,1, 刘鹏鹏,2, 桑伟2, 崔凤娟2, 韩新年2, 聂迎彬2, 孔德真2, 邹波2, 徐红军2, 穆培源,2Allelic Variations of Pins Genes in Xinjiang Spring Wheat Varieties and Their Influence on Processing Quality of Xinjiang Hand-Stretched Noodles
XIANG JiShan,1, LIU PengPeng,2, SANG Wei2, CUI FengJuan2, HAN XinNian2, NIE YingBin2, KONG DeZhen2, ZOU Bo2, XU HongJun2, MU PeiYuan,2通讯作者:
责任编辑: 李莉
收稿日期:2019-11-20接受日期:2020-03-10网络出版日期:2020-10-01
| 基金资助: |
Received:2019-11-20Accepted:2020-03-10Online:2020-10-01
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相吉山,E-mail：
刘鹏鹏,E-mail：
摘要
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相吉山, 刘鹏鹏, 桑伟, 崔凤娟, 韩新年, 聂迎彬, 孔德真, 邹波, 徐红军, 穆培源. 新疆春小麦品种Pins基因等位变异及其对新疆拉面加工品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3857-3866 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.001
XIANG JiShan, LIU PengPeng, SANG Wei, CUI FengJuan, HAN XinNian, NIE YingBin, KONG DeZhen, ZOU Bo, XU HongJun, MU PeiYuan.
0 引言
【研究意义】籽粒硬度作为国际通用小麦（Triticum aesivum L.）分类指标之一,是决定磨粉品质和食品加工品质的主要因素[1],也是决定小麦品质优劣、贸易价格和最终用途的重要指标,已成为小麦品质改良的重要目标性状之一[2,3]。【前人研究进展】小麦籽粒硬度决定磨粉能耗、润麦加水量和出粉率,也影响面粉色泽和灰分含量[4]。硬质麦胚乳与麸皮的分离程度高、筛理性好、出粉率较高、面粉白度高;软质麦筛分效果差、出粉率较低[5]。籽粒硬度基因Pina和Pinb（Pins）变化会影响Puroindolin蛋白的变化,Puroindolin蛋白的变化将直接影响小麦胚乳质地的变化。籽粒硬度基因变化的主要来源为Pina和Pinb编码区单核苷酸的替代、缺失或Pina的缺失[6]。迄今为止,在普通小麦和近缘植物中已经发现了23种Pina变异类型（Pina-D1a—Pina-D1w[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]）和31种Pinb变异类型（Pinb-D1a—Pinb-D1x[7,9-10,13-14,19-26]、Pinb-D1aa[27]、Pinb-D1ab[28]、Pinb-D1ac[29] Pinb-D1ad、Pinb-D1ae、Pinb-D1af和Pinb-D1ag[18]）,其中,Pina- D1a（野生型）/Pinb-D1b是中国小麦最为常见的变异类型[22]。目前,研究一致认为,普通小麦的Pina不表达、Pina或Pinb发生突变,均会导致小麦胚乳质地变硬[2,30]。新疆拉面（Xinjiang hand-stretched noodle,XHSN）属手工鲜食白盐面条（white salted noodle,WSN）,与兰州拉面[31]在面条配方、外观形态、食用方法、佐餐食料等方面有着本质的区别,是新疆地区独具特色的面条种类,深受广大消费者的喜爱。新疆小麦面粉年产量的80%都用于制作新疆拉面[32]。哈力旦·依克热木等[33]对部分新疆小麦品种Pins进行检测,发现有2种突变类型Pina-Dlb和Pinb-Dlb;王亮等[34]对新疆小麦品种籽粒硬度及Pins进行研究,发现有6种突变类型,其中Pinb-Dlab的籽粒硬度最高,Pinb-Dla最低,并且Pina-D1b、Pinb-Dlb和Pinb-D1p 3种硬质类型的籽粒硬度没有显著性差异;丛花等[35]对新疆小麦地方品种籽粒硬度及Pins进行研究,发现有9种突变类型,以Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p为主导类型;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a（野生型）的籽粒硬度显著低于突变型,Pina-D1k（null）/null的籽粒硬度最高。【本研究切入点】Pina突变会导致籽粒硬度发生变化[2,30],籽粒硬度影响加工品质[1,4-5]。目前,针对新疆小麦Pina的研究主要围绕等位变异检测[33]及其对籽粒硬度的影响[34,35],有关Pinas与加工品质关系的研究鲜见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以386份新疆春小麦品种资源为材料,利用已开发的分子标记检测Pins,并测定品质性状和新疆拉面加工品质,分析不同等位变异对籽粒硬度、品质性状和新疆拉面加工品质的影响,为新疆小麦品质改良以及优质新疆拉面品种选育提供参考信息。1 材料与方法
1.1 材料来源
供试材料为新疆农垦科学院作物所小麦研究室收集整理的386份新疆春小麦品种资源,包括地方品种54份、国外引进品种（系）22份、国内引进品种（系）103份、新疆自育品系152份和新疆审定品种55份。2012—2013年,将供试材料在新疆农垦科学院作物研究所农业试验站（新疆石河子）进行2年种植试验。人工撒播,行长1.8 m,行距0.25 m,每个材料种植5行。田间管理同大田,正常成熟后及时收获,人工收割、机器脱粒,室温存放1个月后用于磨粉。面粉样品室温存放1个月后用于品质测定。1.2 品质测定
2013—2014年,在新疆农垦科学院作物研究所/谷物品质与遗传改良兵团重点实验室进行籽粒及面粉品质的测定。使用瑞典Perten公司4100型单粒谷物特性测定仪（SKCS）按AACC 55-31方法测定籽粒硬度。使用丹麦FOSS公司1241型近红外谷物成分分析仪按AACC 39-11方法和AACC 08-01方法测定籽粒蛋白质含量（14%水分基,下同）以及面粉灰分含量。使用德国Brabender公司Quandrmat Senior磨进行面粉磨制并计算出粉率,即所得面粉与全粉（面粉和麸皮总和）的比值。使用日本KONICA MINOLTA公司Minolta CR-310型色差仪测定面粉色泽,采用D65CIEL*、a*、b*的色度系统,L*值表示黑-白（亮）度,值越大越白（亮）;a*值表示绿-红色,值越大越红;b*值表示蓝-黄色,值越大越黄;使用杭州大成光电仪器有限公司WSB-IV智能白度测定仪测量面粉白度,该仪器测量物体表面的兰光白度,值越大表明白度高。使用瑞典Perten公司2200型面筋仪按国标GB/T14608-2006方法测定湿面筋含量,面筋指数为强面筋含量占总面筋含量的比值。使用中国农业大学BAU21型沉淀值测定仪按AACC56-61A方法测定Zeleny沉淀值。使用美国National manufacturing公司10 g电子型和面仪按AACC54-40A方法测定和面仪参数,软件Mixsmart自动处理数据、绘图和显示结果。主要使用图谱中线（midline）的几个参数：峰值时间（midline peak time）、峰值高度（midline peak value）、8分钟宽度（8 min width）和8分钟面积（8 min integral）。使用瑞典Perten公司TECMASTER快速黏度测试仪（RVA）按照AACC76-21的方法测定淀粉糊化参数,黏度单位为里泊（cp）,RVA参数包括峰值黏度（peak viscosity）、低谷黏度（trough viscosity）、稀懈值（breakdown）、最终黏度（final viscosity）和反弹值（setback）。按照新疆农垦科学院作物研究所和谷物品质与遗传改良兵团重点实验室制定的《新疆拉面实验室制作及评价方法》[44],对上述样品进行新疆拉面的制作和评鉴,明确供试材料的拉面加工品质优劣。1.3 分子标记检测
2014—2015年,每个供试材料选3粒有代表性的种子,按照LAGUDAH等[36]方法提取基因组DNA,参考王亮等[34]方法检测供试材料籽粒硬度基因（Pins）。根据每个品种（系）DNA检测结果判断该品种（系）的Pins类型。对出现3粒种子带型不一致的材料,进行二次取样,重新检测,以2次检测一致的结果为准。1.4 统计分析
采用SAS8.0软件对2年的检测结果进行t测验及方差分析。2 结果
2.1 新疆春小麦品种Pins分子标记检测
利用目前已开发的小麦Pins分子标记,检测386份新疆春小麦品种资源（表1和表2）。结果显示,在新疆春小麦品种中,Pina位点存在Pina-D1a和Pina-D1b等位变异类型,占比分别为86.79%和13.21%;Pinb位点存在Pinb-D1a、Pinb-D1b和Pinb-D1p等位变异类型,占比依次为64.77%、32.12%和3.11%。Pina/Pinb基因型组合类型有Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p、Pina-D1b/ Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p,占比依次为58.81%、25.39%、2.59%、5.96%、6.74%和0.52%。说明Pina-D1a、Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1a是新疆春小麦品种资源Pins的主要基因型和基因型组合。Table 1
表1
表1新疆春小麦品种Pins分子标记检测结果
Table 1
| 项目Item | Pina | Pinb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pina-D1a | Pina-D1b | Pinb-D1a | Pinb-D1b | Pinb-D1p | |
| 品种数 Variety number | 335 | 51 | 250 | 124 | 12 |
| 所占比例Proportion (%) | 86.79 | 13.21 | 64.77 | 32.12 | 3.11 |
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Table 2
表2
表2新疆春小麦品种Pins不同组合类型的数量及其比例
Table 2
| 项目Item | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p | Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a | Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b | Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 品种数Variety number | 227 | 98 | 10 | 23 | 26 | 2 |
| 所占比例Proportion (%) | 58.81 | 25.39 | 2.59 | 5.96 | 6.74 | 0.52 |
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2.2 Pins对春小麦品种品质性状的影响
分别对不同基因型品种的品质性状进行成组数据的t测验和单因素方差分析,比较不同基因型和不同基因型组合对新疆春小麦品种品质性状的影响。2.2.1 Pins对籽粒性状和磨粉品质的影响 在Pina不同基因型品种间（表3）,Pina-D1a的籽粒蛋白含量和面粉灰分含量极显著高于Pina-D1b;面粉白度显著高于Pina-D1b;籽粒硬度和面粉b*值分别极显著和显著低于Pina-D1b。在Pinb不同基因型品种间,Pinb-D1a的面粉白度极显著高于Pinb-D1p;Pinb-D1b的籽粒出粉率极显著高于Pinb-D1p;Pinb-D1b和Pinb-D1p的面粉b*值显著高于Pinb-D1a;Pinb-D1p的籽粒硬度显著高于Pinb-D1a和Pinb-D1b。在Pina/Pinb不同基因型组合品种间,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a的面粉白度显著高于Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p;Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p的籽粒出粉率显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p;Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1p的籽粒硬度极显著高于其他组合;Pina-D1b/ Pinb-D1p的籽粒蛋白含量极显著高于其他组合。说明Pins显著影响春小麦籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、出粉率以及面粉灰分含量、黄度（b*值）、白度。
Table 3
表3
表3Pins对新疆春小麦品种籽粒性状和磨粉品质的影响
Table 3
| 基因型组合 Genotype combination | 籽粒性状Grain character | 磨粉品质Milling quality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 硬度 Hardness | 蛋白含量 Protein content (%) | 出粉率 Flour yield (%) | 灰分含量 Ash content (%) | L*值 L* value | a*值 a* value | b*值 b* value | 白度 Whiteness | ||
| Pina | Pina-D1a | 52.54±17.30 | 15.39±1.83** | 49.32±8.41 | 0.52±0.07** | 97.89±5.10 | -0.02±1.25 | 9.67±1.55 | 73.90±4.67* |
| Pina-D1b | 56.59±14.36** | 15.00±1.57 | 49.86±6.85 | 0.51±0.05 | 97.28±4.99 | -0.09±1.24 | 9.89±1.44* | 73.40±2.76 | |
| Pinb | Pinb-D1a | 52.68±17.50 | 15.37±1.86 | 48.90±8.16abAB | 0.51±0.06 | 97.88±5.18 | -0.03±1.24 | 9.63±1.61b | 74.13±3.86aA |
| Pinb-D1b | 53.57±16.02b | 15.25±1.68 | 50.47±8.23aA | 0.51±0.08 | 97.71±4.88 | -0.02±1.26 | 9.82±1.40a | 73.30±5.49abAB | |
| Pinb-D1p | 57.38±13.64a | 15.38±1.80 | 48.65±7.79bB | 0.52±0.05 | 97.17±5.17 | -0.09±1.16 | 9.81±1.23a | 73.06±2.30bB | |
| Pina/ Pinb | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a | 52.16±17.77cC | 15.42±1.88bB | 48.80±8.34b | 0.52±0.06 | 97.99±5.17 | -0.03±1.24 | 9.61±1.64 | 74.20±3.96a |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b | 52.77±16.39cC | 15.34±1.72bB | 50.66±8.47a | 0.52±0.08 | 97.73±4.94 | 0.00±1.26 | 9.77±1.36 | 73.25±6.08ab | |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p | 58.14±13.50aA | 15.19±1.74bB | 48.15±8.04b | 0.51±0.05 | 97.25±5.12 | -0.11±1.17 | 9.82±1.17 | 73.24±2.36ab | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a | 57.29±14.21abAB | 14.94±1.61bB | 49.78±6.27ab | 0.50±0.04 | 96.90±5.25 | -0.08±1.22 | 9.79±1.37 | 73.46±2.80ab | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b | 56.22±14.45bB | 14.94±1.48bB | 49.83±7.41ab | 0.51±0.05 | 97.66±4.70 | -0.11±1.27 | 9.98±1.49 | 73.44±2.76ab | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p | 53.26±14.29cC | 16.46±1.82aA | 51.35±5.90a | 0.54±0.05 | 96.75±5.68 | -0.01±1.15 | 9.73±1.56 | 72.13±1.79b | |
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2.2.2 Pins对小麦品种面粉品质和面团特性的影响 在Pina不同基因型品种间（表4）,Pina-D1a的湿面筋含量和Zeleny沉淀值分别极显著和显著高于Pina-D1b,而面筋指数极显著低于Pina-D1b;在Pinb不同基因型品种间,Pinb-D1a的湿面筋含量极显著高于Pinb-D1b,Pinb-D1p的面筋指数极显著高于Pinb- D1a;在Pina/Pinb不同基因型组合品种间,Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1p和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a的面筋指数极显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p的总面筋含量极显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1a/Pinb- D1p、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b。说明Pins显著影响春小麦品种面粉的湿面筋含量、面筋指数和Zeleny沉淀值。
Table 4
表4
表4Pins对新疆春小麦品种面粉品质和面团特性的影响
Table 4
| 基因型组合 Genotype combination | 湿面筋含量 Gluten content (%) | 面筋指数 Gluten index (%) | Zeleny沉淀值 Zeleny sedimentation (mL) | 峰值时间 Midline peak time (min) | 峰值高度 Midline peak value (%) | 8分钟宽度 8 min width (%) | 8分钟面积 8 min integral (%TQ*min) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pina | Pina-D1a | 3.43±0.64** | 70.14±19.84 | 32.27±7.55* | 2.99±2.41 | 54.85±3.25 | 29.45±10.22 | 127.03±50.41 |
| Pina-D1b | 3.33±0.56 | 74.64±16.63** | 31.22±6.97 | 3.17±1.19* | 54.77±2.56 | 30.20±10.21 | 135.59±52.85** | |
| Pinb | Pinb-D1a | 3.45±0.64aA | 69.41±19.92bB | 31.98±7.24 | 2.97±2.71 | 54.90±3.05 | 29.50±10.15 | 125.60±50.70bB |
| Pinb-D1b | 3.36±0.60bB | 73.04±18.59abAB | 32.30±7.84 | 3.06±1.12 | 54.73±3.40 | 29.67±10.31 | 131.88±50.10bAB | |
| Pinb-D1p | 3.40±0.60abAB | 75.55±16.14aA | 32.87±8.26 | 3.38±1.26 | 54.66±2.63 | 29.49±10.68 | 144.84±55.71aA | |
| Pina/ Pinb | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a | 3.46±0.65abAB | 68.66±20.13bB | 32.06±7.30 | 2.95±2.82 | 54.90±3.11 | 29.41±10.16 | 124.23±49.65bB |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b | 3.38±0.62bB | 72.86±19.04abAB | 32.65±7.95 | 3.04±1.14 | 54.75±3.60 | 29.44±10.33 | 131.40±50.40abAB | |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p | 3.34±0.60bB | 76.23±17.12aA | 33.24±8.72 | 3.41±1.34 | 54.60±2.68 | 30.28±10.57 | 145.81±58.82aA | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a | 3.32±0.61bB | 76.03±16.56aA | 31.32±6.65 | 3.23±1.37 | 54.85±2.47 | 30.34±10.12 | 137.70±57.98abAB | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b | 3.30±0.51bB | 73.63±17.09abAB | 31.15±7.38 | 3.11±1.05 | 54.68±2.66 | 30.43±10.23 | 133.46±49.24abAB | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p | 3.74±0.50aA | 71.85±8.67abAB | 30.89±4.91 | 3.20±0.80 | 54.98±2.43 | 25.16±10.66 | 139.59±35.75abAB | |
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2.2.3 Pins对和面仪指标的影响 在Pina不同基因型品种间（表4）,Pina-D1a的峰值时间、8分钟面积显著、极显著低于Pina-D1b;在Pinb不同基因型品种间,Pinb-D1p的8分钟面积极显著高于Pinb-D1a;在Pina/Pinb不同基因型组合品种间,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p 的8分钟面积极显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a。说明Pins显著影响春小麦品种面团特性中的峰值时间和8分钟面积。
2.2.4 Pins对淀粉糊化特性的影响 在Pina不同基因型品种间（表5）,Pina-D1a的稀懈值极显著低于Pina-D1b;在Pinb不同基因型品种间,淀粉糊化特性的差异不显著;在Pina/Pinb不同基因型组合品种间,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a的稀懈值显著高于Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p。说明Pins显著影响春小麦淀粉的稀懈值。
Table 5
表5
表5Pins对新疆春小麦品种淀粉糊化特性的影响
Table 5
| 基因型组合 Genotype combination | 峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (cp) | 低谷黏度 Trough viscosity (cp) | 稀懈值 Breakdown (cp) | 最终黏度 Final viscosity (cp) | 反弹值 Setback (cp) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pina | Pina-D1a | 3503.24±545.86 | 2272.50±304.02 | 1230.74±392.65 | 3862.32±457.70 | 1589.82±210.34 |
| Pina-D1b | 3555.49±461.50 | 2260.21±245.00 | 1295.28±358.76** | 3837.73±349.40 | 1577.52±171.57 | |
| Pinb | Pinb-D1a | 3501.94±556.29 | 2267.75±309.03 | 1234.19±394.10 | 3853.71±462.32 | 1585.95±208.48 |
| Pinb-D1b | 3529.24±503.23 | 2268.36±276.34 | 1260.87±380.10 | 3857.72±414.66 | 1589.35±198.63 | |
| Pinb-D1p | 3504.54±377.63 | 2349.23±202.99 | 1155.31±342.06 | 3964.23±315.85 | 1615.00±200.88 | |
| Pina/Pinb | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a | 3493.70±562.46 | 2265.96±312.40 | 1227.75±396.64a | 3853.15±469.21 | 1587.20±211.06 |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b | 3521.04±524.56 | 2276.45±294.44 | 1244.59±386.95a | 3867.35±444.77 | 1590.90±209.24 | |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p | 3541.43±348.69 | 2368.97±169.17 | 1172.47±355.24ab | 4001.82±276.43 | 1632.85±202.06 | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a | 3574.79±494.23 | 2283.62±277.98 | 1291.17±367.34a | 3858.59±397.71 | 1574.97±184.51 | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b | 3556.25±425.80 | 2241.72±204.25 | 1314.54±352.46a | 3825.95±293.29 | 1584.23±159.17 | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p | 3283.20±472.95 | 2230.80±321.26 | 1052.40±249.32b | 3738.70±433.76 | 1507.90±167.94 | |
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2.3 Pins对春小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质的影响
在Pina不同基因型品种间（表6）,Pina-D1b的拉面手感、粘弹性、总分显著高于Pina-D1a;在Pinb不同基因型品种间,新疆拉面加工品质的差异不显著;Pina/Pinb不同基因型组合品种间,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p的拉面手感显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1p和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b的粘弹性显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p;Pina- D1b/Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a的总分显著高于Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1a。说明Pins显著影响新疆拉面加工品质的拉面手感、粘弹性和总分。Table 6
表6
表6Pins对春小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质的影响
Table 6
| 基因型组合 Genotype combination | 拉面手感 Stretch feeling | 表面状况 Surface | 适口性 Firmness | 粘弹性 Viscoelasticity | 光滑性 Smoothness | 食味 Taste and flavor | 色泽 Color | 总分 Total score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pina | Pina-D1a | 10.87±2.07 | 7.06±0.79 | 13.90±2.02 | 22.88±3.35 | 7.58±0.66 | 4.06±0.27 | 11.12±1.47 | 77.46±6.21 |
| Pina-D1b | 11.40±1.73** | 7.13±0.80 | 13.99±1.90 | 23.42±3.06** | 7.65±0.68 | 4.06±0.28 | 11.25±1.47 | 78.86±5.91** | |
| Pinb | Pinb-D1a | 10.90±2.02 | 7.06±0.79 | 13.93±2.02 | 22.86±3.31 | 7.59±0.65 | 4.06±0.27 | 11.13±1.48 | 77.53±6.12 |
| Pinb-D1b | 11.03±2.00 | 7.08±0.79 | 13.84±1.96 | 23.11±3.28 | 7.56±0.68 | 4.06±0.27 | 11.19±1.45 | 77.86±6.32 | |
| Pinb-D1p | 11.06±2.21 | 7.11±0.69 | 14.19±1.78 | 23.35±3.30 | 7.76±0.68 | 4.06±0.26 | 10.93±1.23 | 78.45±5.18 | |
| Pina/ Pinb | Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a | 10.84±2.04bB | 7.06±0.79 | 13.94±2.02 | 22.80±3.34b | 7.58±0.66 | 4.05±0.27 | 11.12±1.49 | 77.38±6.16bB |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b | 10.94±2.05bB | 7.06±0.77 | 13.78±1.99 | 23.01±3.31ab | 7.54±0.66 | 4.07±0.27 | 11.15±1.42 | 77.54±6.31bB | |
| Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p | 10.87±2.35bB | 7.13±0.71 | 14.25±1.80 | 23.46±3.39a | 7.75±0.69 | 4.07±0.27 | 11.02±1.14 | 78.54±5.31abAB | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a | 11.44±1.72abAB | 7.10±0.76 | 13.91±1.99 | 23.46±2.95a | 7.66±0.62 | 4.09±0.28 | 11.20±1.38 | 78.87±5.61aA | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b | 11.32±1.79abAB | 7.17±0.85 | 14.06±1.83 | 23.44±3.19a | 7.63±0.74 | 4.03±0.28 | 11.34±1.52 | 78.91±6.26aA | |
| Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p | 12.09±0.54aA | 7.05±0.57 | 13.86±1.72 | 22.73±2.84b | 7.80±0.67 | 3.98±0.22 | 10.45±1.61 | 77.96±4.59bB | |
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3 讨论
3.1 新疆春小麦Pins等位变异类型
在已经发现的23种Pina变异类型和31种Pinb变异类型中,Pina-D1a（野生型）/Pinb-D1b是中国小麦中最为常见的变异类型[37]。MA等[38]对来自中国、美国、澳大利亚、欧洲、日本小麦品种的Pins检测发现,在中国和国外品种中,最常见的基因型是Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b;在中国地方品种中,最常见的基因型是Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a。本研究发现,新疆春小麦品种资源中,Pina存在2种等位变异,其中Pina-D1a（野生型）占比最高（86.79%）;Pinb存在3种等位变异,其中Pinb-D1a（野生型）占比最高（64.77%）;Pina/Pinb 基因型组合有6种,其中Pina-D1a/Pinb- D1a（野生型）占比最高（58.81%）。与MA等[38]的检测结果相似。
3.2 Pins对籽粒硬度和蛋白质含量的影响
籽粒硬度是最重要的小麦品质性状之一,Pins是形成小麦籽粒硬度的基础。PINA蛋白的缺失或编码PINB蛋白的基因突变均造成小麦胚乳质地变硬[39]。本研究发现,新疆春小麦Pina-D1b和Pinb- D1p的籽粒硬度显著高于野生型;Pina-D1a/Pinb- D1p和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a的籽粒硬度极显著高于其他组合,说明Pins的突变会显著提高春小麦的籽粒硬度,拥有Pina-D1b的品种比拥有Pinb-D1b品种的籽粒硬度值高[40]。本研究还发现,Pina-D1的不同变异类型会显著影响籽粒蛋白质含量,其中Pina-D1b的籽粒蛋白质含量极显著低于野生型,而Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p的籽粒蛋白质含量极显著高于其他组合。3.3 Pins对主要品质性状的影响
已有研究表明,不同Pins小麦品种的品质性状和加工品质不同[2]。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b的出粉率、面粉颗粒大小、亮度（L*值）、红度（a*值）、面团形成时间、延展性均高于Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a,但灰分含量、吸水率较低[30];Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a具有更高的灰分含量和红度（a*值）[41]。Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a的破损淀粉率高于其他组合,但亮度（L*值）较低;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1d的出粉率、黄度（b*值）低于其他组合,但亮度（L*值）较高[2]。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b与野生型（Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a）面粉颜色和淀粉糊化特性间均有显著差异;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e的峰值黏度最高;并且野生型的面条亮度（L*值）、黄亮度（L*-b*）值和软硬度分值显著高于Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a,但黄度（b*值）显著较低[42]。Pina-D1b的面团吸水率比Pinb-D1b高,但出粉率和面团形成时间明显比后者偏低[43]。本研究发现Pinb-D1b的出粉率最高且差异达显著水平,这与NAGAMINE等[43]的研究结果一致。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a的面粉白度最高且差异达显著水平,这与EAGLES等[42]的研究结果相似。3.4 Pins对新疆拉面加工品质的影响
新疆拉面是独具特色的面条种类,深受新疆各族人民的喜爱。以往的研究发现[44,45],不同小麦品种对新疆拉面加工品质的影响存在差异。CHEN等[46]认为Pinb-D1b的面条红度（a*值）、粘弹性和评价总分高于Pina-D1b和野生型。EAGLES等[42]认为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b的面条品质优于Pina-D1a/Pinb- D1a和Pina-D1b/ Pinb-D1a。本研究还发现Pina-D1a的拉面手感、粘弹性、总分极显著低于Pina-D1b,这与CHEN等[46]的研究结果不同。Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b的总分最高且差异达极显著水平,这与EAGLES等[42]的研究结果不同。说明新疆拉面加工品质不同于其他类型的面条,且影响不同类型面条加工品质的Pins分子基础各异。因此,在选育优质新疆拉面加工品质品种时,应重点关注Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b基因型组合。新疆拉面加工品质是春小麦品种籽粒特性、磨粉品质、面粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性等品质性状共同作用的结果,拉面手感、表面状况和色泽是制约新疆拉面加工品质的关键因素[45]。本研究发现,新疆春小麦Pina突变后,籽粒特性（籽粒硬度）、面粉品质（面粉黄度和面筋指数）、面团流变学特性（峰值时间和8分钟面积）、淀粉糊化特性（稀懈值）等品质性状显著升高,使得新疆拉面的拉面手感和粘弹性等性状得到显著改善,最终促使新疆拉面的加工品质（总分）显著提升。
4 结论
在新疆春小麦种质资源中,Pina和Pinb均以野生型为主。Pina突变会使新疆春小麦胚乳质地变硬、主要品质性状显著升高,促进新疆拉面的拉面手感和粘弹性等性状得到显著改善,最终促使新疆拉面的加工品质（总分）显著提升。Pinb突变对新疆拉面加工品质的影响不显著。在优质新疆拉面小麦品种选育时,应优先选择Pina突变型材料。Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b是优质新疆拉面小麦品种改良中重点选择的基因型组合。参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2009.03.006URL [本文引用: 5]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of different alleles at the puroindoline b (Pinb) locus on processing quality will provide crucial information for quality improvement. Seven near-isogenic lines (NILs) planted at two locations in the 2008 cropping season were used to determine the effect of puroindoline b alleles on milling performance and Chinese raw white noodle (CRWN) quality. The Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype possessed significantly higher values in grain hardness, protein content and starch damage than other genotypes, whereas the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d genotype had the lowest grain hardness and starch damage, with higher break flour yield, and less reduction flour yield, higher flour colour L*, and lower flour colour b*, than other genotypes. Farinograph parameters, except for water absorption, were not significantly affected by variation of puroindoline b alleles. Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e had the highest peak viscosity, whereas the lowest value was observed in a Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype. For CRWN quality, higher noodle viscoelasticity was obtained in the genotype Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1g, whereas Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d had a lower smoothness score. Genotypes with Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1g produced the best total noodle score. It was concluded that genotype Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d had better milling qualities, whereas Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1g had slightly superior CRWN qualities in comparison with other genotypes.[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2006.03.114URL [本文引用: 2]
In this paper, sixteen wheat cultivars (varieties) differing greatly in flour color characteristics were selected and planted at eight different ecological districts in Shandong province, the correlation between flour color and quality characteristics wer
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2006.03.114URL [本文引用: 2]
In this paper, sixteen wheat cultivars (varieties) differing greatly in flour color characteristics were selected and planted at eight different ecological districts in Shandong province, the correlation between flour color and quality characteristics wer
URL [本文引用: 2]
用 10 0份冬麦和 4 1份春麦调查了小麦品种的硬度分布及其与籽粒性状的相关性 ,用荔垦 2号 /豫麦 2号、85中 33/温麦 6号和 85中 33/ 95中 4 5 9,共 3个组合的P1、P2 、F1、F2 和F3 研究了硬度的遗传规律。用单粒谷物特性测定仪 (SKCS)和近红外仪 (NIR)测定的硬度值间存在较高的相关性 ,r =0 .85～ 0 .94 ;硬度与角质率r =0 .73～ 0 .79,在同一环境条件下 ,可用角质率来初步判断硬度。我国小麦硬度变化范围大 ,表现为硬质麦、软质麦和混合类型小麦共存 ,总体上 ,北部冬麦区品种硬度较高 ,南方冬麦区小麦硬度较低 ,春麦品种以硬质类型为主。硬度与大多数籽粒性状相关不显著 ,与面粉白度呈极显著负相关 ,与出粉率和面粉灰分间的相关系数因冬春麦类型而不同。硬度受以加性效应为主、显性效应为辅的 1对主基因和一些微效基因控制 ,软质对硬质为显性 ,遗传力较高 ,为 0 .78,对硬度进行早代选择有效
URL [本文引用: 2]
用 10 0份冬麦和 4 1份春麦调查了小麦品种的硬度分布及其与籽粒性状的相关性 ,用荔垦 2号 /豫麦 2号、85中 33/温麦 6号和 85中 33/ 95中 4 5 9,共 3个组合的P1、P2 、F1、F2 和F3 研究了硬度的遗传规律。用单粒谷物特性测定仪 (SKCS)和近红外仪 (NIR)测定的硬度值间存在较高的相关性 ,r =0 .85～ 0 .94 ;硬度与角质率r =0 .73～ 0 .79,在同一环境条件下 ,可用角质率来初步判断硬度。我国小麦硬度变化范围大 ,表现为硬质麦、软质麦和混合类型小麦共存 ,总体上 ,北部冬麦区品种硬度较高 ,南方冬麦区小麦硬度较低 ,春麦品种以硬质类型为主。硬度与大多数籽粒性状相关不显著 ,与面粉白度呈极显著负相关 ,与出粉率和面粉灰分间的相关系数因冬春麦类型而不同。硬度受以加性效应为主、显性效应为辅的 1对主基因和一些微效基因控制 ,软质对硬质为显性 ,遗传力较高 ,为 0 .78,对硬度进行早代选择有效
DOI:10.1023/A:1019908325078URL [本文引用: 1]
Flanking sequences of the puroindoline a(pinA) and puroindoline b (pinB) genes from Triticum monococcum, T. urartu, Aegilops speltoides and A. tauschii were obtained by inverse PCR. Two accessions from each of these related diploid taxa were sequenced, and the sequences compared to those of the soft hexaploid wheat cultivar `Penawawa'. As expected from the origin of the D-genome in hexaploid wheat, the highest sequence identity was observed for the A. tauschii sequences, whereas the sequences for A.speltoides were the most divergent. The promoter sequences were further analyzed for putative regulatory elements, and the possible significance of several highly conserved sequence motifs is discussed. Western blots of Triton X-114 extracted proteins separated by SDS-PAGE confirmed the accumulation of pinA and pinB gene products in the endosperm of all the germplasm lines studied. The deduced amino acid sequences for the related diploid taxa do not imply any major structural changes as compared to the wild-type T. aestivum puroindolines, and is therefore in agreement with the soft endosperm texture of these species.
DOI:10.1007/s001220050636URL [本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2007.09.012URL [本文引用: 1]
Abstract
Kernel texture is an important trait in cereals, especially wheat (Triticum spp.). Throughout the Triticeae, the puroindoline genes act to soften kernel endosperm. Absence or mutation of either or both of the two puroindolines, ‘a’ and ‘b’, in Triticum aestivum results in harder grain texture. Apparently only one puroindoline haplotype was contributed by the Aegilops tauschii variety that contributed the D-genome during allopolyploidization. Yet, world collections of Ae. tauschii exhibit a range of puroindoline sequence polymorphisms. Consequently, these genes, through synthetic hexaploids (× Aegilotriticum) can enrich the wheat gene pool. Lastly, the puroindolines represent a useful tool for phylogenetic analyses. Here we review original sequence data published and/or available in public databases to reconcile the known gene sequence polymorphisms with a systematic approach to the designating of puroindoline gene and allele symbols in T. aestivum, Ae. tauschii, and × Aegilotriticum. This system follows the recommendations adopted by the International Wheat Genetics Symposium and described in the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat. Errors, discrepancies and ambiguities in the puroindolines are reviewed; a reconciliation of all existing data is outlined.DOI:10.2135/cropsci2004.1808URL [本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1007/s00122-004-1788-4URLPMID:15448897 [本文引用: 2]
Aegilops tauschii (2 n=2 x=14, DD) is a rich source of genetic variability for hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum, 2 n=6 x=42, AABBDD) improvement. This variability can be accessed through utilizing synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, which contain genomes from Ae. tauschii and T. turgidum (2 n=4 x=28, AABB). Numerous desirable characteristics can and have been introgressed into common hexaploid wheat with this germplasm. In this work, the genetic variability in the two puroindoline genes (a and b) contained on the D genome, and the relationship that sequence polymorphisms in these genes have on endosperm texture among a population of 75 CIMMYT synthetic hexaploid accessions is described. Kernel texture was evaluated using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). Kernel texture differed significantly ( P
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2004.10.002URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1007/s00122-004-1854-yURLPMID:15657742 [本文引用: 1]
Puroindoline a (Pin-a) and puroindoline b (Pin-b), two basic isoforms encoded by the Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 loci respectively, involved in controlling grain texture in wheat, were isolated from starch granules of soft wheat cultivars using three different extraction procedures, and fractionated by acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). Tris buffer containing 1% Triton X-114 extracted Pin-a and small amounts of Pin-b, whereas 1% SDS preferably extracted Pin-b. Large amounts of both puroindolines were isolated by a solution containing 50% propan-2-ol and 50 mM NaCl. This solution extracted reduced amounts of Pin-b and no traces of Pin-a from starch granules of 20 hard common wheats containing the null allele Pina-D1b. The absence of Pin-a was confirmed by immunostaining with an anti-Pin-a antiserum. With the exception of two cultivars, null Pin-a cultivars gave no PCR fragment with three primer pairs specific to either the coding region or the promoter region of Pina-D1a, suggesting that major changes had occurred at the Pina-D1 locus in these genotypes. Cultivars Fortuna and Glenman were unique in giving size-specific PCR fragments with all primer pairs for the allele Pina-D1a and showed a cytosine deletion at position 267 in the coding region of the Pin-a gene, which resulted in a TGA stop codon at position 361. However, there was no evidence of a mutated protein in the A-PAGE or SDS-PAGE patterns of Fortuna and Glenman. The novel gene, provisionally named Pina-D1c, is the first null allele due to a point mutation that has been identified at the Pina-D1 locus.
DOI:10.1007/s00122-005-0095-zURLPMID:16344983 [本文引用: 2]
Kernel hardness that is conditioned by puroindoline genes has a profound effect on milling, baking and end-use quality of bread wheat. In this study, 219 landraces and 166 historical cultivars from China and 12 introduced wheats were investigated for their kernel hardness and puroindoline alleles, using molecular and biochemical markers. The results indicated that frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 42.7, 24.3, and 33.0%, respectively, in Chinese landraces and 45.2, 13.9, and 40.9% in historical cultivars. The frequencies of PINA null, Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p genotypes were 43.8, 12.3, and 39.7%, respectively, in hard wheat of landraces, while 48.5, 36.8, and 14.7%, respectively, in historical hard wheats. A new Pinb-D1 allele, designated Pinb-D1t, was identified in two landraces, Guangtouxianmai and Hongmai from the Guizhou province, with the characterization of a glycine to arginine substitution at position 47 in the coding region of Pinb gene. Surprisingly, a new Pina-D1 allele, designated Pina-D1m, was detected in the landrace Hongheshang, from the Jiangsu province, with the characterization of a proline to serine substitution at position 35 in the coding region of Pina gene; it was the first novel mutation found in bread wheat, resulting in a hard endosperm with PINA expression. Among the PINA null genotypes, an allele designed as Pina-D1l, was detected in five landraces with a cytosine deletion at position 265 in Pina locus; while another novel Pina-D1 allele, designed as Pina-D1n, was identified in six landraces, with the characterization of an amino acid change from tryptophan-43 to a 'stop' codon in the coding region of Pina gene. The study of puroindoline polymorphism in Chinese wheat germplasm could provide useful information for the further understanding of the molecular basis of kernel hardness in bread wheat.
DOI:10.1007/s10681-006-9204-6URL [本文引用: 2]
Puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) form the molecular basis of wheat grain hardness or texture. Variations in either gene are reported to be associated with grain hardness in wheat. Here, a modified denaturing PAGE was used to detect Pina and Pinb allelic variations in 102 common wheat cultivars and other species related to wheat. Two variations of Pina (Pina-D1b and Pina-D1p) and five variations of Pinb (null, Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1u, Pinb-D1v and Pinb-D1w) were identified in common (T.aestivum) and spelt wheats (T.aestivumssp.spelta). No allelic variation was found in Tibet semi-wild wheat (T.aestivumssp.tibetanum), club wheat (T.compactum), or Aegilops tauschii. Puroindoline genes were absent in wild␣emmer (T.turgidumvar.dicoccoides). The sequencing results of the PCR fragments from Pina and Pinb (except for null type) indicated allelic variants carrying single base mutation, such as Pina-D1p, Pinb-D1u, Pinb-D1v and Pinb-D1w were novel types. Our results showed that the modified PAGE used in this study provided a satisfactory resolving power for identifying single nucleotide mutations; therefore, it is a practical and simple tool to study allelic variation of Pina and Pinb in wheat and related species.
DOI:10.1007/s11032-011-9553-2URL [本文引用: 1]
Kernel hardness is one of the most important factors determining the milling and processing quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present study, 267 wheat cultivars and advanced lines from the Yellow and Huai Valley of China, CIMMYT, Russia and Ukraine were used for identification of SKCS (Single Kernel Characterization System) hardness and puroindoline alleles. Results indicated that Pinb-D1b is the most popular genotype in wheat cultivars from the Yellow and Huai Valley, Russia and Ukraine, whereas PINA null is a predominant genotype in wheat cultivars and advanced lines from CIMMYT. Molecular characterization of PINA-null alleles indicated that one Chinese landrace Chiyacao had the allele Pina-D1l with a single nucleotide C deletion at position 265 in Pina coding region based on sequencing results, and 35 of 39 PINA-null alleles belonged to Pina-D1b according to PCR amplification with the sequence-tagged site (STS) marker Pina-N developed previously. The remaining three cultivars (Jiangdongmen, Heshangtou and Hongquanmang from China) with PINA-null alleles were characterized at the DNA level by a primer walking strategy, and the results showed that all three cultivars with PINA-null alleles possessed a uniform 10,415-bp deletion from -5,117 bp to +5,298 bp (ATG codon references zero), designated as Pina-D1r. Correspondingly, an STS marker Pina-N2 with an expected fragment size of 436-bp spanning the 10,415-bp deletion was developed for detection of the Pina-D1r allele. This study provided a useful molecular marker for straightforward detection of one of the PINA-null alleles and would also be helpful to further understand the molecular and genetic basis of kernel hardness in bread wheat.
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DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2012.02.006URL [本文引用: 1]
The puroindoline genes Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5D of common wheat are considered the most important genetic determinants of grain hardness. The recent identification of Pinb-2 genes on group 7 chromosomes emphasises the need for detailed analysis of the genetics of this important trait. This study focussed on the analysis of Pinb-2 genes from accessions of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat, to address key questions related to their diversity and possible roles. Extensive DNA sequence heterogeneity was identified in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to seventeen reproducible haplotypes, of which thirteen are new. The results confirmed the known groups Pinb-2v1 to Pinb-2v5, identified a new group Pinb-2v6, and showed that the Pinb-2 genes comprised a small multigene family, at least in some genomes. The putative proteins exhibited changes at the important tryptophan-rich domain as well as basic and hydrophobic residues. A new Pina-D1 allele (at Ha locus) was also identified, designated Pina-D1t, with a premature stop codon at the TRD. Additionally, peptides designed on PINB-2 proteins displayed activity against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. The data strongly support the Pinb-2 genes being functionally relevant to roles including influencing grain texture. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
DOI:10.1270/jsbbs.65.319URLPMID:26366114 [本文引用: 2]
Grain hardness is an important quality trait that influences product development in wheat. This trait is governed by variation in puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB). Our study evaluated 551 Indian wheat germplasm lines for diversity in Pina and Pinb genes. Eighty-two lines were shortlisted for full length sequencing and grain hardness studies. Sequencing studies identified six unknown alleles: two for the Pina gene and four for the Pinb gene. Five of them were novel with non-synonymous changes in the corresponding amino acid sequences. Identified mutations in the deduced mature proteins and their pre- and pro-peptides influenced the hardness characteristics of the grain. We classified these 82 varieties into different hardness categories with reference to international and Indian systems of classification. The majority of Indian wheat varieties were categorized as hard. This study revealed that unexplored Indian wheat germplasm can be a good source of genetic variability for both Pina and Pinb genes, helping in marker-assisted breeding and in obtaining wheat with different textural properties.
DOI:10.1007/s001220051392URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.2135/cropsci2001.411218xURL
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2006.02.002URL
DOI:10.1094/CC-82-0038URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2005.03.004URL
DOI:10.1007/BF03263224URL
DOI:10.1007/s10681-006-9347-5URL
Grain hardness is a major factor influencing the classification and end-use quality of bread wheat. In this study, 40 Yunnan endemic wheats, 21 historical cultivars and 66 current cultivars and advanced lines were investigated for kernel hardness and puroindoline alleles using molecular and biochemical markers. The frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 10.0%, 5.0% and 85.0%, respectively, in Yunnan endemic wheats, whereas the corresponding frequencies were 47.6%, 23.8% and 28.6% in historical cultivars, and 36.3%, 6.1% and 57.6% in current cultivars and advanced lines. Four known puroindoline alleles, Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1d and Pinb-D1e, were found in the hard wheat cultivars. Compared with endemic wheats and historical cultivars, current cultivars from Yunnan province have relatively high frequencies of Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b alleles at 43.5% and 16.1%, respectively. All 32 hard Yunnan endemic wheats (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King) contained a new puroindoline b allele, designated Pinb-D1u, that was characterized as a single nucleotide (G) deletion at position 127 in the coding sequence of the Pinb gene, leading to a shift of the open reading frame (ORF) from position 14 in the deduced amino acid sequence and a stop codon corresponding to position Leu-18. The average SKCS hardness of genotypes with Pina-D1b (68.2) is significantly higher than those of Pinb-D1b (60.3) and Pinb-D1u (60.5). The study of puroindoline alleles in Yunnan germplasm could provide useful information for improving processing quality and further understanding the molecular basis of kernel hardness in bread wheat.
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2008.06.005URL [本文引用: 1]
Abstract
Kernel hardness is mainly conditioned by allelic variations of Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes located on the short arm of chromosome 5D. In this work, the Ecotilling approach was optimized to investigate Pina and Pinb alleles in the micro-core collections of Chinese wheat germplasm, and three Pina and eight Pinb alleles were found. Generally, more Pinb alleles were detected in the accessions coming from the regions that grow winter or a mixture of spring and winter wheats. This was particularly evident for the Southwestern winter wheat, Xinjiang winter–spring wheat and Yellow and Huai River Valley winter wheat regions. A novel variant (designated as Pinb-D1x) was discovered in one of the accessions from the Xinjiang winter–spring wheat region. Compared to wild type (WT) allele Pinb-D1a, two nucleotide substitutions occurred in the coding region of Pinb-D1x, one (at nucleotide position 257) resulting in the replacement of a WT cysteine residue by tyrosine and the other (at nucleotide position 382) creating a premature stop codon. The implications of our data to understanding the diversity of Pina and Pinb alleles in wheat and to future molecular breeding of wheat kernel hardness are discussed.DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.003URL [本文引用: 1]
Abstract
Grain hardness is very important in determining the milling and end-use quality of bread wheat. The objectives of this study were to develop gene specific primers for the allele Pina-D1b, evaluate the method for the identification of Pinb-D1p with restriction enzyme PflMI and characterize allelic variations at Pina and Pinb loci in Shandong wheat germplasm. Based on the nucleotide sequences of Ha locus reported previously (CR626934 and CR626926), 121 primer sets were developed to test the Pina-D1b allele. Sequence alignment showed that the promoter region of Pina-D1b allele was highly conserved in the region from −1134 to −23 bp relative to the transcription start codon ATG. Pinb-D1p was first reported in Chinese wheat landraces, with a base A deletion at position 213 in the coding region. Restriction analysis of Pinb-D1p indicated that the base A deletion resulted in the missing of the cleavage site with enzyme PflMI and the digestion with PflMI was validated as a reliable tool for the identification of Pinb-D1p allele. A total of 523 wheat accessions from Shandong province including 431 landraces, 63 historical and 29 current cultivars were chosen for the test of SKCS hardness and identification of puroindoline alleles using DNA markers developed in this study and those reported previously. Frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 3.9%, 20.4% and 75.6% in Shandong landraces; 68.3%, 19.0% and 12.7% in historical cultivars; and 27.6%, 58.6% and 13.8% in current cultivars, respectively. Frequencies of Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p were 38.0%, 0.9% and 59.6% in hard landraces; and 37.5%, 37.5% and 25% in hard historical cultivars, respectively, whereas the Pinb-D1b was the only genotype in hard current cultivars. A novel Pinb allele with double mutations at the positions 96 (C to A) and 213 (deletion of A) was found in three landraces and designated as Pinb-D1aa.DOI:10.1017/S1479262108993151URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1007/s10681-008-9706-5URL [本文引用: 1]
Grain hardness plays an important role in determining both milling performance and quality of the end-use products produced from common or bread wheat. The objective of this study was to characterize allelic variations at the Pina and Pinb loci in Xinjiang wheat germplasm for further understanding the mechanisms involved in endosperm texture formation, and the status of grain texture in Chinese bread wheat. A total of 291 wheat cultivars, including 56 landraces, and 95 introduced and 140 locally improved cultivars, grown in Xinjiang, were used for SKCS measurement and molecular characterization. Among the harvested grain samples, 185 (63.6%), 40 (13.7%), and 66 (22.7%) were classified as hard, mixed and soft, respectively. Eight different genotypes for the Pina and Pinb loci were identified, including seven previously reported genotypes, viz., Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b, Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1q, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1aa, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1ab, and a novel Pinb allele, Pinb-D1ac. This new allele, detected in Kashibaipi (local landrace) and Red Star (from Russia) has a double mutation at the 257th (G to A substitution) and 382nd (C to T substitution) nucleotide positions of the coding region. Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1b, and Pinb-D1p were the most common alleles in Xinjiang wheat germplasm, with frequencies of 14.3%, 38.1% and 28.6% in hard textured landraces, 25.5%, 56.9% and 11.8% in hard introduced cultivars, and 24.8%, 47.8% and 26.5% in hard locally improved cultivars, respectively. The restriction enzymes ApaI, SapI, BstXI and SfaNI were used to identify Pinb-D1ab or Pinb-D1ac, Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1e and Pinb-Dg, respectively, by digesting PCR products of the Pinb gene. The unique grain hardness distribution in Xinjiang bread wheat, as well as the CAPs markers for identification of the Pinb alleles provided useful information for breeding wheat cultivars with optimum grain textures.
DOI:10.1094/CCHEM-85-2-0266URL [本文引用: 3]
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DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.01.004URL [本文引用: 3]
In order to know the situation of kernel hardness and allelic distribution of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang winter and spring wheat cultivars. The kernel hardness was tested by SKCS and variations of puroindoline genes were identified with molecular marker in total of 121 Xinjiang wheat cultivars including 51 landraces and 70 bred cultivars. The results indicated that the range of kernel hardness was much wider in Xinjiang wheat regions, hard wheat was the predominate types with frequency of 61.2%. The average kernel hardness index of winter landraces was higher than that of spring landraces, and kernel hardness of winter bred cultivars was similar to that of spring bred cultivars. The allelic variations of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang wheat cultivars was rather abundant, six puroindoline genotypes, including wild type(Pinb D1a), Pina D1b, Pinb D1b, Pinb D1p, Pinb D1ab and Pinb D1ac, were presented in Xinjiang wheats. Pina D1b, Pinb D1p and Pinb D1b were the most popular genotypes in hard wheat with frequencies of 33.8%, 31.1% and 28.4%, respectively. Three puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter landraces, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1b was the predominant genotype. Four puroindoline genotypes were presented in spring landraces, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1a (wild type) was the predominant genotype. Four common puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter and spring bred cultivars, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1b was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 39.5% in winter bred cultivars and Pina D1b / Pinb D1a（PINA null）was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 59.4% in spring bred cultivars. In addition, 4 winter landraces hold genotype of Pina D1a / Pinb D1ab and 1 spring landrace holds genotype of Pina D1a / Pinb D1ac, the rare mutants of puroindoline gene. There were difference in the kernel hardness among different puroindoline genotypes, the kernel hardness index of mutant Pinb D1ab was the highest and that of Pina D1a / Pinb D1a was the lowest in all genotypes. There were not significant difference in the kernel hardness index among genotypes of Pina D1b, Pinb D1b and Pinb D1p.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.01.004URL [本文引用: 3]
In order to know the situation of kernel hardness and allelic distribution of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang winter and spring wheat cultivars. The kernel hardness was tested by SKCS and variations of puroindoline genes were identified with molecular marker in total of 121 Xinjiang wheat cultivars including 51 landraces and 70 bred cultivars. The results indicated that the range of kernel hardness was much wider in Xinjiang wheat regions, hard wheat was the predominate types with frequency of 61.2%. The average kernel hardness index of winter landraces was higher than that of spring landraces, and kernel hardness of winter bred cultivars was similar to that of spring bred cultivars. The allelic variations of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang wheat cultivars was rather abundant, six puroindoline genotypes, including wild type(Pinb D1a), Pina D1b, Pinb D1b, Pinb D1p, Pinb D1ab and Pinb D1ac, were presented in Xinjiang wheats. Pina D1b, Pinb D1p and Pinb D1b were the most popular genotypes in hard wheat with frequencies of 33.8%, 31.1% and 28.4%, respectively. Three puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter landraces, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1b was the predominant genotype. Four puroindoline genotypes were presented in spring landraces, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1a (wild type) was the predominant genotype. Four common puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter and spring bred cultivars, and Pina D1a / Pinb D1b was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 39.5% in winter bred cultivars and Pina D1b / Pinb D1a（PINA null）was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 59.4% in spring bred cultivars. In addition, 4 winter landraces hold genotype of Pina D1a / Pinb D1ab and 1 spring landrace holds genotype of Pina D1a / Pinb D1ac, the rare mutants of puroindoline gene. There were difference in the kernel hardness among different puroindoline genotypes, the kernel hardness index of mutant Pinb D1ab was the highest and that of Pina D1a / Pinb D1a was the lowest in all genotypes. There were not significant difference in the kernel hardness index among genotypes of Pina D1b, Pinb D1b and Pinb D1p.
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DOI:10.1139/g91-060URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1094/CC-82-0038URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1186/s12870-017-1101-8URLPMID:28931378 [本文引用: 2]
BACKGROUND: Kernel hardness, which has great influence on the end-use properties of common wheat, is mainly controlled by Puroindoline genes, Pina and Pinb. Using EcoTILLING platform, we herein investigated the allelic variations of Pina and Pinb genes and their association with the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) hardness index in a diverse panel of wheat germplasm. RESULTS: The kernel hardness varied from 1.4 to 102.7, displaying a wide range of hardness index. In total, six Pina and nine Pinb alleles resulting in 15 genotypes were detected in 1787 accessions. The most common alleles are the wild type Pina-D1a (90.4%) and Pina-D1b (7.4%) for Pina, and Pinb-D1b (43.6%), Pinb-D1a (41.1%) and Pinb-D1p (12.8%) for Pinb. All the genotypes have hard type kernel hardness of SKCS index (>60.0), except the wild types of Pina and Pinb combination (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a). The most frequent genotypes in Chinese and foreign cultivars was Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b (46.3 and 39.0%, respectively) and in Chinese landraces was Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a (54.2%). The frequencies of hard type accessions are increasing from 35.5% in the region IV, to 40.6 and 61.4% in the regions III and II, and then to 77.0% in the region I, while those of soft type are accordingly decreasing along with the increase of latitude. Varieties released after 2000 in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong and Henan have higher average kernel hardness index than that released before 2000. CONCLUSION: The kernel hardness in a diverse panel of Chinese wheat germplasm revealed an increasing of kernel hardness generally along with the latitude across China. The wild type Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a, and one Pinb mutant (Pinb-D1b) are the most common alleles of six Pina and nine Pinb alleles, and a new double null genotype (Pina-D1x/Pinb-D1ah) possessed relatively high SKCS hardness index. More hard type varieties were released in recent years with different prevalence of Pin-D1 combinations in different regions. This work would benefit the understanding of the selection and molecular processes of kernel hardness across China and different breeding stages, and provide useful information for the improvement of wheat quality in China.
DOI:10.1023/a:1014837431178URLPMID:11999840 [本文引用: 1]
The variation in grain hardness is the single most important trait that determines end-use quality of wheat. Grain texture classification is based primarily on either the resistance of kernels to crushing or the particle size distribution of ground grain or flour. Recently, the molecular genetic basis of grain hardness has become known, and it is the focus of this review. The puroindoline proteins a and b form the molecular basis of wheat grain hardness or texture. When both puroindolines are in their 'functional' wild state, grain texture is soft. When either one of the puroindolines is absent or altered by mutation, then the result is hard texture. In the case of durum wheat which lacks puroindolines, the texture is very hard. Puroindolines represent the molecular-genetic basis of the Hardness locus on chromosome 5DS and the soft (Ha) and hard (ha) alleles present in hexaploid bread wheat varieties. To date, seven discrete hardness alleles have been described for wheat. All involve puroindoline a or b and have been designated Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b through Pinb-D1g. A direct role of a related protein, grain softness protein (as currently defined), in wheat grain texture has yet to be demonstrated.
DOI:10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.04.0817URL [本文引用: 1]
为更好地利用国外小麦Puroindoline优异变异类型，以从乌克兰、俄罗斯、西班牙等4个国家搜集的81份小麦品种（系）为试验材料，采用单籽粒谷物特性测定仪（SKCS）、分子标记技术及DNA测序技术，对其硬度表型、Puroindoline不同变异类型进行鉴定与分析。结果表明，试验材料中硬质麦比例较高，为92.6%，软质麦比例较低，仅为7.4%，且没有发现混合型小麦，SKCS硬度指数范围较宽，为25~86。硬质麦的Puroindoline基因型检测中，共检测到 Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b、Pinb-D1c和Pinb-D1d 4种类型，其中Pinb-D1b 所占比例较高，占58.7%，Pina-D1b和Pinb-D1c 则分别为28.0%和12.0%，而Pinb-D1d类型所占比例极低，仅为1.3%。Puroindoline 不同等位变异类型的籽粒硬度大小也存在差异，其中Pina-D1b 突变型的硬度值最高，野生型最低，且Pina-D1b与Pinb-D1c 两种硬质类型的籽粒硬度呈显著性差异，而Pinb-D1b 、Pinb-D1c 与Pinb-D1d 之间的籽粒硬度差异不显著。
DOI:10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.04.0817URL [本文引用: 1]
为更好地利用国外小麦Puroindoline优异变异类型，以从乌克兰、俄罗斯、西班牙等4个国家搜集的81份小麦品种（系）为试验材料，采用单籽粒谷物特性测定仪（SKCS）、分子标记技术及DNA测序技术，对其硬度表型、Puroindoline不同变异类型进行鉴定与分析。结果表明，试验材料中硬质麦比例较高，为92.6%，软质麦比例较低，仅为7.4%，且没有发现混合型小麦，SKCS硬度指数范围较宽，为25~86。硬质麦的Puroindoline基因型检测中，共检测到 Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b、Pinb-D1c和Pinb-D1d 4种类型，其中Pinb-D1b 所占比例较高，占58.7%，Pina-D1b和Pinb-D1c 则分别为28.0%和12.0%，而Pinb-D1d类型所占比例极低，仅为1.3%。Puroindoline 不同等位变异类型的籽粒硬度大小也存在差异，其中Pina-D1b 突变型的硬度值最高，野生型最低，且Pina-D1b与Pinb-D1c 两种硬质类型的籽粒硬度呈显著性差异，而Pinb-D1b 、Pinb-D1c 与Pinb-D1d 之间的籽粒硬度差异不显著。
URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Grain hardness, controlled by a hardness (Ha) gene, serves as a basis for classification and marketing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality and has a profound effect on milling and end-use quality. CIMMYT is one of the most important places that regularly offer germplasm to Chinese wheat breeding program. This study can provide useful information to introduce wheat to China. 【Method】 A total of 236 wheat lines from CIMMYT crossing program, including common wheat cultivars and advanced lines derived from synthetic hexaploid wheat × common wheat crosses, are used to detect variation of puroindoline alleles by specific-primers PCR amplification and modified SDS-PAGE. PSI (particle size index) hardness was also measured for 160 genotypes. 【Result】 Results indicated that 165 hard wheat lines are Pina-D1b types and the remaining 37 are Pinb-D1b types, which are non-CIMMYT cultivars or their pedigrees contain non-CIMMYT cultivars. Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1a-Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1a-Pinb-D1j, and wild type (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a) are present in 34 soft types. Genotypes with Pina-D1b are significantly harder (lower PSI hardness) than genotypes with Pinb-D1b. Genotypes with Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i are significant harder (lower PSI hardness) than genotypes with Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a. In addition, both Pinb-D1h and Pinb-D1i encode the same polypeptides and a tryptophan substitute (arginine) at position 28, which is the major reason for soft endosperm. In comparison with wild type (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a), no change was found in close to tryptophan-rich domain of puroindoline in other soft genotypes except for Pinb-D1h and Pinb-D1i, which may be the main reason that mutation types still remain soft endosperm. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that all of Pinb-D1b types are non-CIMMYT cultivars or their pedigrees contain non-CIMMYT cultivars and PSI of puroindoline alleles from Ae.tauschii are difference.
URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Grain hardness, controlled by a hardness (Ha) gene, serves as a basis for classification and marketing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality and has a profound effect on milling and end-use quality. CIMMYT is one of the most important places that regularly offer germplasm to Chinese wheat breeding program. This study can provide useful information to introduce wheat to China. 【Method】 A total of 236 wheat lines from CIMMYT crossing program, including common wheat cultivars and advanced lines derived from synthetic hexaploid wheat × common wheat crosses, are used to detect variation of puroindoline alleles by specific-primers PCR amplification and modified SDS-PAGE. PSI (particle size index) hardness was also measured for 160 genotypes. 【Result】 Results indicated that 165 hard wheat lines are Pina-D1b types and the remaining 37 are Pinb-D1b types, which are non-CIMMYT cultivars or their pedigrees contain non-CIMMYT cultivars. Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1a-Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1a-Pinb-D1j, and wild type (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a) are present in 34 soft types. Genotypes with Pina-D1b are significantly harder (lower PSI hardness) than genotypes with Pinb-D1b. Genotypes with Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i are significant harder (lower PSI hardness) than genotypes with Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a. In addition, both Pinb-D1h and Pinb-D1i encode the same polypeptides and a tryptophan substitute (arginine) at position 28, which is the major reason for soft endosperm. In comparison with wild type (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a), no change was found in close to tryptophan-rich domain of puroindoline in other soft genotypes except for Pinb-D1h and Pinb-D1i, which may be the main reason that mutation types still remain soft endosperm. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that all of Pinb-D1b types are non-CIMMYT cultivars or their pedigrees contain non-CIMMYT cultivars and PSI of puroindoline alleles from Ae.tauschii are difference.
DOI:10.1071/AR05242URL [本文引用: 4]
DOI:10.1006/jcrs.2002.0505URL [本文引用: 2]
Abstract
We studied the effects of hardness allele Pinb-D1b on the flour quality characters for Japanese white salty noodles. With 110 doubled haploid lines derived from ‘Chugoku 140’ (hard,Pinb-D1b )בChikugoizumi’ (soft, Pinb-D1a), Pinb-D1b hard lines were found to have larger L* and a* of 60% flour colour, and smaller RVA breakdown than those of Pinb-D1a soft lines in addition to the higher flour yield, and larger average flour particle size. The Pinb-D1b allele is thus regarded to effectively improve milling efficiency and flour brightness. The inferior flour viscosity of Pinb-D1b lines is compensated for by introducing waxy allele(s) to increase viscosity by lowering amylose content.DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.06.249URL [本文引用: 2]
为给新疆拉面专用品种选育提供理论依据,2006年对29份来自新疆北部和东部10个主要城市市场销售的面粉样品进行了品质测定和新疆拉面加工品质特性的研究.结果表明,降落数值、灰分含量、面团流变学特性、淀粉粘度特性以及面粉色泽等22个主要品质性状对新疆拉面感官评价总分有显著效应,但作用大小和方向各有不同,其中拉伸阻力与延展度的比例、面团强度、延展性等性状的作用较大.相关分析显示,拉面手感与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比、反弹值呈显著负相关,拉面色泽与灰分含量、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比例和筋力呈显著负相关,拉面质地(韧性、适口性、光滑性)主要与面团流变学特性参数密切相关,新疆拉面感观评价总分与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比和反弹值呈显著负相关.有10个样品能够制做出优质新疆拉面,占34.5%,对其品质性状研究后认为新疆拉面专用面粉的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分含量≤0.55%,蛋白质含量11.6%～12.8%,湿面筋含量28.9%～32.3%,Zeleny沉淀值≥30 mL,稳定时间4.1～7.9 min,延展性140～168 mm,拉伸阻力166～250 BU,最大拉伸阻力200～400 BU,拉伸面积50～82cm2,淀粉峰值粘度248～289 RUV,反弹值98～116 RUV,亮度(L*)89～91,黄度(b*)≤6.吹泡仪品质参数中的面团延伸性(L)和面团配置比(P/L)与新疆拉面感官评价总分关系密切,也可以用于新疆拉面专用面粉的品质评价,其品质指标为面团弹性(P)66.0～133.0 mm,面团延伸性(L)58.0～121.0 mm,面团配置比(P/L)0.6～2.3,面团膨胀指数(G)16.9～24.5 mL,面团筋力(W)155.0～290.0 MJ,面团弹性指数(I.e.)40.7～53.1.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.06.249URL [本文引用: 2]
为给新疆拉面专用品种选育提供理论依据,2006年对29份来自新疆北部和东部10个主要城市市场销售的面粉样品进行了品质测定和新疆拉面加工品质特性的研究.结果表明,降落数值、灰分含量、面团流变学特性、淀粉粘度特性以及面粉色泽等22个主要品质性状对新疆拉面感官评价总分有显著效应,但作用大小和方向各有不同,其中拉伸阻力与延展度的比例、面团强度、延展性等性状的作用较大.相关分析显示,拉面手感与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比、反弹值呈显著负相关,拉面色泽与灰分含量、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比例和筋力呈显著负相关,拉面质地(韧性、适口性、光滑性)主要与面团流变学特性参数密切相关,新疆拉面感观评价总分与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比和反弹值呈显著负相关.有10个样品能够制做出优质新疆拉面,占34.5%,对其品质性状研究后认为新疆拉面专用面粉的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分含量≤0.55%,蛋白质含量11.6%～12.8%,湿面筋含量28.9%～32.3%,Zeleny沉淀值≥30 mL,稳定时间4.1～7.9 min,延展性140～168 mm,拉伸阻力166～250 BU,最大拉伸阻力200～400 BU,拉伸面积50～82cm2,淀粉峰值粘度248～289 RUV,反弹值98～116 RUV,亮度(L*)89～91,黄度(b*)≤6.吹泡仪品质参数中的面团延伸性(L)和面团配置比(P/L)与新疆拉面感官评价总分关系密切,也可以用于新疆拉面专用面粉的品质评价,其品质指标为面团弹性(P)66.0～133.0 mm,面团延伸性(L)58.0～121.0 mm,面团配置比(P/L)0.6～2.3,面团膨胀指数(G)16.9～24.5 mL,面团筋力(W)155.0～290.0 MJ,面团弹性指数(I.e.)40.7～53.1.
[本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2006.06.006URL [本文引用: 2]
