Effect of Field Microclimate on the Difference of Soybean Flower Morphology Under Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System
DU Qing,1, CHEN Ping1, LIU ShanShan1, LUO Kai1, ZHENG BenChuan1, YANG Huan1, HE Shun2, YANG WenYu,1, YONG TaiWen,11College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture/Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130 2Sichuan Chengdu Seed Management Station/Sichuan Chengdu Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, Chengdu 610072
Abstract 【Objective】The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of field microclimate change on the process of soybean flower bud differentiation under maize-soybean intercropping system, so as to provide a morphological basis for clarifying the response mechanism of soybean to the change of growth environment. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out from 2018 to 2019. The two-factor split zone experiment was set. The primary factors were different soybean varieties: Nandou 25 (ND), Guixia 3 (GX), and Gongqiudou 8 (GQ), and the secondary factors were soybean monoculture (SS), maize-soybean relay intercropping system (RI), and maize-soybean strip intercropping system (SI). In 2018, the continuous morphological anatomy of the flower buds at the top of the main stem of soybean was observed at 40, 47, 54 and 61 days (d) after emergence, respectively. On this basis, the flower buds at the top, middle and bottom of the main stem of soybean were further observed at 54 d after emergence in 2019. At the same time, in 2019, the effects of microclimate changes such as light transmittance, field temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration on flower bud differentiation in different parts of soybean under different planting patterns were statistically analyzed.【Result】In 2018, the flower bud differentiation of three soybean varieties showed that GQ was faster than ND and GX. At 47 and 61 d after emergence, soybean was in the late stage of vegetative growth and early stage of reproductive growth, and the biggest difference among different planting patterns was that the process of flower bud differentiation under intercropping system was slightly faster than that under monoculture. In 2019, the flower bud differentiation process of soybean in the critical period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth (54 d after emergence) was observed. It was found that the three soybean varieties all showed canopy > middle > bottom, but the performance was different in different planting systems. The flower bud differentiation process of SS in ND and GX was slower than that of RI and SI. The flower bud differentiation processes of GQ were no significant difference among the three planting systems. The light transmittance of ND, GX and GQ was an inflection point at 60 d after emergence, and the canopy light transmittance of RI and SI was not significantly different from that of SS. Although the light transmittance of the central and bottom showed a downward trend, it was significantly higher than that of SS. At 70 d after emergence, the canopy light transmittance of ND, GX and GQ of SI was the lowest, which was 82.1%, 88.2% and 86.8%, respectively, while the canopy transmittance of SS and RI was close to 100%. In the later stage of reproductive growth, the daily average temperature of ND, GX and GQ in RI and SI was higher than that of SS, and which of RI was higher than that of SI. The relative humidity of ND, GX and GQ under different planting systems all had a significant downward trend at 70 d after emergence, among which the relative humidity of RI was the lowest, which was 73.5%, 75.4% and 78.2%, respectively. The CO2 concentration of ND, GX and GQ under RI and SI was lower than that of SS, and the CO2 concentration of RI was the lowest, especially at 70 d after emergence, which was 10.3%, 10.2% and 10.9% lower than that of SS, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system could promote the transformation of soybean flower buds from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. In the late growth stage of soybean, especially after relay intercropped maize harvested, the light transmittance of central and bottom of intercropped soybean was significantly higher than that of monoculture, while the interrow temperature, relative humidity and CO2concentration of relay intercropping system were lower than those of monoculture. Therefore, the interrow microenvironment of this intercropping system was better than that of monoculture, which was beneficial to pod development in the later stage of soybean reproductive growth and provided a morphological basis for yield formation mechanism. Keywords:intercropping;soybean;field microclimate;flower bud differentiation
PDF (4159KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 杜青, 陈平, 刘姗姗, 罗凯, 郑本川, 杨欢, 何舜, 杨文钰, 雍太文. 玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候对大豆花形态建成进程的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(13): 2746-2758 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.005 DU Qing, CHEN Ping, LIU ShanShan, LUO Kai, ZHENG BenChuan, YANG Huan, HE Shun, YANG WenYu, YONG TaiWen. Effect of Field Microclimate on the Difference of Soybean Flower Morphology Under Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(13): 2746-2758 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.005
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0 引言
【研究意义】大豆(Glycine max (L.)Merr.)是重要的油料作物,也是人类重要的蛋白质来源作物,在食物体系中占有非常重要的位置[1]。间套种植具有集约利用土地、空间和时间,增产增效,稳产保收,缓解作物争地的矛盾等优点。大力发展南方间套作大豆有助于我国大豆产业的振兴[2]。在温度、光照等条件有限且种植制度复杂的西南地区,在不影响玉米播种面积的情况下增加大豆的播种面积,有利于提高西南地区大豆产出[3,4]。大豆产量取决于有效荚数、单株粒数、百粒重、有效株数等产量构成因素[5]。相对于其他产量因素来说,有效荚数是影响大豆产量最主要的因素[6,7]。与大豆单作相比,间套作种植的大豆主要存在开花结荚数量减少,进而成荚数偏低的现象,研究间套作条件下的大豆花芽形成规律及差异对弄清间套作环境影响大豆产量形成的机制具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】植物花芽分化是指其主茎茎尖生长点由分生出的叶片或腋芽转变成为花序或花朵的过程,同时也是植物从营养生长阶段转变为生殖生长阶段的标志。对于大豆花芽分化的各个阶段以及花发育过程的特点已有了一定的研究。吕薇等[8]将大豆的花芽分化阶段划分为5个时期,分别是大豆花原基分化期,花朵萼片原基分化期,花朵的花瓣原基分化期,花朵的雄蕊雌蕊原基分化期以及最终的雄蕊雌蕊成熟期。而且大豆的花瓣与雌雄蕊原基几乎是在同一时间发生的,没有明显的间隔时间。THOMAS等[9]采用透射电镜对大豆主茎的茎顶端分生组织进行观察,发现在短日照诱导大豆开花的处理中,在营养生长阶段大豆的主茎茎端生长点呈圆屋顶形状且以二裂形式被引发。花芽的分化除了与其自身的品种特性有关,同时很大程度上会受到外界环境变化的影响,包括营养条件、温湿度、风以及光照等。生殖器官的发育与多种胁迫因子有关,也决定着植株的长势与产量。因此,开展对不同品种大豆花器官的研究对于大豆丰产、稳产具有明显的重要性。田间小气候,即植物近地局部范围的气候,其变化,是指农作物与其接近地面的气层、土层的物理和生物相互作用过程所形成的小范围气候环境变化,包括光照、湿度、温度以及风和二氧化碳等气候因子的变化,这些因子影响农作物的生长发育和产量形成过程。而间套作相对于单作群体结构更加复杂,复合群体中个体的生长发育引起群体内部结构改变,影响作物田间小气候。作物的种类、种植密度、叶面积以及株行距等因素组合将会形成不同的田间小气候[10,11,12]。研究表明,现有大豆间套作模式系统中,作物配置、密度和品种选择等均会导致群体光分布产生差异,对套作大豆的光合特性等农艺性状产生影响[13,14]。杨峰等[15]和FENG等[16]通过对不同株型玉米套作大豆生长环境动态分析,发现与半紧凑型和松散型玉米品种相比,在与紧凑型玉米品种进行套作时,大豆的冠层光合有效辐射最大,行间空气温度最高而湿度最低。【本研究切入点】大豆的成花特性除了受不同品种的影响外,同时也受到栽培措施和环境因素制约。前人对于大豆花芽分化的研究主要集中在其各个发育阶段的划分以及花发育过程特点的描述上。大豆在营养生长向生殖生长转变期间会分化出大量的花芽,但是大部分的花芽会在田间环境的影响下败育或者脱落,进而影响生殖生长后期荚果的发育和脱落[17]。大豆花芽分化关系到后期大豆结荚,掌握大豆花芽分化规律对于提高其产量有重要意义。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以大豆单作为对照,通过分析玉米-大豆间套作下大豆花芽分化进程差异,田间光照、温度和相对湿度的变化,以及这种变化对花芽分化进程的影响,以期揭示间套作对于不同大豆品种群体田间小气候和花芽分化的影响,并为间套作下大豆产量变化规律提供形态学理论支撑。
ND:南豆25,GX:桂夏3号,GQ:贡秋8号。VE-V7:出苗-第七片复叶展开,R1-R2:始花期-盛花期,R3-R4:始荚期-盛荚期,R5-R6:始粒期-盛粒期,R7-R8:始熟期-完熟期。SS:大豆单作,RI:玉米-大豆套作,SI:玉米-大豆间作。下同 Fig. 1Variations of growing processes of different soybean varieties at different growth stages
S:雄蕊;P:雌蕊;FP:花原基;RP:花序原基;C:心皮。标尺:200 μm Fig. 5Anatomy of flower buds at the canopy top, center and bottom of ND main stem under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems
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