不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系

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赵继玉^,, 任佰朝, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺^,山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018

Relationship Between Growth and Development Characteristics and Yield Formation of Summer Maize Varieties Differing in Maturities

ZHAO JiYu^,, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang^,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong

通讯作者: 张吉旺,E-mail： jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2020-04-12接受日期:2020-06-1网络出版日期:2021-01-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2017YFD0300304-02
国家自然科学基金.31671629
国家现代农业产业技术体系项目.CARS-02-18
山东省“双一流”奖补资金.SYL2017YSTD02

Received:2020-04-12Accepted:2020-06-1Online:2021-01-01
作者简介 About authors
赵继玉,E-mail： 993963997@qq.com。

摘要
【目的】研究不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系,以期为早熟、高产、适应机械粒收的玉米新品种的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2017年以早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、衡早8号（HZ8）和中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,2018年以早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、京农科728（JNK728）和中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,种植密度为75 000株/hm²,研究玉米生长发育过程中的叶片建成规律、穗部发育特性以及各生育阶段对光温需求的差异。【结果】不同熟期夏玉米品种各生育阶段的光温需求大小表现为吐丝期（R1）—生理成熟期（R6）>出苗期（VE）—吐丝期（R1）>播种期（sowing）—出苗期（VE）。不同品种花后对积温的需求高于花前,中晚熟和早熟夏玉米品种对积温需求的差异主要在拔节期—吐丝期,具体表现为第9—16片叶建成期;花后对积温的需求品种间差异不显著。相关性分析表明,不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量与穗位高、穗高系数呈极显著正相关关系。不同熟期夏玉米品种的雄穗发育特性不同,晚熟品种的雄穗长度显著低于早熟品种,但晚熟品种的雄穗分枝数、雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数显著高于早熟品种;而雌穗分化到籽粒形成受品种基因型影响较大。【结论】不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性具有较大差异,在75 000株/hm²条件下,中晚熟品种的产量显著高于早熟品种;植株总叶片数较少,拔节期—吐丝期所需时间短,后期脱水速率快是早熟宜机收玉米品种的典型特征。
关键词： 夏玉米;叶片建成;光温需求;穗分化;产量

Abstract

【Objective】 This study was expected to explore the relationship between growth and development characteristics and yield formation of summer maize varieties differing in maturities, providing theoretical references for the selection of new maize varieties with early maturity, high yield and adaptability to grain mechanical harvesting. 【Method】 In 2017, the early maturity hybrids Denghai 518 (DH518), Hengzao 8 (HZ8) and the mid-late maturity hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were used as test materials. In 2018, the early maturity hybrids Denghai 518 (DH518), Jingnongke 728 (JNK728), and the mid-late maturity hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were used as test materials. The planting density was 75 000 plants/hm². The leaf establishment law, ear development characteristics, and the difference in solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements at different growth stages were analyzed. 【Result】 The solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements of different maize varieties at various growth stages were: R1-R6>VE-R1>sowing-VE. The demand for accumulated temperature of different varieties after flowering was higher than that before flowering. The difference in demand for accumulated temperature of mid-late maturity hybrids and early-maturing varieties was mainly in V6-R1, which was specifically manifested in the 9-16th leaf establishment period; There was no significant difference in the demand for accumulated temperature after flowering. Correlation analysis showed that the yield of summer maize varieties at different maturity stages had extremely significant positive correlations with spike height and spike height coefficient. The development characteristics of tassel in summer maize cultivars at different maturity stages were different. The length of tassel in late-maturing cultivars was significantly lower than in early-maturing cultivars, but the number of tassel branches, total tassel spikelet, spikelet abortion rate and effective spikelet of late-maturing varieties were significantly higher than those of early-maturing varieties; The differentiation of female ears to grains was greatly affected by the genotype of the variety. 【Conclusion】The growth and development characteristics of summer maize varieties differing in maturities were significantly different, and the yield of the mid-late maturity hybrids was significantly higher than that of the early maturity hybrids. The typical characteristics of early-grain mechanical harvesting corn varieties were fewer total leaves, shorter V6-R1 time and faster dehydration rate.

Keywords：summer maize;leaf establishment;solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements;male and female spike differentiation;yield

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本文引用格式
赵继玉, 任佰朝, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺. 不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 46-57 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.004
ZHAO JiYu, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang. Relationship Between Growth and Development Characteristics and Yield Formation of Summer Maize Varieties Differing in Maturities[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 46-57 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.004

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0 引言

【研究意义】近年来,随着农业机械化应用水平的不断提高和农村劳动力结构的转变,机械化收获籽粒成为玉米全程机械化生产最关键的技术需求^[1]。黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟的种植区玉米主推品种生育期偏长,并且收获较早,导致收获时籽粒成熟度不足,含水率高^[2,3]。中早熟、籽粒后期脱水快是现代玉米品种选育的发展方向^[4,5],了解不同熟期夏玉米品种的生长发育特性及其不同生育时期对各气象因子的需求,对于选育适应机械化收获籽粒的玉米新品种具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】LIN等^[6]研究表明,温度对玉米生长发育过程中光合物质的合成运输、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用等都具有重要影响。PTASZYNSKA等^[7]和MIRA等^[8]研究发现,玉米各生育期营养物质的分配会随温度的变化而变化。温度过低会延长玉米的生育期^[9]。李向岭等^[10,11,12]通过建立积温模型,进一步明确了玉米的LAI与活动积温和干物质积累之间的定量关系。CHIRKOV^[13]对玉米出苗—抽雄期所需要的有效积温（y）与品种的叶片数（x）进行系统研究后,总结出二者之间的关系为y=30.2x+31.8。边大红^[14]研究发现,株高对玉米群体的冠层光能利用率具有决定性作用;谢振江等^[15]研究表明,在高密度条件下,株高、穗位高等与产量相关因子间具有显著相关性。CáRCOVA等^[16]研究表明,玉米雌穗分化是穗粒数形成的基础,但分化的小花数目主要受品种的基因型影响,不受环境因素的影响。但LI等^[17]研究表明,雌雄穗分化的小花数目受环境因素的影响,穗期充足的光照有利于雌雄穗小花的分化。【本研究切入点】目前,黄淮海地区出现了部分脱水速率快、生育期短的早熟新品种。但是,对于这类早熟新品种与中晚熟品种之间生长发育特性的差异缺乏系统性研究,并且生育期的缩短导致部分早熟品种产量出现降低。【拟解决的关键问题】本文通过系统研究不同熟期夏玉米品种的生长发育特性和生育期内的光温需求特性,探讨不同熟期夏玉米品种植株特性与产量的关系,以期为选育中早熟、高产、适应机械粒收的玉米新品种提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验于2017—2018年在山东农业大学玉米科技创新园（36.09°N,117.09°E）进行。夏玉米生长期内的天气状况见图1。2017年选用生育期105 d左右的早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、衡早8号（HZ8）和生育期115 d左右的中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,2018年选用生育期105 d左右的早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、京农科728（JNK728）和生育期115 d左右的中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,种植密度为75 000株/hm²。小区面积为54 m²（长9 m×宽6 m）,重复3次,随机排列。播种前精细整地,造墒。6月上旬播种,等行距种植,行距60 cm。肥料用量为210 kg N·hm^-2、52.5 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和67.5 kg K₂O·hm^-2。氮肥播种时施入40%,小喇叭口期施入60%,磷钾肥全部基施,按高产田水平进行田间管理。具体试验处理见表1。

图1

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图12017和2018年夏玉米生长季天气情况

Fig. 1Meteorological conditions during the summer maize growth stage in 2017 and 2018

Table 1
表1
表1大田试验处理
Table 1Experimental treatments in the field

年份 Year	品种 Variety	种植密度 Plant density (plant/hm²)	播种时间 Sowing date (M-D)
2017	DH518 HZ8 DH605 ZD958	75000	06-10
2018	DH518 JNK728 DH605 ZD958	75000	06-07

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1.2 测定项目与方法

1.2.1 生育进程调查与积温计算播种后及时观察并记录各处理出苗（VE）、第6片叶完全展开（V6）、第12片叶完全展开（V12）、吐丝期（R1）、生理成熟期（R6）的时间,完熟以果穗中下部籽粒黑层出现,乳线消失日期为准。

气象资料由山东农业大学农学试验站提供,参照严定春^[18]等方法计算积温。第i天的累积积温T=Σ[(T_max+T_min)/2],其中T_max和T_min为第i天的最高和最低气温（10℃<T_min<T_max<35℃）。

1.2.2 叶序出苗后,各处理选取生长一致的5株植株挂牌,5叶、10叶油漆标记,每日观察记载可见叶、展开叶数量,直至所有叶片展开。

1.2.3 叶面积分别于植株每片叶完全展开时,测定其叶长和叶宽。单叶叶面积=长×宽×0.75。

1.2.4 雌、雄穗分化特性

1.2.4.1 雌穗特性玉米吐丝前选取生长良好、整齐一致及有代表性的植株标记,记录吐丝时间。授粉完成后即花丝即将干枯萎焉时,每处理摘取5—10个果穗,用单面刀片从苞叶的顶端切掉吐出苞叶的花丝,从花丝切口处数花丝数。剥去苞叶,分为3部分计数,其中轻轻抖动穗,脱落的雌花丝数和虽未脱落但基部萎缩的花丝数,合计为受精小花数;未脱落的新鲜花丝数,为未受精的小花数;未进行抽丝的小花数,为退化的小花数。并将3部分合计为雌穗分化的总小花数。计数分化的总小花数、正常受精小花数、未受精小花数、退化小花数、花丝数、穗粒数。计算小花受精率、小花败育率、小花结实率、籽粒败育率、总结实率、总败育率：

小花受精率（%）=（受精小花数/总小花数）×100;

小花败育率（%）=（总小花数-受精小花数）×100/总小花数;

小花结实率（%）=（穗粒数/受精小花数）×100;

籽粒败育率（%）=（受精小花数-穗粒数）×100/受精小花数;

总结实率（%）=（穗粒数/总小花数）×100;

总败育率（%）=（总小花数-穗粒数）×100/总小花数。

1.2.4.2 雄穗特性在雄穗散粉之前,选取生长良好、整齐一致及有代表性的植株10株,测量雄穗长度后并将其取下,记录各处理雄穗的分支数、总小花数和有效小花数,并计算雄穗小花败育率。雄穗小花败育率（%）=（总小花数-有效小花数）/总小花数×100。

1.2.5 籽粒含水量在授粉后每隔5 d每处理取3个果穗,每个果穗取中部籽粒100粒,迅速测定其鲜重,105℃杀青30 min后,80℃烘至恒重称重。籽粒含水量（g）=百粒鲜重-百粒干重。

1.2.6 测产与考种成熟期收获每个小区中间的3行果穗,每小区随机重复3次,每重复取30个果穗,考察穗行数、行粒数、千粒重。收获穗全部脱粒后自然风干,用水分仪测定水分后,按14%含水量折合成公顷产量。

$产量(kg·hm^{-2})=\frac{收获穗数(ears·hm^{-2})\times穗粒数\times 千粒重(g)}{10^{6}}\times \frac {1-含水率\%}{1-14\%}$

1.3 数据处理

采用 Microsoft Excel 2010整理数据,SPSS 21.0（LSD）软件统计和分析数据,采用单因素（one- wayANOVA）和Duncan’s法进行方差分析和多重比较（α=0.05）,用Pearson法对籽粒含水率和籽粒品质进行相关分析。利用Sigmaplot 12.5软件作图。

2 结果

2.1 不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量

由2年结果可以看出,晚熟夏玉米品种的产量显著高于早熟品种。不同品种的产量在2年间表现不同,在2017年各品种之间产量差异显著,ZD958产量最高,较HZ8、DH518、DH605分别高20.7%、9.7%和9.3%;而在2018年,生育期相近的品种之间产量没有显著差异,ZD958和DH605的产量显著高于JNK728和DH518（图2）。

图2

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图2不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量

误差线上字母不同表示品种类型间存在显著差异（P<0.05）
Fig. 2Yield of summer maize varieties differing in maturities

Different letters above error bars indicated significant difference between two types of varieties (P<0.05)

2.2 不同熟期夏玉米品种的光温和降水需求特性

晚熟品种的生育期显著长于早熟品种,主要差异源于拔节—吐丝期（图3）。不同夏玉米品种在生长发育过程中对活动积温和太阳辐射需求表现出相同的趋势,各生育阶段的需求大小表现为吐丝期—生理成熟期>出苗期—吐丝期>播种期—出苗期。不同品种的花后积温的需求高于花前,生育期相近的品种对积温的需求基本相同,中晚熟和早熟夏玉米品种对积温需求的差异主要在拔节期—吐丝期,吐丝期—生理成熟期对积温的需求差异不显著。不同品种花前和花后对太阳辐射的需求没有显著差异,总体上在各生育阶段对太阳辐射的需求表现为中晚熟品种>早熟品种。在2017年,不同品种花前和花后对太阳辐射的需求表现为ZD958、DH605>DH518、HZ8,在2018年,表现为ZD958、DH605>JNK728、DH518。年度间不同熟期夏玉米品种各生育阶段的降雨量变异较大,2017年各品种播种期—出苗期、吐丝期—生理成熟期及全生育期的降雨量少于2018年,出苗期—吐丝期的降雨量相反;降雨量对生育期相近品种的影响差异不大;不同熟期品种之间,2017年ZD958和DH605的出苗期—吐丝期降雨量高于HZ8和DH518;ZD958和DH605的吐丝期—生理成熟期降雨量低于HZ8和DH518,2018年不同熟期品种降雨量差异不大（图4）。

图3

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图3不同夏玉米品种各生育阶段的天数

VE：出苗;V6：拔节期;R1：吐丝期;R6：生理成熟期。下同
Fig. 3Days of different maize varieties at various growth stages

VE: Emergence stage; V6: The six-leaf stage; R1: Silking stage; R6: Physiological maturity stage. The same as below

图4

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图4不同夏玉米品种各生育阶段的光温需求

Fig. 4Solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements of different maize varieties at various growth stages

不同夏玉米品种每片叶的叶面积随叶位的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,DH518的总叶面积低于DH605。2个品种之间叶面积的差异主要体现在第8—15片叶,而且不同品种每片叶叶面积的差值也呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,不同年份之间总体趋势基本一致,2018年DH518和DH605第8、14、15片叶的叶面积高于2017年（图5）。不同夏玉米品种随叶片数的增加,每片叶从可见到完全展开所需要的活动积温呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。不同年份中,需要活动积温最多的叶片均为第13、14片叶,需要活动积温最少的叶片为第1叶和最后1叶;DH605第9—16片叶建成所需要的活动积温高于DH518。2个品种对活动积温需求的差异最大的叶片为第13、14片叶,分别为96.13℃和90.05℃（大约为3 d）,有趣的是不同熟期品种第1—8片叶和第16—18片叶从可见到完全展开所需要的活动积温没有显著差异。不同年份之间总体趋势基本一致,2018年DH518与DH605第3、8、9、16、17片叶建成所需要活动积温的差值高于2017年（图6）。

图5

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图5不同夏玉米品种不同叶位的叶面积

Fig. 5Leaf area in different leaf positions of different maize varieties

图6

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图6不同夏玉米品种叶片建成对活动积温的需求

Fig. 6The demand of active cumulative temperature for leaf formation of different maize varieties

2.3 不同熟期夏玉米品种的植株性状

不同夏玉米品种的株高存在显著差异。在2017年,HZ8的株高最大,但和ZD958、DH605的差异不显著,HZ8、ZD958、DH605显著高于DH518。在2018年,JNK728的株高最大,显著高于ZD958、DH605和DH518。不同夏玉米品种的穗位高差异显著。ZD958的穗位高最大,DH605的次之,DH518的最小。ZD958的穗位高较HZ8、DH518、DH605分别高26.9%、45.7%、10.3%。不同熟期夏玉米品种穗高系数差异显著,ZD958的系数最大,DH605的次之,DH518的最小（表2）。相关性分析表明,不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量与穗位高、穗高系数呈极显著正相关关系（表3）。

Table 2
表2
表2不同夏玉米品种的株高、穗位高
Table 2Plant traits of summer maize varieties differing in maturity

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	穗位高 Ear height (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗高系数 Ear height coefficient
2017	HZ8	93c	265a	0.35c
	DH518	81d	255b	0.32d
	ZD958	118a	261a	0.45a
	DH605	107b	264a	0.41b
2018	JNK728	93b	268a	0.35 b
	DH518	76c	226c	0.33b
	ZD958	105a	255b	0.41a
	DH605	97b	249b	0.39a

同列不同小写字母表示0.05水平显著差异。下同
Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different at 0.05 probability level. The same as below

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Table 3
表3
表3不同夏玉米品种产量与植株性状的相关性分析
Table 3Correlation analysis of yield and plant traits of summer maize varieties differing in maturity

	产量 Yield	穗位高 Ear height	株高 Plant height	穗高系数 Ear height coefficient
产量 Yield	1
穗位高 Ear height	0.822**	1
株高 Plant height	0.201	0.601**	1
穗高系数 Ear height coefficient	0.901**	0.948**	0.315	1

**代表在 0.01 水平（双侧）上显著相关
**, significant correlation at 0.01 probability level (2-tailed), respectively

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由2年结果可以看出,不同品种的果穗性状不同。以2017年为例,HZ8的穗行数最大,显著高于其他品种,较DH518、ZD958、DH605的分别高11.1%、10.4%、9.0%。ZD958的行粒数最大,较HZ8、DH518、ZD958的分别高25.5%、7.4%、11.9%。DH605的穗长最大,较HZ8、DH518、ZD958的分别高18.9%、18.1%、16.1%,但其秃顶长也最大,较HZ8、DH518、ZD958的分别高0.09 cm、1.38 cm、1.53 cm。ZD958的穗粗最大,较HZ8、DH518、DH605的分别高11.8%、6.1%、6.5%,其轴粗也最大,较HZ8、DH518、DH605的分别高17.6%、6.0%、6.0%（表4）。

Table 4
表4
表4不同熟期夏玉米品种的果穗性状
Table 4Ear characters of maize hybrids differing in maturity

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	穗行 Number of rows per ear	行粒 Number of grains per row	穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃顶长 Bald length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)	轴粗 Cob diameter (cm)
2017	DH518	15.3b	32.5b	16.81b	0.26b	4.92b	2.33a
	HZ8	17.0a	27.8d	16.70b	1.55a	4.67c	2.10b
	ZD958	15.4b	34.9a	17.10b	0.11b	5.22a	2.47a
	DH605	15.6b	31.2c	19.86a	1.64a	4.90b	2.33a
2018	DH518	15.3b	32.1b	15.54b	0.30c	4.73a	2.29ab
	JNK728	15.3b	31.9b	16.85b	1.01b	4.68a	2.11b
	ZD958	15.5b	33.8a	16.24b	0.91b	4.75a	2.51a
	DH605	16.3a	32.1b	18.59a	1.36a	4.74a	2.35ab

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2.4 不同熟期夏玉米品种的雌、雄穗分化特性

2.4.1 雄穗分化特性由2年结果可以看出,不同熟期夏玉米品种的雄穗发育特性不同,晚熟品种的雄穗长度显著低于早熟品种,但晚熟品种的雄穗分枝数、雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数显著高于早熟品种。以2017年为例,ZD958、DH605的雄穗分枝数为23个和10个,DH518、HZ8的雄穗分支数为6个和8个。各品种的雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数均表现为HZ8<DH518<DH605<ZD958,HZ8的雄穗总小花数较DH518、DH605、ZD958的分别低2.6%、23.6%、66.9%。小花败育率较DH518、DH605、ZD958的分别低9.6%、61.1%、75.5%,从而有效小花数较DH518、DH605、ZD958分别低2.3%、19.6%、63.3%（表5）。

Table 5
表5
表5不同熟期夏玉米品种的雄穗发育特性
Table 5Tassel traits of summer maize hybrids differing in maturity

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	雄穗长度 Tassel length (cm)	雄穗分枝数 Tassel branch numbers	雄穗总小花数 Total tassel spikelet numbers	小花败育率 Spikelet abortion rate (%)	有效小花数 Effective spikelet numbers
2017	DH518	61.0a	6c	620c	3.44c	599c
	HZ8	62.5a	8bc	604c	3.11c	585c
	ZD958	54.8b	23a	1825a	12.69a	1594a
	DH605	57.7b	10b	791b	7.99b	728b
2018	DH518	59.7ab	6d	624c	3.6c	602c
	JNK728	61.6a	9c	611c	3.3c	591c
	ZD958	55.9c	22a	1804a	12.3a	1581a
	DH605	57.7bc	11b	792b	6.9b	737b

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2.4.2 雌穗分化特性由2年结果可以看出,不同熟期夏玉米品种的雌穗分化特性不同,玉米雌穗分化到籽粒形成受品种基因型影响较大。以2017年为例,晚熟品种的总小花数和花丝数显著高于早熟品种,受精小花数也高于早熟品种,但ZD958与DH518的受精小花数差异不显著。小花受精率表现为DH518>HZ8>DH605>ZD958,虽然ZD958的小花受精率最低,但小花结实率最高;DH605的小花结实率最低,较DH518、HZ8、ZD958分别低21.0%、23.2%、32.0%（表6）。

Table 6
表6
表6不同熟期夏玉米品种雌穗小花分化和穗粒数的形成
Table 6Floret differentiation development and the grain number per panicle formation of summer maize hybrids differing in maturity

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	总小花数 Number of total floret	花丝数 Number of filament	受精小花数 Number of fertilization floret	穗粒数 Number of normal kernel	小花受精率 Floret fertility rate (%)	小花结实率 Flower seed setting rate (%)	籽粒败育率 Seed abortive rate (%)	总结实率 Total seed setting rate (%)	总败育率 Total abortive rate (%)
2017	DH518	618c	613c	530bc	497b	85.9a	93.8b	6.2b	80.5a	19.5c
	HZ8	606c	600c	513c	469c	84.8a	91.3b	8.7b	77.4b	22.6b
	ZD958	675b	664b	547b	535a	81.0b	97.8a	2.2c	79.2ab	20.8bc
	DH605	784a	756a	658a	487b	83.9a	74.1c	25.9a	62.1c	37.9a
2018	DH518	604c	598c	524b	492b	86.8a	94.0c	6.0b	81.6b	18.4c
	JNK728	592c	587c	507c	488b	85.7b	96.1b	3.9c	82.4a	17.6d
	ZD958	656b	645b	533b	520a	81.3d	97.5a	2.5d	79.3c	20.7b
	DH605	758a	733a	634a	522a	83.6c	82.3d	17.7a	68.8d	31.2a

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2.5 不同熟期夏玉米品种的籽粒含水量

不同夏玉米品种籽粒含水量随授粉后积温的增加呈现出先增加后降低的抛物线形变化规律,早熟品种籽粒含水量达到最大值所需要的积温少于中晚熟品种,而且早熟品种籽粒含水量达到最大值后的降低速度快于中晚熟品种。不同夏玉米品种最大籽粒含水量在2017年表现为DH605>ZD958>DH518>HZ8,而在2018年表现为DH605>JNK728>ZD958>DH518（图7）。

图7

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图7不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒形成过程中的百粒含水量

Fig. 7100-grain moisture of summer maize hybrids differing in maturity after pollination

3 讨论

3.1 不同夏玉米品种的叶片建成与积温的关系

叶片的生长发育是影响玉米产量的决定性因素,而积温是影响叶片生长最重要的生态因子^[19,20]。前人研究表明,叶片数可以作为不同玉米品种熟期类型判定的形态指标^[21],本研究结果表明,中晚熟品种DH605和ZD958的植株总叶片数为20片,而早熟品种DH518、HZ8和JNK728的植株总叶片数为19片。因此,通过选育叶片数较少的品种可适当缩短生育期。一定范围内,玉米生育期随着播期推迟而缩短,但主要表现为吐丝前生育天数的缩短,吐丝后生育天数无显著变化^{[11, 22-29]}。本研究表明,不同熟期夏玉米品种对活动积温的需求随生育期的延长而增加,对活动积温需求差异最大的生育阶段为拔节期—开花期,具体表现为第9—16片叶片建成期。但是,早熟品种与中晚熟品种在吐丝期—生理成熟期所需要的活动积温差异不明显。因此,可以将不同夏玉米品种拔节期—开花期叶片建成所需要的活动积温的多少作为判定玉米熟期的重要指标。选育具有相对较少的叶片数,拔节期至开花期叶片生长速度快的玉米品种将有效缩短玉米全生育期的活动积温,以适应玉米机械粒收的要求,实现玉米的全程机械化生产。

3.2 不同夏玉米品种的雌、雄穗分化特性

玉米授粉前后的植株生长速率与其穗粒数的形成关系密切^[30,31]。本研究表明,不同玉米品种的雌穗分化特性差异显著,玉米雌穗分化到籽粒形成受品种基因型影响较大,这与孟佳佳等^[32]的研究结果一致。晚熟品种ZD958、DH605雌穗分化的总小花数和花丝数显著高于早熟品种HZ8、DH518,但小花受精率低于早熟品种。晚熟品种ZD958的小花受精率最低,小花结实率最高,总结实率较高。不同玉米品种的雄穗分化特性不同,晚熟品种的雄穗分枝数、雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数显著高于早熟品种。因此,不同熟期夏玉米品种的雌、雄穗分化特性不同,晚熟品种具有较多的雌、雄穗总小花数,而早熟品种具有较高的雌穗小花结实率和较低的雄穗小花败育率。

3.3 不同夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量的关系

不同熟期夏玉米品种的穗位叶叶位相同,为第12片叶,但不同熟期夏品种之间的穗位高具有显著差异,相关性分析表明产量与穗位高、穗位高和株高的比值呈极显著正相关关系。因此,合理的穗高系数有利于增加夏玉米的产量。前人研究表明,产量与品种的生育期具有显著的正效应^[33]。生育期长的品种所利用的光温资源较多,产量较高^[34]。本研究表明,在75 000株/hm²条件下,早熟品种的产量低于晚熟品种。因此,关于中早熟品种高产、高效的相关配套技术,尤其是合理的种植密度等还需要进一步研究。从产量构成因素上看,穗粒数高低与品种熟期无相关性,不同熟期夏玉米品种产量主要受千粒重的影响。早熟品种DH518与HZ8产量差异显著,说明在黄淮海地区可通过选育并推广适宜的中早熟品种进一步提高玉米产量。

4 结论

不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性具有较大差异,在75 000株/hm²条件下,中晚熟品种的产量显著高于早熟品种;植株总叶片数较少,拔节期—吐丝期所需时间短,后期脱水速率快是早熟宜机收玉米品种的典型特征。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]

王克如, 李少昆. 玉米机械粒收破碎率研究进展
中国农业科学, 2017,50(11):2018-2026.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

Grain mechanical harvest is the developing direction of maize harvesting technology. It is the key technology to realize entire mechanization of maize production and change the mode of production. At present, the high kernel broken rate of maize harvesting not only lowers the grade of corn but also reduce corn sales price. Moreover, it leads to the decline of maize yield and increases the cost of grain artificial drying, and increases the difficulty of safe storage of maize. Therefore, high broken rate is the major problem that we are facing to popularize grain mechanical harvesting techniques. Kernel broken rates of different genotypes of maize differ significantly. As the resistance to kernel broken is a heritable trait, the anti-breaking maize varieties can be bred. Because of the significant influence that harvest machines and operational parameters have on kernel broken rates, it is also an effective measure to ensure low broken rate by choosing rotary (axial-flow) combines and adjusting its parameters according to the plants growth condition, maturity and moisture content of maize kernel. In addition, ecological environment also has significant influences on broken rates of grain. The factors of sunshine times, atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, and so on in the process of grain filling, natural drying, and harvesting period will affect the characters associated with grain broken such as grain hardness, test weight and kernel moisture content. Hence, according to ecological conditions in different regions, it is necessary to choose maize varieties which can match the local light and temperature conditions in the suitable growth period of maize, and to determine the suitable planting area for those maize varieties. Cultivation managing measures such as planting density, management of irrigation and fertilizers, harvesting time have obvious influences on kernel broken rates. Reasonable planting density, optimized nitrogen fertilizers management and moderate irrigation make for the reduction of broken kernels, and the most effective measure to reduce the kernel broken rate is harvesting at optimum harvest period.

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李少昆, 王克如, 谢瑞芝, 明博. 机械粒收推动玉米生产方式转型
中国农业科学, 2018,51(10):1842-1844.

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摘要：

LI S

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摘要：

[5]

张万旭, 明博, 王克如, 刘朝巍, 侯鹏, 陈江鲁, 张国强, 杨京京, 车淑玲, 谢瑞芝, 李少昆. 基于品种熟期和籽粒脱水特性的机收粒玉米适宜播期与收获期分析
中国农业科学, 2018,51(10):1890-1898.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】 Yield and production efficiency are two equally important things under the condition of large-scale production. The sowing time and the harvesting time can be prolonged by various combinations of sowing date and different maturity cultivars, thus improving the utilization efficiency of combine machine and the maize production efficiency.【Method】 In this study, three maize cultivars, including KWS9384, Xinyu77 and M751, with different growth stages were selected to monitor the dynamic process of grain moisture content from 2015 to 2017. The predictive relationship model between the grain moisture content and the accumulated temperature (> 0°C) after pollination was established to analyze the key growth nodes of different combinations based on the local meteorological data.【Result】 The results showed that there were significant differences of grain yield and suitable sowing date between cultivars. The early maturity cultivar KWS9384 had a longer time of sowing and harvesting but a lower yield compared with the late maturity cultivars. The late maturity cultivars Xinyu77 and M751 both had higher yields but they needed more time to finish physiological maturity and to dry down grain to meet grain mechanical harvest. The combination plans of late maturity cultivar/early sowing or early maturity cultivar/late sowing could be used to coordinate the relationship between yield and grain moisture content, thus extending the sowing time and the grain harvesting time.【Conclusion】 This paper studied on the suitable sowing time and harvesting time of different maturity cultivars and gave the combination principle of cultivar and sowing date under the background of high yield and high efficiency production. The principle could maximize the utilization efficiency and benefit of combine machine under the specific ecology and production condition. This study provided the new information regarding the relevant researches and application of the maize grain mechanical harvesting technology.

ZHANG W

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, WANG K

, LIU C

, HOU

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, ZHANG G

, YANG J

, CHE S

, XIE R

, LI S

. Analysis of sowing and harvesting allocation of maize based on cultivar maturity and grain dehydration characteristics
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Abstract

Three years of experimental trials (2001–2003) were conducted in 12.7 t capacity pilot-scale bins to determine the survival, reproduction and suppression of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky under three temperature management strategies, no aeration (NA, control), ambient aeration (AA, ?23.9 °C), and chilled aeration (CA, ?18.3 °C) from May to November in Indiana, USA. One-way ANOVA indicated that the number of progeny for small adult populations of caged insects (0.14–0.28 insects per gram maize) embedded 0.6 m deep in the stored grain mass varied among temperature strategies for some, but not all of the storage periods. Progeny numbers in the CA strategy were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those for the NA and AA strategies for periods with longer hours of grain temperature ?15.0 °C. There were no differences in progeny numbers between the NA and AA strategies for most of the storage periods. This may have been due to higher mortality, lower oviposition and fecundity from overcrowding of S. zeamais under the NA strategy caused by factors in the caged insect microclimate (e.g., rapid food depletion, heating, moisture, molding, and high CO₂ levels). Our results suggest that maintaining stored maize at temperatures ?15.0 °C for longer periods suppressed S. zeamais progeny more effectively than at ?18.3 °C. In addition, leaving the stored grain bulk unaerated early in the spring so it remained cool at ?15.0 °C due to winter aeration resulted in early suppression of S. zeamais progeny.

[10]

李向岭, 李从锋, 侯玉虹, 侯海鹏, 葛均筑, 赵明. 不同播期夏玉米产量性能动态指标及其生态效应
中国农业科学, 2012,45(6):1074-1083.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.06.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】Ecological factors play an important role in maize yield. In order to clarify the relationship between light, temperature, water in the growing period and yield performance of maize, provide a reference to the high yield of maize in the North China Plain. 【Method】 Three types of cultivars (YN 103, XY335, ZD 958 and DH 661) were used as materials, and three sowing dates (May 3rd, May 28th, and June 22nd) and four density treatments (45 000, 60 000, 75 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2) were designed. The dynamic of leaf area index, grain yield were measured and the growing period and ecological factors were recorded. 【Result】 Yield showed an order of XY335>ZD958> DH661>YN103, early sowing date>medium sowing date >late sowing date. Ecological factors had a regulatory effect on yield and yield performance indexes, effective temperature after silking affected the average leaf area index and mean net assimilation rate, daily average temperature affected the growth days and harvest index, total rainfall and sunshine hours affected grains number per spike and grain weight. Effective temperature of whole growth period, especially after silking was the most important ecological factors affecting grain yield. The order of correlation coefficient was that ，the effective temperature of whole growth period(0.64**)，the effective temperature after silking(0.55**), the daily average temperature after silking (0.51**), the daily average temperature of whole growth period(-0.49*), the rainfall after silking(-0.47*), the sunshine and silking(0.42*). The effective temperature was the main effective factor on yield. 【Conclusion】 Two-crop a year system is practiced in Huanghuaihai area, so medium maturing cultivars, such as ZD 958, should be selected, optimum early sowing should be practiced to ensure adequate and effective accumulated temperature of grain sufficient filling time for further enhancing corn yield in this area.

LI X

, LI C

, HOU Y

, HOU H

, GE J

, ZHAO

. Dynamic characteristics of summer maize yield performance in different planting dates and its effect of ecological factors
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012,45(6):1074-1083. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.06.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

李向岭, 赵明, 李从锋, 葛均筑, 侯海鹏. 玉米叶面积系数动态特征及其积温模型的建立
作物学报, 2011,37(2):321-330.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00321 URL [本文引用: 2]

In order to clarify the demand of accumulated temperature in the growth process of maize cultivars of different maturities and the relationship between leaf area index and accumulated temperature. Three cultivars used (Yinong 103, Xianyu 335, and Denghai 661) were carried, with three sowing dates (May 3rd, May 28th, and June 22nd) and four density treatments (45 000 plants ha^-1, 60 000 plants ha^-1, 75 000 plants ha^-1, and 90 000 plants ha^-1). The dynamic characteristics of leaf area index were measured and the model based on accumulated temperature were established. The largest LAI and accumulated temperature from emergence to maturity were normalized, and the six main models were compared. Results show that, the Ration equation y=(a+bx)/(1+cx+dx²) had a good simulation results and would be used significantly in biological applications, the equation was y=(-0.05247+1.2766x)/ (1-2.6346x+3.6359x²), r = 0.9479^**, where is relative seedling groups LAI, (a+ b)/(1+c+d) is the relative maturity groups LAI.The values of a and c had a slightly difference, however, the values of b and d changed dramatically among sowing dates and among varieties, and a small difference among densities, showing that sowing dates changed the LAI mainly through the values of b and d in maize. The accuracy and precision of the normalized model were tested with the data of 2008 and the data of 2007 in Huadian, Jilin, the simulation accuracy (k) was all above 0.9392^**, and the precision (R²) was all above 0.9996^**. Sowing dates regulated the growth days, average temperature, accumulated temperature, average LAI, change rate of LAI and grain yield in different maturity cultivars of maize, when the sowing date delayed, the growth days, accumulated temperature, the average LAI and grain yield were all decreased, the average temperature was increased.The growing days and accumulated temperature showed as Denghai 661> Xianyu335> Yinong 103, grain yield and average LAI showed as Xianyu335 > Denghai 661 > Yinong 103.

LI X

, ZHAO

, LI C

, GE J

, HOU H

. Dynamic characteristics of leaf area index in maize and its model establishment based on accumulated temperature
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011,37(2):321-330. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00321 URL [本文引用: 2]

李向岭, 赵明, 李从锋, 葛均筑, 侯海鹏, 李琦, 侯立白. 播期和密度对玉米干物质积累动态的影响及其模型的建立
作物学报, 2010,36(12):2143-2153.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.02143 URL [本文引用: 1]

The research and application of crop growth model is a foundation of agricultural production information and digital technology, the quantitative research of leaf area index (LAI) model in different sowing dates can provide a theoretical basis for the highing-yield in maize,and further study the relationship of dry matter accumulation with sowing date and densities.Three maize cultivars(Yinong 103, Xianyu 335, and Denghai 661) with four density treatments in 45 000 plants ha^-1, 60 000 plants ha^-1, 75 000 plants ha^-1and 90 000 plants ha^-1 in three sowing date(May 3rd, May 28th, and June 22nd) were used in field experiments, dynamic dry matter accumulation and grain yield were measured. A Richard curveequation, y = 1.1044/(1+e^2.0253^-^5.1927x)^1/0.4448, was developed with relative DMA and relative accumulated temperature.The basic parameter of ultimate growth (a) was 1, initial growth parameter (b) and growth rate parameter (c) changed dramatically, shape parameter (d) changed small. The accuracy and precision of relative model were tested with the data in 2008 and 2007 in Huadian, Jilin province, the dynamic model could make a good estimation for DMA dynamics with the accuracies of above 1.0486^**, and the precision (R²) of above 0.9534^**. According to accumulated temperature and the largest dry matter accumulation, the model can better predict the dynamic dry matter accumulation of the growth period. Sowing-date and density had a regulated role in the change rate of dry matter accumulation. The sixth leaf and waxy stage was the sensitive reaction period of dry matter accumulation rate with density. In the slow increase and decrease stage of the dry matter accumulation rate, the accumulated temperature for maize increased gradually; in the rapid increase stage, the accumulated temperature for maize decreased gradually; in the growing period, theaverage rate of dry matter accumulation of different cultivars showed as Xianyu 335> Denghai 661 >Yinong 103. Theaverage rate of dry matter accumulation of treatments with different sowing dates showed as early sowing > middle sowing>late sowing,and increased with the density increasing.

LI X

, ZHAO

, LI C

, GE J

, HOU H

, LI

, HOU L

. Effect of sowing-date and planting density on dry matter accumulation dynamic and establishment of its simulated model in maize
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010,36(12):2143-2153. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.02143 URL [本文引用: 1]

CHIRKOV Y

. Agrometeorological indices in the development and formation of maize crops
Agricultural Meteorology, 1965,2(2):121-126.

DOI:10.1016/0002-1571(65)90005-1 URL [本文引用: 1]

[14]

边大红. 密度对玉米生长发育的影响及品种耐密性评价研究
[D]. 保定: 河北农业大学, 2008.

[本文引用: 1]

BIAN D

. Effects of density on growth and development of summer maize (Zea maize L.) and evaluation on maize hybrids with density-tolerant property
[D]. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2008. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[15]

谢振江, 李明顺, 李新海, 张世煌. 密度压力下玉米杂交种农艺性状与产量相关性研究
玉米科学, 2007,15(4):100-104.

URL [本文引用: 1]

XIE Z

, LI M

, LI X

, ZHANG S

. Study on relativity between yields and agronomic traits of major maize hybrids under different density
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2007,15(4):100-104. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[16]

CáRCOVA

, URIBELARREA

, BORRáS

, OTEGUI

, WESTGATE

. Synchronous pollination within and between ears improves kernel set in maize
Crop Science, 2000,40(4):1056-1061.

DOI:10.2135/cropsci2000.4041056x URL [本文引用: 1]

[17]

LI C

, CAO W

, ZHANG Y

. Comprehensive pattern of primordium initiation in shoot apex of wheat
Acta Botanica Sinica, 2002,44(3):273-278.

[本文引用: 1]

[18]

严定春, 朱艳, 曹卫星. 水稻栽培适宜品种选择的知识模型
南京农业大学学报, 2004,27(4):20-25.

URL [本文引用: 1]

YAN D

, ZHU

, CAO W

. A knowledge model for selection of suitable variety in rice production
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2004,27(4):20-25. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[19]

张银锁, 宇振荣, DRIESSEN P

. 夏玉米植株及叶片生长发育热量需求的试验与模拟研究
应用生态学报, 2001,12(4):561-565.

URLPMID:11758383 [本文引用: 1]

A growing degree-day (GDD) calculation method was recommended by comparing several popular used GDD calculation equations. The GDD between different development stages, from emergence to each leaf appearance and during the lifetime of each leaf, were calculated for summer maize with the field treatments differed in cultivars, plant density, sowing dates, water and fertilizer supplying levels. Factors influencing the stability of GDD were discussed, and simulation equations to predict the leaf development were fitted based on the field observed data.

ZHANG Y

, YU Z

, DRIESSEN P

. Growing degree-days requirements for plant and leaf development of summer maize (Zea mays) -An experimental and simulation study
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001,12(4):561-565. (in Chinese)

URLPMID:11758383 [本文引用: 1]

何维勋, 曹永华. 玉米展开叶增加速率与温度和叶龄的关系
中国农业气象, 1990,11(3):30-33.

URL [本文引用: 1]

本文根据田间试验和人工气候箱模拟试验的实测数据,分析玉米展开叶增加与温度和叶龄的关系,建立了叶片增加的动态模式。输入逐日平均气温和反映品种特性的参数,计算机就能迅速展示出未来逐日的展开叶片数。检验表明,它的误差比warrington模式要小,尤其是在12片叶以上,优点更明显。

HE W

, CAO Y

. The relationship between leaf growth rate and temperature and leaf age of maize
Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 1990,11(3):30-33. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

本文根据田间试验和人工气候箱模拟试验的实测数据,分析玉米展开叶增加与温度和叶龄的关系,建立了叶片增加的动态模式。输入逐日平均气温和反映品种特性的参数,计算机就能迅速展示出未来逐日的展开叶片数。检验表明,它的误差比warrington模式要小,尤其是在12片叶以上,优点更明显。

[21]

曹广才, 吴东兵. 植株叶数是北方旱地玉米品种熟期类型的形态指标
北京农业科学, 1996(4):5-8.

[本文引用: 1]

CAO G

, WU D

. The number of leaves is the morphological index of the ripening period of maize varieties in the north
Beijing Agricultural Sciences, 1996(4):5-8. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[22]

任佰朝, 高飞, 魏玉君, 董树亭, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺. 冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下夏玉米的适宜熟期与积温需求特性
作物学报, 2018,44(1):137-143.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00137 URL [本文引用: 1]

REN B

, GAO

, WEI Y

, DONG S

, ZHAO

, LIU

, ZHANG J

. Suitable maturity period and accumulated temperature of summer maize in wheat-maize double cropping system
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018,44(1):137-143. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00137 URL [本文引用: 1]

[23]

张娟, 马丰刚, 蒋明洋, 苏丙华, 谷顼, 康建萍, 白洪立, 武军华. 播期对夏玉米生长发育、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响
山东农业科学, 2016,48(8):38-41.

ZHANG

, MA F

, JIANG M

, SU B

, GU

, KANG J

, BAI H

, WU J

. Effects of sowing date on growth, kernel filling and yield of summer maize
Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2016,48(8):38-41. (in Chinese)

[24]

李向岭. 生态因素对玉米产量性能的调控效应及其模型的构建
[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2011.

LI X

. Regulative effect of ecological factors on maize yield performance and its models establishment
[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)

[25]

张谋草, 赵玮, 邓振镛, 王宁珍. 分期播种对陇东地区玉米产量的影响及适宜播期分析
中国农学通报, 2011,27(33):28-33.

ZHANG M

, ZHAO

, DENG Z

, WANG N

. Analysis about the effect of stage sowing on maize yield and optimum sowing time in Longdong region
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011,27(33):28-33. (in Chinese)

[26]

蒲金涌, 李晓东, 许彦平, 姚晓红, 胡利平. 陇东南地区玉米分期播种试验及适时播种期探讨
安徽农业科学, 2010,38(11):5739-5740, 5754.

PU J

, LI X

, XU Y

, YAO X

, HU L

. Experiment in the timely sowing of maize in southeastern Gansu and the analysis of its suitable sowing period
Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010,38(11):5739-5740, 5754. (in Chinese)

[27]

董秀春, 李鹏, 徐燕. 播期对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响
山东农业科学, 2015,47(8):39-41, 45.

DONG X

, LI

, XU

. Effect of sowing date on growth and yield of summer maize
Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2015,47(8):39-41, 45. (in Chinese)

[28]

刘战东, 肖俊夫, 南纪琴, 冯跃华. 播期对夏玉米生育期、形态指标及产量的影响
西北农业学报, 2010,19(6):91-94.

LIU Z

, XIAO J

, NAN J

, FENG Y

. Effect of sowing date on growth stages, morphological index and yield of summer maize
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2010,19(6):91-94. (in Chinese)

[29]

董红芬, 李洪, 李爱军, 阎晓光, 赵长明. 玉米播期推迟与生长发育、有效积温关系研究
玉米科学, 2012,20(5):97-101.

[本文引用: 1]

DONG H

, LI

, LI A

, YAN X

, ZHAO C

. Relations between delayed sowing date and growth, effective accumulated temperature of maize
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2012,20(5):97-101. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

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TANAKA

, OSAKI

. Growth and behavior of photosynthesized¹⁴C in various crops in relation to productivity
Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 1983,29(2):147-158.

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[31]

ANDRADE F

, VEGA

, UHART

, CIRILO

, CANTARERO

, VALENTINUZ

. Kernel number determination in maize
Crop Science, 1999,39(2):453-459.

DOI:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X0039000200026x URL [本文引用: 1]

[32]

孟佳佳, 董树亭, 石德杨, 张海燕. 玉米雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系
作物学报, 2013,39(5):912-918.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00912 URL [本文引用: 1]

Two cultivars ZD958 and DH661 were used to analyze the effect of different planting densities (45 000 plant ha^-1, 75 000 plant ha^-1, 10 5000 plant ha^-1) on kernel development and barrenness in maize (Zea mays L.). The results showed that increasing plant density had little effects on the time of ear primordia differentiation (the ear primordia presented at 28–29 days after sowing under different densities) and the total number of floret primordia during silking. However, the differentiation of ear was postponed under high density, the number of abortive florets and unfertilized florets increased with the increase of plant density. Compared with low-density, the high density reduced number of normal florets per ear by 100.0 for DH661 and by 76.4 for ZD958. Additionally, the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) was elongated, the ratio of the silked-plants was decreased (ratio of DH661 was 93.64% and that of ZD958 was 81.80% under high density), the time of silking was delayed, the number of silked florets per ear was reduced and the pollen shedding duration was shortened with increasing plant density, which results in the increment of abortion after fertilization. Interestingly, kernel abortion would also occur during grain-filling, especially in 10 days after anthesis. The kernel number per ear had a positive correlation with the bottom transmittance at silking, 10 d after silking and 20 d after silking, while the ratio of abortive floret was negatively correlated with the bottom transmittance before flowering significantly.

MENG J

, DONG S

, SHI D

, ZHANG H

. Relationship of ear differentiation with kernel development and barrenness in maize (Zea mays L.)
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013,39(5):912-918. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00912 URL [本文引用: 1]

EDWARDS J

, PURCELL L

, VORIES E

. Light interception and yield potential of short-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in the Midsouth
Agronomy Journal, 2005,97(1):225-234.

[本文引用: 1]

[34]

许轲, 孙圳, 霍中洋, 戴其根, 张洪程, 刘俊, 宋云生, 杨大柳, 魏海燕, 吴爱国, 王显, 吴冬冬. 播期、品种类型对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响
中国农业科学, 2013,46(20):4222-4233.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.20.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding date and variety type on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and sunshine under the rice-wheat cropping system in midland of Jiangsu Province. The result will provide a theoretical basis for scientific use of the seeding date and adoption of suitable variety types.【Method】With medium-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, late-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties, medium-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties and late-maturing medium Indica rice varieties as materials, using four seeding dates, a comparative study of seeding date and variety type on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination was conducted.【Result】The grian productivity of different variety types showed that late-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties＞early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties＞medium-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties＞late-maturing medium Indica rice varieties＞medium-maturing late Japonica rice varieties. With delay of seeding date, the grain yields of the five rice variety types all decreased significantly, but the decrements varied. The yields decreasing range of different variety types showed that medium-maturing late japonica rice varieties＞late-maturing medium indica rice varieties＞early-maturing late japonica rice varieties＞late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties＞medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties. With the delay of seeding date, the growth process of all the varieties delayed and the growth stages of all the variety types shortened, the accumulated temperature and illumination hours for growth stages significantly reduced. In the same seeding date, the yield discrepancy among different varieties showed an increasing trend with the delay of seeding date. According to the growth stage, the effect of seeding date on the utilization rate of temperature and light resources of different variety types could be divided into two categories, one was the little influence on the short growth period which were medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties and late-maturing medium indica rice varieties，the other was the great influence on the long growth period which were late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties, early-maturing late japonica rice varieties and medium-maturing late japonica rice varieties. The suitable variety types were preliminarily regionalized based on the different seeding dates as follows: early-maturing late japonica rice varieties and late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties, medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties, late-maturing medium indica rice varieties should be adopted in Mid-May; late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties and early-maturing late japonica rice varieties, medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties, late-maturing medium indica rice varieties should be adopted in late May; late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties and medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties and early-maturing late japonica rice varieties should be adopted in early June; medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties should be adopted in mid-June. 【Conclusion】 With the delay of seeding date, the grain yield, days of growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of the five rice variety types all decreased. Considering the rice-wheat cropping systems and heat conditions, a preliminary division for adopting suitable variety types of different seeding date was made, in order to provide reference for rice production in large area.

, SUN

, HUO Z

, DAI Q

, ZHANG H

, LIU

, SONG Y

, YANG D

, WEI H

, WU A

, WANG

, WU D

. Effects of seeding date and variety type on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and sunshine in rice
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(20):4222-4233. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.20.005 URL [本文引用: 1]