Epidemic Factors Affecting the Infection and Occurrence of Valsa mali
LIN Xiao,, SUN ChuanRu, WANG CaiXia, LIAN Sen, DONG XiangLi, LI BaoHua,College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University/Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, Shandong
Abstract 【Objective】Valsa canker, mainly causing dead branches and dead trees, is an important branch disease of apple trees. The objective of this study is to clarify the impact of environmental factors such as low temperature and host factors such as the age of branches on the infection and occurrence of valsa canker, to analyze the causes of the disease epidemics, and to provide a basis for the prediction and control of the disease. 【Method】Inoculation experiments were conducted under artificial controlled environmental conditions. The conidia colonized ratios of Valsa mali on different parts of apple branches were detected, the colonization sites of the pathogen in wounds were examined, and effects of the factors such as freezing, ice forming on branches, loss of water of branches, and age of branches on the infection of the pathogen and occurrence of the disease were tested in the experiments. 【Result】The colonized percentages of V. mali, i.e. the site carried the pathogen, on the 7 different branch sites of the apple trees inoculated with conidial suspension in the August were close to or more than 90% when examined in March of the following year. The pathogen inoculated on the wounds mainly colonized, grew and expanded in the necrotic tissue of the wounds, but did not penetrate the cork layer around the wound and invade the living cortical tissue to cause canker disease. Among the 6 examined branch sites, fresh wounds were the most susceptible to infection of V. mali, with the highest disease incidence of inoculated sites, followed by fruit stalk scars. The forks, bud eyes and fruit moss were less susceptible and disease incidences of inoculated sides were slightly lower. The lenticels were resistant to pathogen infection and no inoculated sites developed to canker. Both freezing and freezing after soaking (form ice on branch surface) can increase the susceptibility of branches to infection of V. mail. In the tested branches, the disease incidence of inoculated sites on the branches treated at -25 and -18℃ were significantly higher than that treated at -10, -7 and 0℃, and the incidence on branches frozen after soaking (simulating branch freezing after precipitation in winter) was significantly higher than that of uniced branches treated at the same temperature. Among the branches that were frozen and frozen after soaking, the disease incidence of inoculated sites on 1-year-old branches was significantly higher than that of 2-year-old branches. The disease incidence of inoculated sites at the tips of 1-year-old branches was significantly higher than that at the base of the same branches when frozen after soaking. The branches subjected to water loss after frozen (simulating the branches that lose water due to wind and high temperature after overwintering) were more susceptible to the infected V. mali, and the disease incidence of inoculated sites was significantly higher than that on frozen branches after soaking. The greater the amount of water losing, the higher the disease incidence, and the highest disease incidence of inoculated bud eye can reach 85%. 【Conclusion】V. mali is easy to colonize on apple branches, and colonized pathogens mainly survive and grow in dead tissues in wounds or on the surface of branches. Whether colonized pathogens can infect and cause disease mainly depends on environmental factors destroying the cork layer of the branches. Freezing, especially freezing damage at the temperature below -15℃ can destroy the cortex and cork layer of the branches, and increase the susceptibility of apple branches to infection of V. mali. Compared with freezing, freezing that form ice crystals on the surface of branches lead to a greater damage to the cork layer of branches, and the branches are more susceptible to the infection of the pathogen. The damage of water loss after freezing to the branches is particularly serious. The loss of water after the branches overwinter can significantly increase susceptibility of the branches to infection of the pathogen. The age of the branches is different, the developmental maturity, strength and toughness of the cork layer are different, and the degree of damage to the cork layer is also different when the branches were affected by adverse environmental factors. The structure of cortex in different sites of the tree is different, and there are obvious differences in the susceptibility to the pathogen infection. Keywords:valsa canker of apple tree;cortex structure;Valsa mali;pathogen colonization;pathogen infection;freezing;ice forming;water lose
PDF (2873KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 林晓, 孙传茹, 王彩霞, 练森, 董向丽, 李保华. 影响苹果树腐烂病菌侵染致病的流行因子[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2333-2342 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.007 LIN Xiao, SUN ChuanRu, WANG CaiXia, LIAN Sen, DONG XiangLi, LI BaoHua. Epidemic Factors Affecting the Infection and Occurrence of Valsa mali[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2333-2342 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.007
Table 1 表1 表18月份用腐烂病菌分生孢子喷雾接种富士苹果树次年3月各枝位的带菌率 Table 1Percentages of bark tissues carried pathogen sampled from different positions of the Fuji apple trees inoculated by spraying conidia suspension of V. mali
Hy:菌丝Hypha;Ph:栓皮层Phellem layer the wounds formed;Dt:死组织Dead tissue Fig. 1Hyphae of V. mali in the dead tissues of a wound on Fuji apple branch (The hyphae were grown from the conidia inoculated to the fresh wound 7 months ago)
Table 2 表2 表2不同龄期富士苹果枝条经低温冷冻和浸水后冰冻处理后再接种腐烂病菌的发病率 Table 2Disease incidence with standard deviations of inoculation sites with mycelium cakes of V. mali on the 1- and 2-year-old Fuji apple branches treated in various combinations of low temperature and soaking (%)
温度 Temperature (℃)
浸水Soaking
未浸水Non-soaking
均值 Mean
一年生枝1-year-old
二年生枝2-year-old
一年生枝1-year-old
二年生枝2-year-old
-25
49.3±4.6
21.3±2.3
32.0±4.0
14.7±2.3
29.3±14.0a
-18
57.3±6.1
26.7±2.3
36.0±4.0
16.0±0
34.0±16.2a
-10
32.0±4.0
25.3±2.3
14.7±2.3
16.0±4.0
22.0±7.9b
-7
24.0±4.0
14.7±2.3
12.0±0
4.0±4.0
13.7±7.9c
0
5.3±4.6
4.0±4.0
4.0±0
1.3±2.3
3.7±3.2d
均值Mean
26.0±16.8A
15.1±11.2B
19.2±22.3
同一行或同一列中的不同字母表示发病率在α=0.05水平差异显著。下同 Different letters in the same column and row indicate that the disease incidences were significant difference at α=0.05 level. The same as below
Table 3 表3 表3富士苹果一年生枝条不同段位经浸水冰冻处理后再接种腐烂病菌的发病率 Table 3Disease incidence with standard deviations of inoculation sites with mycelium cakes of V. mali on different parts of Fuji apple branches frozen for 24 h at 3 temperatures (%)
Table 4 表4 表4富士苹果枝条经浸水冰冻和失水处理后再接种腐烂病菌的发病率 Table 4Disease incidence with standard deviations of inoculation sites with mycelium cakes of V. mali on the Fuji apple branches placed on nature condition for different times after frozen for 24 h at 3 temperatures (%)
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