.forbes.com/sites/billdavidow/2011/04 /20/is-apple-a-common-carrier/.(3)Adam Thierer,The Perilsof Classifying Social Media Platforms as Public Utilities 51(Mercatus Ctr.,George Mason Univ.,Working Paper No.12-11,2012),available at:http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/Perils Classifying Social Media Public Utilities.pdf.(4)http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2006/05/why_you_should_care_about_network_neutrality.htm,最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(5)Kevin Werbach,Only Connect,22 BERKELEY TECH.L.J.1233,1247(2007)(“Common law sources are also unhelpful,offering competing and largely inconsistent rationales.”);Thomas B.Nachbar,The Public Network,17 COMMLAW CONSPECTUS 67,109(2008)(“It is hard to find a specific characteristic that leads to nondiscriminatory access and rate regulation.”)(6)See,e.g.,Berin Szoka&Adam Thierer,Net Neutrality,Slippery Slopes&High-Tech Mutually Assured Destraction,PROGRESS SNAPSHOT(Progress&Freedom Found.,Wash.,D.C.),at 5-6(Oct.2009),available at:http://www.pff.org/issues-pubs/ps/2009/pdf/ps5.11-net-neutrality-MAD-policy.pdf.at 5-6.(1)Mark R.Patterson,On the Impossibility of Information Intermediaries(Fordham Law&Econ.Research Paper No.13,2001),available at:http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfmabstract id=276968,at 3-4;Competition on the Internet:Hearing Before the Task Force on Competition Policy and Antitrust Laws of the H.Comm.on the Judiciary,110 th Cong.48(2008).(2)Tim Wu,In the Grip of the New Monopolists,WALL ST.J.(Nov.13,2010),available at:http://commcns.org/19SWPBV.(3)Zeynep Tufekci,Google Buzz:The Corporatization of Social Commons,TECHNOSOCIOLOGY(Feb.17,2010),available at:http://technosociology.org/?p=102.(4)Mark R.Patterson,Non-Network Barriers to Network Neutrality,78 Fordham L.Rev.,2870(2009-2010).(5)已有的研究涉及经济、社会及文化等不同角度,See Adam Thierer,The Perils of Classifying Social Media Platforms as Public Utilities51(Mercatus Ctr.,George Mason Univ.,Working Paper No.12-11,2012),available at:http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/Perils Classifying Social Media Public Utilities.pdf。(6)Zeynep Tufekci,Google Buzz:The Corporatization of Social Commons,TECHNOSOCIOLOGY(Feb.17,2010),available at:http://technosociology.org/?p=102.(7)Benjamin R.Barber,Toward a Fighting Liberalism,NATION,Nov.7,2011,20,23,available at:http://commcns.org/I ddalwb.(1)Mark R.Patterson,Non-Network Barriers to Network Neutrality,78 Fordham L.Rev.,at 2860(2009-10).(2)id,Fn.56.(3)Zeynep Tufekci,Google Buzz:The Corporatization of Social Commons,TECHNOSOCIOLOGY(Feb.17,2010),available at:http://technosociology.org/?p=102.;Facebook:The Privatization of Our Privates and Life in the Company Town,TECHNOSOCIOLOGY(May 14,2010),available at:http://technosociology.org/?p=131.(4)47 U.S.C.§153(50)(2012).(5)FCC这样规定的理由在于,计算机信息产业刚刚兴起,具备相当的竞争性,需要自由发展的空间以促进创新。See Christopher S.Yoo,Is There a Role for Common Carriage in an Internet-based World?Houston L.Rev.51:2(2013),563-564.(6)David P.Baron,Private Ordering on the Internet:The EBay Community of Traders,Business and Politics,Vol.4,Issue 3,251(2002).(1)http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/8073/search-engine-2014q2/,最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(2)中国互联网信息中心第36次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》。(3)http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2008/0905/A20080905355005.shtml.最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(4)相关报道参见:http://tech.qq.com/a/20081116/000025.htm.最后访问日期:2015-07-01。(5)北京市第一中级人民法院(2006)中民初字第12408号。(1)北京市第一中级人民法院(2009)中民初字第845号、北京市高级人民法院(2010)高民终字第489号。(1)“触目惊心:淘宝内部腐败调查”,载《IT时代周刊》2012年第8期。(1)在目前的司法实践中,对于在司法实践中,在认定平台是否应当承担连带责任方面,法院的做法分歧较大,特别对上述条款中的“知道”及“必要措施”存在认识上的差异。在较多案件中法院判定淘宝不承担连带责任。相关案例参见金笑:“第三方网络交易平台的知识产权审查义务(一)”,载2015年3月8日《互联网金融评论》。(2)以往淘宝主要依靠“小二”解决纠纷。淘宝目前又设立了大众评审平台,用户可以选择由大众评审员组成的“陪审团”解决纠纷。大众评审员是淘宝买家或卖家,不是法律专业人员。(3)See Wei Gao and Yao Yang,Chaining cyber-titans to neutrality:An updated common carrier approach to regulate Platform Service Providers,Computer law&security review 31(2015),412-421.(4)See Jeffrey Toobin,The Internet and the right to be forgotten,New Yorker,Sept.29,2014,28.(1)See Christopher S.Yoo,Is There a Role for Common Carriage in an Internet-based World?Houston L.Rev.51:2(2013),570-572.(2)Tim Wu,Wireless Carterfone,1 INT’L J.Co MM.389,417(2007),418.(3)Mark R.Patterson,Non-Network Barriers to Network Neutrality,78 Fordham L.Rev.,at 2868(2009-2010).

相关话题/互联网 网络 公共 法律 信息