安徽省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及还田利用潜力

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

柴如山^,, 徐悦, 程启鹏, 王擎运, 马超, 叶新新, 章力干, 郜红建^,安徽农业大学资源与环境学院/农田生态保育与污染防控安徽省重点实验室/长江经济带磷资源高效利用与水环境保护研究中心,合肥 230036

Nutrient Resource Quantity of Main Crop Straw and Utilization Potential Under Straw Returning in Anhui Province

CHAI RuShan^,, XU Yue, CHENG QiPeng, WANG QingYun, MA Chao, YE XinXin, ZHANG LiGan, GAO HongJian^,School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University/Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention/Research Centre of Phosphorous Efficient Utilization and Water Environment Protection Along the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Hefei 230036

通讯作者: 郜红建,E-mail： hjgao@ahau.edu.cn

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-04-7接受日期:2020-06-9网络出版日期:2021-01-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划项目.2016YFD0300901
安徽省科技重大专项.18030701188

Received:2020-04-7Accepted:2020-06-9Online:2021-01-01
作者简介 About authors
柴如山,E-mail： rschai@ahau.edu.cn。

摘要
【目的】安徽省为我国粮食主产省份之一,估算安徽省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及还田利用潜力,可为全省秸秆养分资源合理利用和秸秆还田下化肥减施提供科学参考。【方法】基于相关统计数据和文献资料,对安徽省各市水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜4种作物秸秆产量、秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量及其在还田条件下的化肥替代潜力进行评估。【结果】2016—2018年安徽省水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆年均产量分别为1 758万t、2 251万t、712万t和275万t,秸秆资源主要分布在淮北和江淮区域,分别占全省4种作物秸秆总量的47.0%和33.6%。全省4种作物秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）养分年均产量分别为40万t、13万t和85万t,水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆养分资源量分别占4种作物秸秆养分资源总量的44.6%、34.4%、13.9%和7.1%。在全省作物主要种植地区,单位播种面积水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 29.5—35.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 13.6—16.2 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 132.9—157.5 kg·hm^-2;小麦秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—33.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 8.4—11.7 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 83.5—115.8 kg·hm^-2;玉米秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.7—32.7 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 12.5—16.5 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 59.7—79.0 kg·hm^-2;油菜秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—34.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 11.2—15.8 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 101.3—142.7 kg·hm^-2。【结论】安徽省主要作物秸秆还田可基本满足下季作物的钾素需求,同时可部分替代氮肥和磷肥的施用,各区域应因地制宜,充分利用秸秆养分资源,实现农田化肥减施。
关键词： 安徽省;作物秸秆;养分资源量;秸秆还田;化肥替代

Abstract

【Objective】 Anhui is a national major grain production province. Clearance of the nutrient resource quantity of main crop straw and utilization potential under straw returning in Anhui province could provide reference data for reasonable utilization of straw nutrient resources and synthetic fertilizers reduction. 【Method】 Based on statistical data and literature review, the capacity of main crop straw, the nutrient resource quantity of straw and potential for straw incorporation to substitute nutrient inputs were estimated for different cities and regions of Anhui province in this research. 【Result】 The amounts of crop straw from rice, wheat, maize and rapeseed were 17.58, 22.51, 7.12 and 2.75 million tons per year in Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018, respectively. The crop straws were mainly produced in North area of Huai River, and Area between Yangtze River and Huai River, accounting for 47.0% and 33.6% of the total provincial crop straw yields, respectively. The main crop straws contained 0.40 million tons of N, 0.13 million tons of P₂O₅ and 0.85 million tons of K₂O, respectively. The straw nutrient resources from rice, wheat, maize and rapeseed accounted for 44.6%, 34.4%, 13.9% and 7.1% of the total provincial main crop straw nutrient resources, respectively. In the main crop-cultivating areas of Anhui province, the amounts of synthetic fertilizers substituted by rice straw incorporation per unit area of arable land were N 29.5-35.0 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 13.6-16.2 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 132.9-157.5 kg·hm^-2. The amounts of synthetic fertilizers substituted by wheat straw incorporation were N 24.1-33.5 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 8.4-11.7 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 83.5-115.8 kg·hm^-2. For maize, straw incorporation could substitute N 24.7-32.7 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 12.5-16.5 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 59.7-79.0 kg·hm^-2. In the main rapeseed-planting areas, rapeseed straw incorporation could substitute N 24.1-34.0 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 11.2-15.8 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 101.3-142.7 kg·hm^-2. 【Conclusion】 Using crop straws properly could satisfy the basic potassium requirement for crop production and partly substitute the inputs of synthetic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Making full use of nutrient resources from main crop straws may provide an effective solution for synthetic fertilizers reduction under straw returning in Anhui province.

Keywords：Anhui province;crop straw;nutrient resource quantity;straw incorporation;synthetic fertilizers substitution

PDF (1120KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex 收藏本文
本文引用格式
柴如山, 徐悦, 程启鹏, 王擎运, 马超, 叶新新, 章力干, 郜红建. 安徽省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及还田利用潜力[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 95-109 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.008
CHAI RuShan, XU Yue, CHENG QiPeng, WANG QingYun, MA Chao, YE XinXin, ZHANG LiGan, GAO HongJian. Nutrient Resource Quantity of Main Crop Straw and Utilization Potential Under Straw Returning in Anhui Province[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 95-109 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.008

开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：

0 引言

【研究意义】作物秸秆是农业生产过程中的副产品,同时是一种重要的有机肥资源。秸秆还田有利于提升土壤有机质含量,增加土壤碳贮量^[1,2],可以改善土壤物理结构^[3]。秸秆还田不仅能够增加土壤养分储量和供应潜力,还能提高速效养分供应能力^[4,5,6]。Meta分析的研究结果显示,秸秆还田能够实现作物增产^[7],而且其效应会随着还田时间延长而增大^[8]。因此,秸秆还田是维持土壤可持续生产能力的有效措施。作物秸秆含有丰富的氮磷钾等养分元素,秸秆还田可向土壤输入养分,有望在一定程度上实现农田投入化肥的部分替代。【前人研究进展】在浙江省嘉兴市开展的秸秆还田配合氮肥减量两年大田定位试验显示,秸秆不还田条件下水稻产量随着施氮量的增加而提高,与秸秆不还田下中氮（270 kg·hm^-2）、高氮处理（345 kg·hm^-2）相比,秸秆还田下氮肥减量30 kg·hm^-2均提高了水稻产量^[9]。在三江平原白浆土上进行的3年秸秆还田试验表明,在保证水稻产量的前提下,高肥力土壤上秸秆还田可实现氮肥减量10%^[10]。安徽省巢湖流域秸秆还田下减量化施肥10年定位试验的结果表明,与当地配方施肥处理（N 225.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 67.5 kg·hm^-2）相比,减氮30%和减磷50%这两个处理均降低了水稻产量,而秸秆还田下同时减氮30%减磷50%则能够增加水稻的产量^[11]。在重庆市开展的水稻-油菜轮作5年田间定位试验表明,与常规施磷处理（P₂O₅ 60 kg·hm^-2）相比,秸秆还田减磷20%处理在水稻季没有显著的减产效应,在油菜季产量有上升趋势^[12]。江西省双季稻秸秆还田6年定位试验的结果显示,水稻秸秆还田在早稻上可替代氮肥（N 165 kg·hm^-2）、磷肥（P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2）、钾肥（K₂O 150 kg·hm^-2）的比例分别为29.5%、4.0%、50.0%^[13],在晚稻上秸秆还田的氮肥（N 195.0 kg·hm^-2）、磷肥（P₂O₅ 87.8 kg·hm^-2）、钾肥（K₂O 175.5 kg·hm^-2）可替代比例分别为26.7%、10.3%、64.1%^[14]。在湖北省38个县（市）开展的秸秆还田钾肥减量田间试验表明,在高供钾能力土壤上,上季作物秸秆全量还田基本可以满足当季作物实现高产的钾素需求;在中供钾能力土壤上秸秆还田可替代50%钾肥用量^[15]。【本研究切入点】安徽省为我国粮食主产省份之一,2018年安徽省水稻和小麦产量分别占全国水稻、小麦总产量的7.9%和12.2%;全省农用化肥施用量居全国第4位^[16]。刘晓永等^[17]及宋大利等^[18]在省级尺度上估算了全国主要作物秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量及单位耕地面积秸秆养分还田量。耿维等^[19]的估算结果显示,2010—2016年安徽省作物秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分资源量分别占全省有机肥氮、磷、钾养分资源总量的40.09%、37.01%和63.87%。安徽省作物秸秆养分资源丰富,而目前安徽省各地区不同作物秸秆还田当季的具体化肥替代潜力尚不清楚。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究采用草谷比法估算了安徽省各市水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆数量,并在考虑还田秸秆养分当季释放率的情况下,从还田秸秆养分当季可释放量的角度尝试分析了单位播种面积不同作物秸秆全量还田的化肥替代潜力,以期为全省不同地区主要作物秸秆还田下的化肥配施和减量提供数据基础和决策参考。

1 研究方法与数据来源

1.1 研究区概况

安徽省地处我国华东腹地,位于长江及淮河的中下游,境内淮河以北属暖温带半湿润季风气候,淮河以南为亚热带湿润季风气候。年平均气温14—17℃,由南向北递减;年平均降水量770—1 700 mm,主要集中在春夏两季;年平均日照1 800—2 500 h,光照充足,热量条件较好;年平均无霜期200—250 d,无霜期较长。安徽省为我国粮食主产省,2016—2018年全省水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜年均播种面积分别为237.9万hm²、257.2万hm²、95.3万hm²和44.3万hm²,其中水稻、小麦和玉米总播种面积占全省粮食作物播种面积的85.8%,油菜播种面积占全省油料作物播种面积的68.3%^[20]。本研究选取上述4种主要作物进行秸秆及其所含养分资源量分析,综合考虑安徽省各市的耕作制度和地理位置,将全省16市划分为以下区域：淮北（阜阳、亳州、淮北、宿州和蚌埠市）,江淮（六安、淮南、合肥和滁州市）,沿江（安庆、铜陵、芜湖和马鞍山市）及江南（池州、宣城和黄山市）。淮北平原为安徽省小麦和玉米主产区,耕作制度主要为小麦-玉米两熟轮作;江淮区域为安徽省水稻、小麦和油菜主产区,耕作制度为水稻-小麦或水稻-油菜水旱两熟轮作;沿江及江南是安徽省水稻和油菜主产区,耕作制度主要为水稻-油菜或双季稻两熟轮作。

1.2 研究方法

本研究采用国内常用的草谷比法^[21,22]来估算安徽省各市主要作物秸秆产生量。草谷比为作物地上部秸秆产量与经济产量的比值。

主要作物秸秆产量（W_S）的计算公式为：

（1）W_S = W_Y × S_G

式中,W_Y为作物经济产量;S_G为作物草谷比。

主要作物秸秆养分资源量（W_N）的计算公式为：

（2）W_N = W_S × N_S

式中,N_S为作物秸秆养分含量。将单质磷（P）折算为五氧化二磷（P₂O₅）的系数为2.29;将单质钾（K）折算为氧化钾（K₂O）的系数为1.21。

作物秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力以单位播种面积还田秸秆养分当季释放量（A_RN）进行估算,其计算公式为：

（3）A_RN = (W_N× R_N) / A

式中,R_N为还田秸秆养分当季释放率;A为作物播种面积。

1.3 数据来源

为避免作物产量年际间的波动,本研究基于2016—2018年安徽省农业统计数据对主要作物秸秆数量及养分资源量进行估算。安徽省各市的水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜年播种面积和产量来自安徽省统计局^[20],沿江和江南区域各市的早稻、中稻和一季晚稻及双季晚稻的播种面积和产量来自各市统计年鉴。本研究采用刘晓永等^[17]通过文献总结得出的长江中下游农区作物草谷比数据和作物秸秆还田当季养分释放率（表1）。作物秸秆氮磷钾养分含量参考《中国有机肥料养分志》^[23]。

Table 1
表1
表1不同作物的草谷比、秸秆养分含量和还田秸秆养分当季释放率
Table 1Straw/grain ratio of different crops, nutrient contents in straws and in-season nutrient release rates of returned straws

作物 Crop	草谷比^[17] Straw/grain ratio	秸秆养分含量^[23] Nutrient content (g·kg^-1)			秸秆养分当季释放率^[17] In-season nutrient release rate (%)
作物 Crop	草谷比^[17] Straw/grain ratio	N	P	K	N	P	K
水稻Rice	1.08	9.1	1.3	18.9	47.19	66.69	84.91
小麦Wheat	1.39	6.5	0.8	10.5	50.11	62.01	89.05
玉米Maize	1.29	9.2	1.5	11.8	54.04	73.03	84.43
油菜Rapeseed	2.64	8.7	1.4	19.4	52.65	66.31	82.18

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2 结果

2.1 安徽省主要作物秸秆资源量及空间分布

2016—2018年安徽省4种主要作物秸秆年均总产量为4 996万t,其中水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆年均产量分别为1 758万t、2 251万t、712万t和275万t,产量较大的为小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆,分别占4种作物秸秆总产量的45.1%和35.2%,其次为玉米秸秆,占14.2%,油菜秸秆在4种作物秸秆总量中所占的比例较小,为5.5%。从图1中安徽省各市的作物秸秆产量来看,水稻秸秆主要分布在滁州、合肥、六安、安庆和淮南市,各市的水稻秸秆产量分别占全省水稻秸秆总产量的15.4%、14.9%、14.4%、10.7%和10.5%;阜阳、亳州、宿州、滁州和蚌埠市的小麦秸秆产量较大,分别占全省小麦秸秆总产量的20.4%、19.2%、15.2%、9.8%和9.3%;玉米秸秆资源所占比例较大的是阜阳、宿州、亳州和蚌埠市,分别占全省玉米秸秆总产量的25.6%、23.7%、23.6%和9.7%;油菜秸秆主要分布在安庆、合肥、六安和芜湖市,各市的油菜秸秆产量分别占全省油菜秸秆总产量的22.0%、16.6%、9.8%和9.1%。4种作物秸秆总产量居于前列的地区为阜阳、亳州、滁州和宿州市,秸秆产量分别为698万t、604万t、536万t和519万t,占全省主要作物秸秆年均总产量的14.0%、12.1%、10.7%和10.4%。

图1

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图12016—2018年安徽省各市主要作物秸秆年均产量

Fig. 1Annual average yields of main crop straws in different cities of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018

从图2中安徽省不同区域主要作物秸秆产量来看,淮北、江淮、沿江和江南各区域的4种作物秸秆年均总产量分别为2 348万t、1 680万t、674万t和293万t,占全省主要作物秸秆总产量的47.0%、33.6%、13.5%和5.9%。安徽省秸秆资源主要分布在淮北和江淮区域,淮北区域的秸秆产出以小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆为主,分别占该区域4种作物秸秆总产量的67.1%和26.7%;江淮区域的秸秆产出以水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆为主,所占比例分别为57.8%和33.3%。安徽省水稻秸秆主要分布在江淮和沿江区域,秸秆年均产量分别为971万t（占比55.2%）和456万t（占比26.0%）;小麦秸秆主要分布在淮北和江淮区域,年均产量分别为1 576万t（占比70.0%）和560万t（占比24.9%）;玉米秸秆集中分布在淮北区域,年均产量为627万t,占全省玉米秸秆总产量的88.1%;油菜秸秆主要分布在安徽省的沿江和江淮区域,年均产量分别为119万t（占比43.2%）和97万t（占比35.2%）。

图2

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图22016—2018年安徽省不同区域主要作物秸秆年均产量

NH：淮北区域;YH：江淮区域;EY：沿江区域;SY：江南区域
Fig. 2Annual average yields of main crop straws in different regions of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018

NH: North area of Huai River; YH: Area between Yangtze River and Huai River; EY: Edge area of Yangtze River; SY: South area of Yangtze River

2.2 安徽省主要作物秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量及空间分布

2016—2018年安徽省4种主要作物秸秆氮（N）养分资源总量年均为39.57万t,水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆可提供的年均氮养分资源量分别为16.00万t（占比40.4%）、14.63万t（占比37.0%）、6.55万t（占比16.5%）和2.39万t（占比6.0%）。主要作物秸秆磷（P₂O₅）养分资源总量年均为12.69万t,其中来自水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆的磷养分资源量分别为5.23万t（占比41.3%）、4.13万t（占比32.5%）、2.45万t（占比19.3%）和0.88万t（占比6.9%）。4种主要作物秸秆钾（K₂O）养分资源总量年均为85.08万t,来自水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆的钾养分资源量分别为40.04万t（占比47.1%）、28.49万t（占比33.5%）、10.12万t（占比11.9%）和6.42万t（占比7.5%）。总的来看,水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆养分资源量分别占4种主要作物秸秆养分资源总量的44.6%、34.4%、13.9%和7.1%。

从图3可以看出,水稻秸秆养分资源量较高的地区有滁州（N 2.47万t、P₂O₅0.81万t、K₂O 6.17万t）、合肥（N 2.38万t、P₂O₅0.78万t、K₂O 5.96万t）、六安（N 2.31万t、P₂O₅0.76万t、K₂O 5.78万t）、安庆（N 1.72万t、P₂O₅0.56万t、K₂O 4.30万t）和淮南市（N 1.68万t、P₂O₅0.55万t、K₂O 4.20万t）,这些地区的水稻秸秆养分资源量占全省水稻秸秆养分资源总量的65.9%;小麦秸秆养分资源主要分布在阜阳（N 2.99万t、P₂O₅0.84万t、K₂O 5.82万t）、亳州（N 2.81万t、P₂O₅0.79万t、K₂O 5.47万t）、宿州（N 2.23万t、P₂O₅0.63万t、K₂O 4.34万t）、滁州（N 1.44万t、P₂O₅0.41万t、K₂O 2.80万t）和蚌埠市（N 1.36万t、P₂O₅0.38万t、K₂O 2.65万t）,共占全省小麦秸秆养分资源总量的74.0%;玉米秸秆养分资源量较丰富的地区有阜阳（N 1.68万t、P₂O₅0.63万t、K₂O 2.59万t）、宿州（N 1.55万t、P₂O₅0.58万t、K₂O 2.40万t）、亳州（N 1.54万t、P₂O₅0.58万t、K₂O 2.39万t）和蚌埠市（N 0.64万t、P₂O₅0.24万t、K₂O 0.99万t）,共占全省玉米秸秆养分资源总量的82.6%;油菜秸秆养分资源主要分布在安庆（N 0.53万t、P₂O₅0.19万t、K₂O 1.41万t）、合肥（N 0.40万t、P₂O₅0.15万t、K₂O 1.06万t）、六安（N 0.23万t、P₂O₅0.09万t、K₂O 0.63万t）和芜湖市（N 0.22万t、P₂O₅0.08万t、K₂O 0.58万t）,这些地区的油菜秸秆养分资源量占全省油菜秸秆养分资源总量的57.4%。

图3

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图32016—2018年安徽省各市主要作物秸秆养分资源年均产量

Fig. 3Annual average yields of main crop straw nutrient resources in different cities of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018

从不同地区的4种主要作物秸秆氮养分资源总量来看,位于全省前列的地区为阜阳、亳州、滁州、宿州、合肥和六安市,分别为5.17万t（占比13.1%）、4.39万t（占比11.1%）、4.30万t（占比10.9%）、3.85万t（占比9.7%）、3.35万t（占比8.5%）和3.32万t（占比8.4%）。4种作物秸秆磷养分资源总量较高的地区排序同样为阜阳、亳州、滁州、宿州、合肥和六安市,分别为1.64万t（占比12.9%）、1.38万t（占比10.9%）、1.36万t（占比10.7%）、1.23万t（占比9.7%）、1.10万t（占比8.6%）和1.07万t（占比8.4%）。4种主要作物秸秆钾养分资源总量居于前列的地区为滁州、阜阳、合肥、亳州、六安和宿州市,分别为9.77万t（占比11.5%）、9.70万t（占比11.4%）、8.09万t（占比9.5%）、7.94万t（占比9.3%）、7.86万t（占比9.2%）和6.92万t（占比8.1%）。

从表2主要作物秸秆养分资源在安徽省不同区域间的分布来看,安徽省淮北、江淮、沿江和江南各区域4种作物秸秆氮（N）养分资源总量分别为17.33万t、13.80万t、5.88万t和2.56万t,占全省主要作物秸秆氮养分资源总量的43.8%、34.9%、14.9%和6.5%。各区域主要作物秸秆磷（P₂O₅）养分资源总量分别为5.48万t、4.41万t、1.95万t和0.85万t,所占比例为43.2%、34.7%、15.4%和6.7%。各区域秸秆钾（K₂O）养分资源总量分别为32.17万t、32.21万t、14.45万t和6.24万t,所占比例为37.8%、37.9%、17.0%和7.3%。

Table 2
表2
表22016—2018年安徽省不同区域主要作物秸秆养分资源年均产量
Table 2Annual average yields of main crop straw nutrient resources in different regions of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018

区域 Region	作物 Crop	秸秆养分量Straw nutrient quantity (×10³ t)
区域 Region	作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
淮北 North area of Huai River	水稻Rice	12.06±0.70	3.95±0.23	30.19±1.74
	小麦Wheat	102.47±2.72	28.88±0.77	199.48±5.30
	玉米Maize	57.67±5.83	21.54±2.18	89.15±9.01
	油菜Rapeseed	1.08±0.09	0.40±0.03	2.90±0.24
江淮 Area between Yangtze River and Huai River	水稻Rice	88.34±6.20	28.90±2.03	221.11±15.53
	小麦Wheat	36.41±0.66	10.26±0.18	70.88±1.28
	玉米Maize	4.84±1.06	1.81±0.39	7.48±1.63
	油菜Rapeseed	8.40±2.90	3.10±1.07	22.59±7.79
沿江 Edge area of Yangtze River	水稻Rice	41.54±0.79	13.59±0.26	103.98±1.97
	小麦Wheat	5.32±0.72	1.50±0.20	10.35±1.39
	玉米Maize	1.60±0.15	0.60±0.06	2.48±0.23
	油菜Rapeseed	10.31±0.59	3.80±0.22	27.72±1.57
江南 South area of Yangtze River	水稻Rice	18.04±0.26	5.90±0.09	45.16±0.66
	小麦Wheat	2.15±0.20	0.61±0.06	4.18±0.38
	玉米Maize	1.37±0.14	0.51±0.05	2.11±0.22
	油菜Rapeseed	4.09±0.42	1.51±0.15	11.00±1.13

表中数据为平均值±标准差。下同
The chart data were mean±standard deviation. The same as below

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.3 安徽省主要作物秸秆还田养分替代潜力

从表3安徽省各市单位播种面积主要作物秸秆还田当季的化肥替代潜力来看,水稻秸秆还田的氮肥可替代量为N 26.8—35.0 kg·hm^-2,磷肥可替代量为P₂O₅12.4—16.2 kg·hm^-2,钾肥可替代量为K₂O 120.9—157.5 kg·hm^-2,各市水稻秸秆还田的氮肥及磷肥替代潜力比较接近,钾肥替代潜力均较大。水稻主要种植地区淮南、芜湖、合肥、六安、安庆、滁州和宣城市单位播种面积水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 29.5—35.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅13.6—16.2 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 132.9—157.5 kg·hm^-2,这些地区的水稻播种面积占全省水稻总播种面积的78.5%。小麦秸秆还田的氮肥可替代量为N 14.3—33.5 kg·hm^-2,磷肥可替代量为P₂O₅5.0—11.7 kg·hm^-2,钾肥可替代量为K₂O 49.5—116.0 kg·hm^-2。小麦主要种植地区亳州、阜阳、宿州、蚌埠、淮南和滁州市单位播种面积小麦秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—33.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅8.4—11.7 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 83.5—115.8 kg·hm^-2,这些地区的小麦播种面积占全省小麦总播种面积的77.8%。对于玉米秸秆还田来说,其氮、磷、钾肥的替代潜力分别为N 23.1—38.9 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅11.7—19.6 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 55.8—93.9 kg·hm^-2。玉米主要种植地区亳州、阜阳、蚌埠、宿州和淮北市单位播种面积玉米秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.7—32.7 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅12.5—16.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 59.7—79.0 kg·hm^-2,这些地区的玉米播种面积占全省玉米总播种面积的88.1%。油菜秸秆还田的氮肥可替代量为N 18.1—34.7 kg·hm^-2,磷肥可替代量为P₂O₅8.4—16.1 kg·hm^-2,钾肥可替代量为K₂O 76.0—145.5 kg·hm^-2。油菜主要种植地区芜湖、合肥、宣城、池州、安庆和六安市单位播种面积油菜秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—34.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅11.2—15.8 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 101.3—142.7 kg·hm^-2,这些地区的油菜播种面积占全省油菜总播种面积的70.7%。

Table 3
表3
表32016—2018年安徽省各市单位播种面积主要作物秸秆还田的化肥可替代量
Table 3Synthetic fertilizers substitute potential through main crop straw incorporation in different cities of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018 (kg·hm^-2)

区域 Region	市 City	水稻秸秆Rice straw			小麦秸秆Wheat straw			玉米秸秆Maize straw			油菜秸秆Rapeseed straw
区域 Region	市 City	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
淮北 North area of Huai River	阜阳市Fuyang	29.5	13.6	132.9	30.2	10.5	104.5	32.2	16.2	77.7	30.2	14.0	126.7
	亳州市Bozhou	28.3	13.1	127.6	33.5	11.7	115.8	32.7	16.5	79.0	34.7	16.1	145.5
	淮北市Huaibei	—	—	—	33.5	11.7	116.0	24.7	12.5	59.7	27.8	12.9	116.4
	宿州市Suzhou	33.7	15.6	151.9	28.5	9.9	98.6	27.5	13.9	66.3	24.7	11.4	103.5
	蚌埠市Bengbu	29.8	13.8	134.1	27.7	9.7	95.7	31.7	16.0	76.6	21.2	9.8	88.9
江淮 Area between Yangtze River and Huai River	六安市Luan	30.7	14.2	138.4	22.1	7.7	76.5	29.1	14.7	70.2	24.1	11.2	101.3
	淮南市Huainan	35.0	16.2	157.5	25.5	8.9	88.3	30.7	15.5	74.0	32.5	15.1	136.4
	合肥市Hefei	31.7	14.7	143.0	19.7	6.9	68.0	29.7	15.0	71.6	33.0	15.3	138.3
	滁州市Chuzhou	29.9	13.8	134.5	24.1	8.4	83.5	29.5	14.9	71.3	31.0	14.4	130.1
沿江 Edge area of Yangtze River	安庆市Anqing	30.0	13.9	135.0	14.3	5.0	49.6	28.6	14.4	69.1	26.7	12.4	112.2
	铜陵市Tongling	26.8	12.4	120.9	15.3	5.3	53.0	30.6	15.4	73.8	26.9	12.5	112.8
	芜湖市Wuhu	32.8	15.2	147.7	20.6	7.2	71.2	34.5	17.4	83.3	34.0	15.8	142.7
	马鞍山市Maanshan	34.1	15.8	153.4	22.2	7.8	76.9	36.2	18.3	87.5	32.1	14.9	134.5
江南 South area of Yangtze River	池州市Chizhou	28.3	13.1	127.3	14.3	5.0	49.5	31.7	16.0	76.5	28.2	13.1	118.3
	宣城市Xuancheng	29.5	13.6	132.9	20.7	7.2	71.6	38.9	19.6	93.9	28.3	13.2	118.9
	黄山市Huangshan	33.0	15.2	148.5	—	—	—	23.1	11.7	55.8	18.1	8.4	76.0

新窗口打开|下载CSV

从表4安徽省不同区域典型轮作制度下单位播种面积作物秸秆还田的化肥可替代量来看,淮北区域小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆还田的氮肥可替代量非常接近,玉米秸秆还田的磷肥可替代量高于小麦秸秆还田的,而小麦秸秆还田的钾肥替代潜力较大;江淮区域水稻-小麦轮作制度下小麦秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力小于淮北区域小麦秸秆还田的化肥可替代量。江淮和沿江这两个区域水稻-油菜轮作制度下水稻季油菜秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力非常接近,江南区域的稍低;3个区域油菜季水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力相差不大。沿江和江南区域早稻-晚稻轮作下水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力略小于水稻-油菜轮作制度下水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力。从全省范围内来看,单位播种面积水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆还田当季的氮肥替代潜力分别为N 30.9、27.6、30.3和28.4 kg·hm^-2,磷肥替代潜力分别为P₂O₅14.3、9.6、15.3和13.2 kg·hm^-2,钾肥替代潜力分别为K₂O 139.3、95.4、73.1和119.1 kg·hm^-2。

Table 4
表4
表42016—2018年安徽省不同区域单位播种面积主要作物秸秆还田的化肥可替代量
Table 4Synthetic fertilizers substitute potential through main crop straw incorporation in different regions of Anhui province during the period of 2016-2018

区域 Region	种植制度 Cropping system	作物季型 Crop season	上季作物秸秆还田化肥可替代量 Synthetic fertilizers substitute potential (kg·hm^-2)
区域 Region	种植制度 Cropping system	作物季型 Crop season	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
淮北North area of Huai River	小麦-玉米 Wheat-maize	小麦季Wheat	30.3±3.3	15.3±1.6	73.1±7.9
淮北North area of Huai River	小麦-玉米 Wheat-maize	玉米季Maize	30.5±2.3	10.6±0.8	105.5±8.0
江淮Area between Yangtze River and Huai River	水稻-小麦 Rice-wheat	水稻季Rice	23.4±1.7	8.2±0.6	81.1±5.9
	水稻-小麦 Rice-wheat	小麦季Wheat	31.5±0.7	14.6±0.3	141.7±3.2
	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	水稻季Rice	29.4±0.4	13.7±0.2	123.4±1.9
	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	油菜季Rapeseed	31.5±0.7	14.6±0.3	141.7±3.2
沿江Edge area of Yangtze River	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	水稻季Rice	28.8±0.4	13.4±0.2	120.9±1.7
	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	油菜季Rapeseed	32.5±0.9	15.0±0.4	146.3±4.2
	双季稻 Double cropping rice	早稻季Early rice	27.7±3.2	12.8±1.5	124.6±14.6
	双季稻 Double cropping rice	晚稻季Late rice	26.7±2.2	12.3±1.0	120.2±10.0
江南South area of Yangtze River	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	水稻季Rice	25.6±0.8	11.9±0.4	107.3±3.4
	水稻-油菜 Rice-rapeseed	油菜季Rapeseed	30.2±0.5	14.0±0.2	135.9±2.1
	双季稻 Double cropping rice	早稻季Early rice	27.2±1.4	12.6±0.6	122.3±6.2
	双季稻 Double cropping rice	晚稻季Late rice	27.1±1.9	12.5±0.9	122.2±8.4

新窗口打开|下载CSV

3 讨论

3.1 关于作物草谷比和秸秆养分含量

草谷比的选择是影响秸秆产量评估结果的关键因素。在以往的研究中,对我国主要作物秸秆数量进行估算时使用的多是全国尺度的草谷比。作物的草谷比受到作物种类以及农业生产条件等诸多因素的影响^[24]。刘晓永等^[17]基于大量文献资料计算得到我国不同地区水稻的草谷比为0.91—1.08,小麦的草谷比为1.10—1.56,玉米的草谷比为1.11—1.29,油菜的草谷比为2.20—2.75。本研究采用刘晓永等^[17]发表文献中长江中下游地区不同作物的草谷比：水稻1.08、小麦1.39、玉米1.29、油菜2.64。安徽东连江苏,两个省份都位于长江中下游地区,农业气象条件和轮作制度较为接近。2009年以江苏省23个主要水稻品种为研究对象测定的水稻草谷比为0.98—1.03^[25]。2009—2010年以安徽省沿淮及淮北区域大面积推广的24个小麦品种为供试材料研究得到的小麦平均收获指数为0.436,换算成小麦草谷比为1.29^[26]。2009—2010年在长江流域冬油菜主产区开展的田间试验研究结果显示,试验区大面积种植的油菜品种在氮磷钾硼肥配施处理下的收获指数为0.282,换算成油菜草谷比为2.55^[27]。本研究采用的不同作物草谷比与上述研究中实测得到的具有代表性的作物草谷比较为接近。

目前对我国秸秆养分资源量进行评估的研究^[28,29]采用的多是原农业部1994年开展有机肥料资源调查后出版的《中国有机肥料养分志》中的秸秆养分含量。在缺乏本地大样品量测定得到的秸秆养分含量数据的情况下,《中国有机肥料养分志》具有重要的参考价值。车升国等^[30,31]对2000年后黄淮海冬麦区（包含安徽北部）小麦秸秆氮、磷含量相关大量文献数据进行统计分析的结果显示,小麦秸秆氮含量和磷含量分别为5.6 g·kg^-1（n=1423）和0.9 g·kg^-1（n=486）,与本研究采用的《中国有机肥料养分志》中的小麦秸秆氮含量（6.5 g·kg^-1）和磷含量（0.8 g·kg^-1）较为接近。安徽省玉米主要产自淮北平原,这一区域也是华北平原的一部分。串丽敏等^[32]通过汇总2000—2011年文献数据得出的华北地区玉米秸秆氮养分含量为8.0 g·kg^-1（n=2445）,与本研究采用的玉米秸秆氮含量（9.2 g·kg^-1）同样具有一定的可比性。

3.2 秸秆还田下养分管理

研究表明,秸秆还田可以替代部分氮肥,有助于减少农田氮肥施用量,秸秆还田的氮肥可替代比例为10%—30%^{[10,13-14,33-34]}。对于本研究中的4种作物来说,水稻、玉米和油菜的秸秆氮含量比较接近,为8.7—9.2 g·kg^-1,小麦秸秆中的氮含量相对较低,为6.5 g·kg^-1[23]。作物秸秆施入土壤之后,前期（0—2个月左右）腐解较快,氮素释放也较快,氮素累积释放率可以达到40%—50%^[35,36,37]。短期田间试验的结果表明,在氮养分等量投入情况下,秸秆还田能够提高土壤碱解氮含量^[33,38]。秸秆还田下的氮肥减施要考虑到土壤的具体肥力状况,在不同肥力白浆土上进行的3年秸秆还田试验表明,秸秆还田下高肥力土壤适合适量减氮,同时还可以缓解土壤氮过剩导致的作物减产问题^[10]。在实际生产中需要注意的是,秸秆还田在一定条件下有可能会导致土壤氮有效性下降^[39,40,41]。秸秆的碳氮比高,在上季作物产量高秸秆还田量大的情况下,后茬作物生长前期可能会出现土壤供氮不足的问题。砂姜黑土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下的4年秸秆还田定位试验表明,与秸秆不还田条件下小麦产量最高处理的施氮量相比,玉米秸秆还田下减施氮肥40 kg·hm^-2可以进一步小幅提高小麦产量,而在低施氮量条件下,玉米秸秆还田反而导致小麦减产^[42]。有研究表明,可以通过调节秸秆和氮肥的施入碳氮比解决秸秆还田导致的土壤氮有效性下降问题,安徽沿淮地区水稻-小麦轮作体系秸秆还田条件下将还田秸秆和化学氮肥的总碳氮比调整为18﹕1时,土壤无机氮含量增加最为显著,同时水稻氮素吸收量和实际产量表现也最好^[43]。秸秆还田条件下,合理的氮肥运筹也是实现秸秆快速腐解和作物高产的重要措施。与氮肥基追比1﹕1.5及1﹕2处理相比,河南石灰性潮土小麦-玉米轮作体系小麦秸秆还田下玉米季氮肥基追比1﹕1处理能显著提高土壤养分含量、夏玉米产量和氮肥利用效率^[44]。安徽江淮丘陵白土稻区小麦秸秆还田条件下,水稻基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例为60-20-20时较80-0-20及40-30-30这两种氮肥运筹方式在改善土壤养分状况以及提升水稻产量方面更有优势^[45]。在江苏稻麦轮作区,小麦秸秆还田条件下增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,而提高氮肥基肥比例（基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕穗肥=4﹕3﹕3）较常规施氮运筹（3﹕3﹕4）提高了水稻产量和氮肥利用效率^[46]。在湖北多地开展的秸秆还田氮肥运筹试验也表明,水旱轮作条件下可以通过氮肥后肥前移实现作物稳产及高产^[47]。因此在秸秆还田总氮减量控制条件下,可以适当提高氮肥基肥施用比例。

在我国不同土壤类型上的长期秸秆还田试验表明,秸秆还田可不同程度地提高耕层土壤水溶性钾和全钾含量,并降低土壤中矿物钾的比例^[48,49]。作物秸秆中钾含量较高,而且在还田条件下主要粮食作物秸秆钾养分当季释放率可以达到85%左右^[17]。因此,在农业生产中,作物秸秆是一种重要的钾素来源,秸秆还田的钾肥可替代量较大^[50]。如能充分利用好秸秆钾养分资源,可以在很大程度上减少农田钾肥投入量,特别是在高供钾能力土壤上,上季作物秸秆全量还田基本可满足当季作物的钾素需求并保证高产^[15]。秸秆中钾养分在还田腐解初期释放较快、累计释放率很高,在施肥过程中可以考虑将配施的钾肥适当延后施用^[35],这样在秸秆还田前期既可充分发挥秸秆钾素的钾肥替代作用,同时在降雨量比较大的地区也能有效避免秸秆钾素流失。

与钾和氮养分相比,秸秆中的磷含量较低,其向土壤输入磷素的贡献在短期内相对较小,但秸秆还田会对土壤磷形态转化及其有效性产生重要影响^[51,52]。黑土上玉米秸秆还田1年对土壤全磷含量无显著影响,而增加了土壤有效磷含量^[53]。在江西省双季稻区开展的田间定位试验显示,连续3年秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤有效磷含量^[54]。湖北水稻-油菜轮作制度下,秸秆还田配施化肥3年较单施化肥处理土壤有效磷含量有显著性提高^[55]。砂姜黑土上秸秆还田3年对土壤无机磷总量无显著影响,却能够促进缓效态无机磷（Ca₁₀-P）向高活性无机磷（Ca₂-P、Fe-P）转化,从而增强土壤磷素供应能力^[56]。随着还田时间的延长,秸秆磷素输入增加土壤全磷含量的效应会逐渐显现。河北潮土上冬小麦-夏玉米轮作33年长期定位试验结果表明,在土壤磷素收支平衡盈余的情况下,长期秸秆还田能显著增加土壤全磷和无机磷总量,同时提高土壤中的Ca₂-P及有效磷含量^[57]。在河南潮土上开展的25年长期定位试验也显示,秸秆还田下土壤全磷和无机磷总量增加,具有缓效作用的Ca₈-P所占比例上升,而无效态磷O-P及Ca₁₀-P的比例下降,秸秆还田促进了无效态磷向速效及缓效态磷的转化,进而提升土壤磷素有效性以及土壤潜在供磷能力^[58]。

3.3 秸秆还田配套措施优化

本研究的估算结果可为安徽省各市不同作物秸秆还田下的化肥减施提供一定参考,但秸秆还田当季养分释放量与化肥可替代量之间的内在联系仍需进一步深入探究。还田条件下秸秆的腐解主要由气候、土壤和物料性质协同驱动^[59]。安徽省境内淮河以北和以南分别属暖温带半湿润季风气候和亚热带湿润季风气候,同时全省土壤分布也具有明显的区域特征：淮北平原以砂姜黑土和潮土为主,淮河与长江之间的这一区域以黄棕壤、黄褐土及水稻土为主,沿江平原主要为灰潮土和水稻土,皖南地区主要为红壤。因此,安徽省不同区域不同轮作制度下秸秆腐解速率及养分释放特征会存在一定差异,秸秆还田下适宜的化肥减施量有待通过田间试验确定,各地在此基础上再根据当地土壤肥力状况和上季作物秸秆实际产出量做出相应调整。目前安徽省秸秆还田可参照的地方标准有：适用于沿淮淮北小麦-玉米轮作种植区的《DB34T 1956—2013 砂姜黑土麦玉两熟制秸秆粉碎还田培肥技术规程》、适用于水稻-小麦轮作种植区的《DB34T 2863—2017 稻麦轮作秸秆全量还田技术规程》以及适用于水稻-油菜轮作种植区的《DB34T 1090—2009 稻油两熟制油菜秸秆还田机械化作业技术规范》。在安徽省淮北区域要重点推广小麦和玉米秸秆机械化粉碎还田,同时还需优化配套耕作措施^[60,61]。在水旱轮作区及双季稻区,秸秆还田时可配施适宜的秸秆腐熟剂以促进秸秆快速腐解,增强秸秆还田的效果,进一步提高土壤肥力与作物产量^[62]。

4 结论

4.1 安徽省作物秸秆资源丰富,主要分布在淮北和江淮区域。2016—2018年全省水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆年均产量分别为1 758万t、2 251万t、712万t和275万t,其中小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆所占比例较高,是全省秸秆资源的主要构成部分。

4.2 安徽省水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆可提供的年均氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）养分资源总量分别为40万t、13万t和85万t,全省秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量可观。安徽省主要作物秸秆还田可基本满足下季作物的钾素需求,可部分替代农田氮肥和磷肥投入。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]

田康, 赵永存, 邢喆, 孙维侠, 黄标, 胡文友. 中国保护性耕作农田土壤有机碳变化速率研究—基于长期试验点的Meta分析
土壤学报, 2013,50(3):433-440.

[本文引用: 1]

TIAN

, ZHAO Y

, XING

, SUN W

, HUANG

, HU W

. A meta-analysis of long-term experiment data for characterizing the topsoil organic carbon changes under different conservation tillage in cropland of China
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013,50(3):433-440. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[2]

LIU

, LU

, CUI

, LI

, FANG C

. Effects of straw carbon input on carbon dynamics in agricultural soils: A meta-analysis
Global Change Biology, 2014,20(5):1366-1381.

DOI:10.1111/gcb.12517 URL [本文引用: 1]

Straw return has been widely recommended as an environmentally friendly practice to manage carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural ecosystems. However, the overall trend and magnitude of changes in soil C in response to straw return remain uncertain. In this meta-analysis, we calculated the response ratios of soil organic C (SOC) concentrations, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, nutrient contents and other important soil properties to straw addition in 176 published field studies. Our results indicated that straw return significantly increased SOC concentration by 12.8 +/- 0.4% on average, with a 27.4 +/- 1.4% to 56.6 +/- 1.8% increase in soil active C fraction. CO2 emission increased in both upland (27.8 +/- 2.0%) and paddy systems (51.0 +/- 2.0%), while CH4 emission increased by 110.7 +/- 1.2% only in rice paddies. N2O emission has declined by 15.2 +/- 1.1% in paddy soils but increased by 8.3 +/- 2.5% in upland soils. Responses of macro-aggregates and crop yield to straw return showed positively linear with increasing SOC concentration. Straw-C input rate and clay content significantly affected the response of SOC. A significant positive relationship was found between annual SOC sequestered and duration, suggesting that soil C saturation would occur after 12years under straw return. Overall, straw return was an effective means to improve SOC accumulation, soil quality, and crop yield. Straw return-induced improvement of soil nutrient availability may favor crop growth, which can in turn increase ecosystem C input. Meanwhile, the analysis on net global warming potential (GWP) balance suggested that straw return increased C sink in upland soils but increased C source in paddy soils due to enhanced CH4 emission. Our meta-analysis suggested that future agro-ecosystem models and cropland management should differentiate the effects of straw return on ecosystem C budget in upland and paddy soils.

[3]

房焕, 李奕, 周虎, 颜晓元, 彭新华. 稻麦轮作区秸秆还田对水稻土结构的影响
农业机械学报, 2018,49(4):297-302.

[本文引用: 1]

FANG

, LI

, ZHOU

, YAN X

, PENG X

. Effects of straw incorporation on paddy soil structure in rice-wheat rotation system
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2018,49(4):297-302. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[4]

杨静, 聂三安, 杨文浩, 陈成榕, 张黎明, 周碧青, 邢世和. 不同施肥水稻土可溶性有机氮组分差异及影响因素
土壤学报, 2018,55(4):955-966.

[本文引用: 1]

YANG

, NIE S

, YANG W

, CHEN C

, ZHANG L

, ZHOU B

, XING S

. Effects of various influencing factors of soil soluble organic nitrogen components under different long-term fertilization treatments in paddy soil
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2018,55(4):955-966. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[5]

林诚, 王飞, 李清华, 何春梅, 张辉. 长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(5):1175-1183.

[本文引用: 1]

LIN

, WANG

, LI Q

, HE C

, ZHANG

. Response characteristics of Olsen-P to P balance in yellow paddy fields of southern China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017,23(5):1175-1183. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

[6]

盛婧, 刘红江, 孙国峰, 张丽萍, 郑建初. 不同钾吸收类型小麦品种(系)秸秆还田对农田钾素平衡的影响
麦类作物学报, 2016,36(12):1643-1650.

[本文引用: 1]

SHENG

, LIU H

, SUN G

, ZHANG L

, ZHENG J

. Effect of straw return on potassium balance for wheat varieties (lines) with different types of potassium absorption
Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2016,36(12):1643-1650. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[7]

HUANG

, ZENG Y

, WU J

, SHI Q

, PAN X

. Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China: A meta-analysis
Field Crops Research, 2013,154:188-194.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Crop residue management affects both crop productivity and soil fertility as well as human and environmental health, thus playing a critical role in the sustainability of cropping systems. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effect of in situ retention of crop residues on rice yield in China, and evaluated their fertilizer value for rice production. Results indicated that overall, crop residue retention significantly increased rice yield by 5.2% in China. Spikelet number per panicle and grain weight showed significant positive responses to crop residue retention, whereas the number of panicles and the percentage of filled grains were not significantly affected. Yield gains under crop residue retention were lowest, but significant, at mean annual temperature of 11-15 degrees C. Yield responses to crop residue retention were not significantly affected by soil N content, residue types (legume vs. non-legume), and tillage regimes (no-tillage vs. conventional tillage). Rice yield gains under crop residue retention increased with increasing experimental duration. Yield responses to crop residue retention increased when the proportion of inorganic N fertilizer applied in the vegetative stage increased from 70% to 100%. Compared to full rates of inorganic fertilization alone, rice yield was not adversely affected by crop residue retention with reduced rates of inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers by averages of 29.4%, 8.3%, and 21.9%, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that crop residue retention can significantly increase rice yield and substitute a part of inorganic fertilizers, while the magnitude of yield gains and fertilizer reduction may be site-specific and depend on agronomic practices. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V.

[8]

HAN

, XU

, DUNGAIT

J A J

, BOL

, WANG

X J

, WU

W L

, MENG

F Q

. Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China: A system analysis
Biogeosciences, 2018,15(7):1933-1946.

DOI:10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018 URL [本文引用: 1]

[9]

王保君, 程旺大, 陈贵, 沈亚强, 张红梅. 秸秆还田配合氮肥减量对稻田土壤养分、碳库及水稻产量的影响
浙江农业学报, 2019,31(4):624-630.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG B

, CHENG W

, CHEN

, SHEN Y

, ZHANG H

. Effect of straw returning and nitrogen reduction on soil nutrition, carbon pool and rice yield in rice field
Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2019,31(4):624-630. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[10]

王秋菊, 刘峰, 迟凤琴, 焦峰, 张春峰, 姜辉, 李鹏绯, 朱宝国. 秸秆还田及氮肥调控对不同肥力白浆土氮素及水稻产量影响
农业工程学报, 2019,35(14):105-111.

[本文引用: 3]

WANG Q

, LIU

, CHI F

, JIAO

, ZHANG C

, JIANG

, LI P

, ZHU B

. Effect of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer regulation on nitrogen and rice yield in albic soil with different fertilities
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019,35(14):105-111. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[11]

徐云连, 马友华, 吴蔚君, 邢素林, 马凡凡, 甘曼琴. 长期减量化施肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响
水土保持学报, 2018,32(6):254-258.

[本文引用: 1]

XU Y

, MA Y

, WU W

, XING S

, MA F

, GAN M

. Effects of long-term reducing fertilization on yield and soil fertility of rice
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018,32(6):254-258. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[12]

韩晓飞, 谢德体, 高明, 王子芳, 陈晨, 祁乐. 紫色土减磷配施有机肥的磷肥效应与磷素动态变化
水土保持学报, 2016,30(6):207-213.

[本文引用: 1]

HAN X

, XIE D

, GAO

, WANG Z

, CHEN

, QI

. Effect of reduced phosphorus fertilizer combining organic fertilizers and phosphorus dynamics changes in purple soil
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016,30(6):207-213. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

[13]

曾研华, 范呈根, 吴建富, 曾勇军, 周春火, 谭雪明, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 等养分条件下稻草还田替代双季早稻氮钾肥比例的研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(3):658-668.

URL [本文引用: 2]

ZENG Y

, FAN C

, WU J

, ZENG Y

, ZHOU C

, TAN X

, PAN X

, SHI Q

. Replacement ratio of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer by straw incorporation in early rice under the same nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium input
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017,23(3):658-668. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

[14]

曾研华, 吴建富, 曾勇军, 范呈根, 谭雪明, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响
作物学报, 2018,44(3):454-462.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00454 URL [本文引用: 2]

ZENG Y

, WU J

, ZENG Y

, FAN C

, TAN X

, PAN X

, SHI Q

. Effects of straw incorporation with reducing chemical fertilizers on nutrient absorption and utilization and grain yield of double-cropping late rice under mechanical harvest
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018,44(3):454-462. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00454 URL [本文引用: 2]

[15]

张磊, 张维乐, 鲁剑巍, 戴志刚, 易妍睿, 丛日环. 秸秆还田条件下不同供钾能力土壤水稻、油菜、小麦钾肥减量研究
中国农业科学, 2017,50(19):3745-3756.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.011 URL [本文引用: 2]

【Objective】 The experiments were conducted to study the effect of reducing potassium (K) fertilizer rates with straw incorporation on crop yield of cereal and oil, K uptake and K efficiency under different soil K supply capacities of Hubei, in order to provide a scientific basis for K fertilization and soil K management under straw returning. 【Method】 Field trials in 38 counties (cities) were carried out to study the effect of the substitution of straw incorporation for K fertilizer on rice, winter oilseed rape and wheat. Six treatments were designed: (1) no K fertilization (CK), (2) chemical K fertilization (+K), (3) straw incorporation (+S), (4) straw incorporation with 50% of chemical K fertilization (S+1/2K), (5) straw incorporation with 75% of chemical K fertilization (S+3/4K), and (6) straw incorporation with 100% of chemical K fertilization (S+K). Three soil K supply levels (i.e., HSKS, MSKS, and LSKS) were graded by relative yield (i.e., crop yield in the CK treatment divided by crop yield in the +K treatment) refer to the CK treatment. 【Result】 Both K fertilization and straw incorporation improved crops yield and K uptake under different soil K supply levels. Total straw incorporation only (+S) would satisfy crops K needs to achieve high yield level (i.e., crop yield in the +K treatment) for the HSKS. For the MSKS, 50% of chemical K fertilization with straw incorporation was needed to reach crop yield level of +K treatment. In case of LSKS, chemical K application rate could reduce 25% for rice and 50% for oilseed rape and wheat under straw incorporation condition, respectively. For the apparent K balance, straw incorporation could offset soil K deficit to some extent. For the seasons of oilseed rape and wheat, straw incorporation to the field could surplus 14.1-152.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2 and 25.5-95.9 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. However, soil K balance would still be deficit during the rice season across the sites. The relationship between K fertilization rate and crop yield with straw incorporation was fitted by quadratic and linear-plateau models. The optimum K application rate was obtained from the model under the crop yield of the +K treatment. With straw incorporation, optimum K application rate was 20-33 kg·hm²for the three crops under the HSKS and MSKS levels, where oilseed rape required less K fertilizer than rice and wheat. However, optimum K rate was 45-49 kg K₂O·hm^-2 for the LSKS level, where oilseed rape needed more K fertilizer than rice and wheat. Compared with current K economic fertilization rate (60 kg K₂O·hm^-2), chemical K rate could be reduced by 45.0%-66.7% for the HSKS and MSKS levels, and also chemical K fertilizer could be saved by 18.3%-25.0% for the LSKS level. 【Conclusion】 Chemical K fertilizer could be saved by 18.3%-66.7% while guaranteed crop yields under straw incorporation condition. The reducing rate of chemical K fertilizer should consider soil K supply level.

ZHANG

, ZHANG W

, LU J

, DAI Z

, YI Y

, CONG R

. Study of optimum potassium reducing rate of rice, wheat and oilseed rape under different soil K supply levels with straw incorporation
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(19):3745-3756. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.011 URL [本文引用: 2]

中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴2019. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019.

[本文引用: 1]

National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook 2019. Beijing: China Statistic Press, 2019. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

刘晓永, 李书田. 中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征
农业工程学报, 2017,33(21):1-19.

URL [本文引用: 7]

中国农作物秸秆资源丰富，但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源数量、还田利用状况以及随时间的变化特征仍不清楚。该研究基于官方统计数据和文献资料，分析了中国不同年代各省秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源量及其还田利用状况，为秸秆养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下作物养分管理提供科学依据和参考。结果表明：从1980s到2010s，中国秸秆及其养分资源总量分别增长了85.5%和104%，西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区的秸秆及其养分资源占全国的2/3以上。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104 t，相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2，比1980s分别增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各种作物秸秆及其养分资源所占比例各地区差异较大，2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占全国的69.86%和56.47%，东北地区谷类作物秸秆比例最高；果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占9.67%和21.99%，东南地区果蔬类作物秸秆比例最高；豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。从1980s到2010s，秸秆直接还田量持续增加，燃烧还田量从1980s到2000s增加，2010s则下降。然而，秸秆养分还田量持续增加，氮磷钾还田总量从1980s的583.92×104 t（N 97.81×104 t、P2O5 40.10×104 t和K2O 446.01×104 t）增加到2010s的1 770.66×104 t（N 574.53×104 t、P2O5 105.53×104 t和K2O 1 090.60×104 t），相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2（N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O5 4.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2）增加到131.02 kg/hm2（N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O5 7.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2）。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田率分别为47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江省秸秆养分还田率增加明显，但华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。

LIU X

, LI S

. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(21):1-19. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 7]

宋大利, 侯胜鹏, 王秀斌, 梁国庆, 周卫. 中国秸秆养分资源数量及替代化肥潜力
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(1):1-21.

[本文引用: 1]

SONG D

, HOU S

, WANG X

, LIANG G

, ZHOU

. Nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its potential of substituting
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(1):1-21. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

[19]

耿维, 袁嫚嫚, 邬刚, 王家宝, 孙义祥. 安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究
中国生态农业学报, 2020,28(2):221-235.

[本文引用: 1]

GENG

, YUAN M

, WU

, WANG J

, SUN Y

. Study on the input and demand of crop nutrients and the potential of fertilizer reduction in Anhui Province. Chinese Journal of
Eco-Agriculture, 2020,28(2):221-235. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[20]

安徽省统计局. 安徽统计年鉴2017-2019. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2017-2019.

[本文引用: 2]

Anhui Statistical Bureau. Anhui Statistical Yearbook 2017-2019. Beijing: China Statistic Press, 2017-2019. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[21]

, CAO

, WANG X

, GE

, LI B

, JIN C

. Evaluation on the production of food crop straw in China from 2006 to 2014
Bioenergy Research, 2017,10(3):949-957.

[本文引用: 1]

[22]

YIN H

, ZHAO W

, LI

, CHENG X

, LIU

. Balancing straw returning and chemical fertilizers in China: Role of straw nutrient resources
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018,81:2695-2702.

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

全国农业技术推广服务中心. 中国有机肥料养分志. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1999.

[本文引用: 3]

National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Centre. Records of Nutrients in Organic Fertilizer in China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1999. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[24]

王轶虹, 王美艳, 史学正, 陈龙, 赵永存, 于东升. 2010年中国农作物净初级生产力及其空间分布格局
生态学报, 2016,36(19):6318-6327.

DOI:10.5846/stxb201411252346 URL [本文引用: 1]

采用2011-2012年全国实测水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜、棉花6种作物的生物量获得的干燥系数（DC）、收获指数（HI）和根冠比（R/S），结合2010年以县为单位的农业统计数据估算了2010年中国农作物产生的净初级生产力（NPP）。2010年中国农作物产生的NPP为596 Tg C，其中地上NPP为517 Tg C，地下NPP为80 Tg C。NPP空间分布不平衡，主要集中在东北的松嫩三江平原、黄淮海平原、长江中下游平原、西南的四川盆地和华南的珠江流域。单位面积农作物产生的NPP介于9-2094 g C m^-2 a^-1之间，平均密度为519 g C m^-2 a^-1。NPP密度（NPPD）较高的地区主要分布在中国的东部的湿润、半湿润地区以及内陆灌溉条件较好的地区。9个农业区中，黄淮海区农作物产生的NPP最多，东北区NPPD最高，青藏区农作物NPPD最低，产生的NPP也最少。作物种植面积能解释98%农业区之间NPP差异。通过对每个区域内县域NPPD与气候因子和化肥因子做相关分析，发现化肥施用量、日照时数、气温和降水均对NPPD的空间分异有影响，但是9个区域的主导因素不同。

WANG Y

, WANG M

, SHI X

, CHEN

, ZHAO Y

, YU D

. Spatial patterns of net primary productivity of crops in China
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(19):6318-6327. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.5846/stxb201411252346 URL [本文引用: 1]

顾克军, 张斯梅, 许博, 张恒敢, 杨四军. 江苏省水稻秸秆资源量及其可收集量估算
生态与农村环境学报, 2012,28(1):32-36.

URL [本文引用: 1]

23 rice cultivars (including 19 Japonica rice and 4 Indica rice) cultivated widely in Jiangsu Province were sampled and investigated for estimation of total strawyields and collectable amountsof the straw,separately,of the crops different in cultivation system and in yield target in combination with relevant statistical data.Results show that the differences in grain/straw ratio were relatively small between cultivars(0.98-1.03),but quite large between crops different in cultivation pattern(0.80-1.19)and in yield level (0.83-1.12).When the stubbles left in the field were 5,10,20,and 25 cm tall separately,the rice straw collectability coefficient was 0.815-0.868,0.668-0.732,0.600-0.669 and 0.533-0.618,respectively and the maximum amount of collectable straw was 1352.16×10⁴-1458.09×10⁴,1145.70×10⁴-1228.13×10⁴,1043.20×10⁴-1121.52×10⁴and 951.37×10⁴-1021.30×10⁴t,respectively.The rice straw (dry weight) resource of Jiangsu in 2009 was estimated at 158.93×10⁴-1704.92×10⁴t,which was 2.45%-10.14% higher than the estimation using the conventional method.It is,therefore,concluded that the rice straw resource of Jiangsu Province is rich,but the amount of collectable rice straw is mainly affected by how tall the stubbles are left in the field and how the crop is cultivated.

GU K

, ZHANG S

, XU

, ZHANG H

, YANG S

. Estimation of total yield and collectable amount of rice straw in Jiangsu Province
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2012,28(1):32-36. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

王青, 赵莉, 何贤芳, 朱昭进, 汪建来, 姚大年. 安徽沿淮和淮北地区小麦穗粒重研究
麦类作物学报, 2012,32(2):320-325.

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2012.02.024 URL [本文引用: 1]

Twenty four wheat cultivars and lines were chosen to study the relationships between grain weight per spike and grain yield, yield components and other 18 agronomic traits through correlation and path coefficient analysis. The results showed that there were very significant differences in grain weight per spike, harvest index, yield and yield components among the tested varieties (or lines). Grain weight per spike showed extremely significant and positive correlation to grain number per spike, harvest index, single stem biomass and grass weight; grain weight per spike also showed significant and positive correlation to yield, area of backward 3rd leaf; but grain weight per spike showed extremely significant and negative correlation to spike number and grain test weight.According to grain weight per spike, wheat varieties were classified into three broad types:Heavy spike type with grain weight per spike more than or equal to 1.8 g; Mid spike type with grain weight per spike between 1.4 g and 1.8 g; Light spike type with grain weight per spike less than or equal to 1.4 g.In the purpose of enhancing grain weight per spike in Huaihei region,it was recommendable to increase the number of grains per spike along the increase of single stem biomass and harvest index.

WANG

, ZHAO

, HE X

, ZHU Z

, WANG J

, YAO D

. Study on wheat grain weight per spike in the area of Huaibei Region of Anhui Province
Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2012,32(2):320-325. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2012.02.024 URL [本文引用: 1]

王寅, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环, 占丽平. 长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果
作物学报, 2013,39(8):1491-1500.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01491 URL [本文引用: 1]

Oilseed rape is the dominant oil crop in China. Direct-sowing method has the great significance in increasing winter oilseed rape yield and guaranteeing national edible oil security. Field trials were conducted at 36 sites in the Yangtze River Basin to determine the fertilization effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and boron (B) on seed yield, economic benefit, nutrient uptake and fertilizers efficiencies of direct-sown winter oilseed rape. Then we compared the differences between recommended fertilization and farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP), and between direct-sowing and transplanting cultivations. The objective was to discuss and offer appropriate suggestions of fertilization management for direct-sown winter oilseed rape in China. Combination application of N, P, K, and B fertilizers (NPKB) resulted in the greatest seed yield (2001 kg ha^–1) and economic income (8205 Yuan ha^–1), which were significantly higher than those of FFP treatment. The effects of different fertilizers on oilseed rape as N >P>B＞K. Nutrient uptakes were obviously improved in NPKB treatment, with the average accumulation of 104.2 kg N ha^–1, 20.4 kg P ha^–1,and 160.2 kg K ha^–1. In addition, the apparent recovery efficiency of N, P, and K fertilizers was 35.8%, 22.3%, and 45.9% in NPKB treatment, respectively, which was considerably higher than that in FFP treatment (20.8%, 7.2%, and 28.0%). Overall, our results demonstrated that suitable fertilization management (combination application of N, P, K, and B fertilizers) would be recommended in the production of direct-sown oilseed rape at the current stage. Both fertilization time and ratio should be adjusted to coordinate with oilseed rape growth and nutrient uptake regulation under direct-sowing cultivation.

WANG

, LU J

, LI X

, REN

, CONG R

, ZHAN L

. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron fertilizers on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) direct-sown in the Yangtze River Basin
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013,39(8):1491-1500. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01491 URL [本文引用: 1]

高利伟, 马林, 张卫峰, 王方浩, 马文奇, 张福锁. 中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况
农业工程学报, 2009,25(7):173-179.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Based on agricultural statistics, investigating data of farmer and a number of data published in the literatures, the amount of crop straw and its nutrient resources were estimated in 2006, and the utilization situation of crop straw and its nutrient resources were analyzed in China. The results showed that there was more than 760 million tons crop straws in 2006, which included the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) nutrient were 7.76 million tons, 2.49 million tons, 13.42 million tons, respectively. Four kinds of crop straw fate appeared as follow: returned to field (including straight returning and making compost), fuel (including straight burning, setting fire and biogas), fodder and others (including raw material of industry and throwing aside), and the percentage of that were 24.3%, 29.9%, 35.3% and 10.5% in 2006, respectively. The amount of crop straw nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) nutrient returned to field were 3.05 million tons, 1.76 million tons, 9.67 million tons, respectively. And the rates of the straw nutrient returned to field were 39.3%, 70.5% and 72.0%, respectively. There were great potential of crop straw returned to field, and drastic measures would be needed to reverse the trend of straw burned.

GAO L

, MA

, ZHANG W

, WANG F

, MA W

, ZHANG F

. Estimation of nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its utilization situation in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009,25(7):173-179. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

刘晓燕, 金继运, 任天志, 何萍. 中国有机肥料养分资源潜力和环境风险分析
应用生态学报, 2010,21(8):2092-2098.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Based on the data from China Agriculture Yearbook2006 and other documents, the amountsof crop straws and of the excreta from human, livestock, and poultry in China in 2005 were estimated, with the potential and the environmental risk of their nutrient resources analyzed. In 2005, the total amount of crop straws in this country was 643 million tons, and that of the excreta from human, livestock, and poultry was 4625 million tons. The amounts of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O from the straws and the excreta were 28.24, 12.82, and 29.48 million tons, being 1.08, 0.86, and 4.56 times of the inputs from chemical fertilizers in the same year, respectively. There was a great regional difference in the distribution of the organic manures nutrient resources. The total amount of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O in the excreta was more than 4 million tons in Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan provinces, but less in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and northwest China, while the total amount of these nutrients in crop straws was more than 1.5 million tons in Henan and Shandong provinces, the main grain production areas, but less in northwest China. The per unit farmland load of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O from the excreta was the highest (787.26 kg·hm^-2) in Beijing, followed by in Tianjin (515.31 kg·hm^-2) and Shanghai (505.35 kg·hm^-2), where the environmental risk could be more serious.

LIU X

, JIN J

, REN T

, HE

. Potential of organic manures nutrient resources and their environmental risk in China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010,21(8):2092-2098. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

车升国, 袁亮, 李燕婷, 林治安, 沈兵, 胡树文, 赵秉强. 我国主要麦区小麦氮素吸收及其产量效应
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(2):287-295.

URL [本文引用: 1]

CHE S

, YUAN

, LI Y

, LIN Z

, SHEN

, HU S

, ZHAO B

. N uptake and yield response of wheat in main wheat production regions of China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,22(2):287-295. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

车升国, 袁亮, 李燕婷, 林治安, 李燕青, 赵秉强, 沈兵. 我国主要麦区小麦产量形成对磷素的需求
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(4):869-876.

[本文引用: 1]

CHE S

, YUAN

, LI Y

, LIN Z

, LI Y

, ZHAO B

, SHEN

. Phosphorous requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,22(4):869-876. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[32]

串丽敏, 何萍, 赵同科, 徐新朋, 周卫, 郑怀国. 中国小麦季氮素养分循环与平衡特征
应用生态学报, 2015,26(1):76-86.

URL [本文引用: 1]

In this study, the input and output parameters of N for wheat production were collected from published literatures and International Plant Nutrition Institute in the period of 2000 to 2011 to evaluate N cycling and balances in North China, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Northwest China. The results showed that the N fertilizer application rates for each region were 170, 183 and 150 kg N·hm^-2, the amounts of N from the previous crop were 74.6, 15.2 and 8.1 kg N·hm^-2, and from seeds were 4.9, 4.2 and 3.5 kg N·hm^-2, respectively. The N inputs from symbiotic fixation, atmospheric deposition and irrigation water in North China were 15, 12.9 and 9.9 kg N·hm^-2, and in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were 15, 14.5 and 5.8 kg N·hm^-2, and in Northwest China were 15, 9.4 and 7.7 kg N·hm^-2, respectively. The amounts of N uptake by aboveground plant at harvest time in North China, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Northwest China were 174.3, 144.4 and 122.3 kg N·hm^-2, respectively, and the rates of ammonia volatilization, N₂O emission and N leaching in North China were 19.9, 2.6 and 11.8 kg N·hm^-2, in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were 9.4, 2.4 and 15.5 kg N·hm^-2, and in Northwest China were 3.4, 0.7 and 0 kg N·hm^-2, respectively. As a result, the N balances in these three regions were all showing surpluses by 78.7, 66.0 and 67.3 kg N·hm^-2. It is therefore necessary to adjust the N fertilizer application rates in these three regions to avoid the negative impacts on the environment.

CHUAN L

, HE

, ZHAO T

, XU X

, ZHOU

, ZHENG H

. Nitrogen cycling and balance for wheat in China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015,26(1):76-86. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

杨晨璐, 刘兰清, 王维钰, 任广鑫, 冯永忠, 杨改河. 麦玉复种体系下秸秆还田与施氮对作物水氮利用及产量的效应研究
中国农业科学, 2018,51(9):1664-1680.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.005 URL [本文引用: 2]

【Objective】This research was conducted to explore the response of crop production under wheat-maize multiple cropping system in Shaanxi Guanzhong region to straw returning and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application conditions, so as to provide theoretical basis for realizing local crop yield increase and efficient utilization of resources. 【Method】 A five-year field experiment was persistently performed in Yangling of Shaanxi Province from October 2011 to October 2016. A split plot design was developed in this experiment, with different straw returning patterns (straw returning (S) and no straw returning (S0)) as main treatments and different fertilizer applications (farmer actual fertilization (F1), 20% fertilizer reduction (F0.8) and no fertilization (F0)) as sub-treatments. Crop yield, water and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat and summer maize under different treatments were measured and analyzed, respectively. 【Result】 The interactions of straw returning and nitrogen applications on biomass, yield and yield components, water and fertilizer utilization of wheat and maize were significant or highly significant. Compared with no straw returning, the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium under the condition of straw returning significantly increased 6.0%-13.9%, 8.2%-34.1%, 3.4%-4.7%, 3.3%-10.3%, respectively, and the soil water storage in 0-100 cm soil layer before sowing and after harvesting of winter wheat and summer maize significantly increased 5%-11%, 12%-15% in wheat and 4%-9%, 11%-17% in maize, respectively. Compared with no fertilization, the soil nutrient content under fertilization was significantly increased, and the soil water storage of both two crops with straw returning under the condition of fertilization was significantly increased. Compared with no straw returning, the yield of grain in four continuous wheat growing seasons (2012-2016) and five continuous maize growing seasons (2011-2016) under the condition of straw returning, respectively, increased 4%-6%, 5%-10%, 7%-10%, 8%-12% in wheat and 1%-2%, 3%-6%, 4%-7%, 5%-8%, 3%-7% in maize significantly; Water use efficiency (WUE), respectively, increased 4%-7% in wheat and 8%-11% in maize significantly; Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PEPN) and agronomic efficiency (AEN) of both two crops were increased significantly. Compared with no fertilization, the yield of wheat and maize under the condition of fertilization was increased significantly, and was highest in F1 treatment, which was significantly increased by 30%-38%, 29%-33%, respectively, in wheat and 21%-25%, 19%-22%, respectively, in maize comparing with F0 treatment under two straw returning level; WUE of both two crops was increased significantly, but under S0 level, the F1 treatment was the highest, and the F0.8 treatment was the highest under S level. Compared with farmer actual fertilization, PEP_N and AE_N of both two crops were significantly increased under 20% fertilizer reduction, and the highest SF0.8 treatment was significantly higher 31%, 30% in wheat and 30%, 31% in maize than the lowest S0F1 treatment, respectively. In terms of economic benefits, annual average net income of wheat and maize under straw returning condition was 808-1 258 yuan and 733-1 212 yuan higher than that of no straw returning, and compared with no fertilization condition, annual average net income of two crops was increased, and the F0.8 treatment gained the most. Meanwhile, two crops both showed the trend of SF0.8> SF1>S0F0.8>S0F1>SF0>S0F0 in five years, of which SF0.8 treatment increased 3 052 yuan in wheat and 2 145 yuan in maize respectively compared with the CK. 【Conclusion】 Generally, comparing with local farmer actual fertilization, long-term straw returning in matching with 20% reduction fertilization not only ensured the crop yield in a high level, but also improved utilization of water and nitrogen significantly. Based on the efficiency of water and nitrogen utilization, crop yield and economic benefit, the effect of SF0.8 treatment was the optimal in all treatments.

YANG C

, LIU L

, WANG W

, REN G

, FENG Y

, YANG G

. Effects of the application of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer on crop yields, water and nitrogen utilization under wheat-maize multiple cropping system
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(9):1664-1680. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.005 URL [本文引用: 2]

高洪军, 朱平, 彭畅, 张秀芝, 李强, 张卫建. 等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(2):318-325.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0205 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】研究等氮量投入条件下，长期使用不同有机物料替代无机肥的适宜比例对玉米氮养分累积、运移和氮肥利用效率和产量的影响，可以为吉林黑土区春玉米高效施肥，维持并提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】以国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为研究平台，玉米品种郑单958为供试作物，设5个不同处理，即: 不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、粪肥+NPK(MNPK)、秸秆还田+NPK(SNPK)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品，分析玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量以及运移比例，计算氮肥利用效率。【结果】在玉米各生育时期，MNPK处理氮素累积量均高于NPK和SNPK处理;拔节期至大喇叭口期氮素累积量为19.67

86.44 kg/hm²，其中MNPK氮素累积量达到86.44 kg/hm²，为氮素累积量增加最多、吸收速率最快的时期;在成熟期，MNPK、NPK、SNPK、N 和CK处理植株氮素总累积量分别达到286.2、276.2、249.4、151.7和63.6 kg/hm²，SNPK处理氮素累积量略低于NPK处理，MNPK显著高于NPK和SNPK(P＜0.05)。 MNPK、SNPK、NPK和N处理中，叶和茎鞘总氮素转移量分别为99.0、79.7、87.2和41.8 kg/hm²，总的转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率分别为51.0%、47.7%、47.2%和43.4%，以MNPK处理的总氮素转移量和转移氮素对籽粒贡献率最高，与其他处理差异显著。在各处理中，MNPK、NPK和SNPK三个处理的氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均大于60 kg/kg，以MNPK最高，达到65.4 kg/kg。与化肥NPK处理比较，SNPK氮素偏生产力和收获指数差异不显著。MNPK处理土壤无机氮的含量在玉米整个生育期一直高于化肥NPK处理，并在玉米大喇叭口期达到最高，达到60.83 mg/kg，并与其他处理差异显著。【结论】长期有机无机配合施用，不仅能有效调节氮素积累和转运，还能提高氮肥利用效率。在适宜氮用量为165 kg/hm²时，以农家肥氮替代70%，或秸秆氮替代30%化肥氮素，既减少化肥氮投入，又增加了土壤供氮能力，因此，有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是吉林省黑土区春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。

GAO H

, ZHU

, PENG

, ZHANG X

, LI

, ZHANG W

. Effects of partially replacement of inorganic N with organic materials on nitrogen efficiency of spring maize and soil inorganic nitrogen content under the same N input
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015,21(2):318-325. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0205 URL [本文引用: 1]

戴志刚, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 鲁明星, 杨文兵, 高祥照. 不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验
农业工程学报, 2010,26(6):272-276.

URL [本文引用: 2]

In order to find out the proper proportions of crop straws and chemical fertilizer used in field, characteristic of nutrients release of rice straw, wheat straw and rapeseed straw were studied by method of nylon net bag under waterlogged incubation. The results showed that the decomposition rate of crop straws was much faster at the beginning stage and rapeseed straw decomposed faster than rice straw and wheat straw. And crop straws decomposition rate kept a slowly steady until the end of experiment, which had no obvious difference among three crop straws. After 124 days incubation, the cumulative decomposition rates of rice straw, wheat straw and rapeseed straw were 49.17%, 52.17% and 49.8%, respectively. The sequence of nutrients release rates of the three crop straws were K>P>C>N, while the sequence of nutrients release amount were C>K>N>P. C release rate of rice, wheat and rapeseed straw were up to 57.53, 66.58 and 52.54 percent, and N were up to 42.05, 49.26 and 57.83 percent, and P were up to 68.28, 59.93 and 67.32 percent after 124 days incubation, respectively. For all three crop straws K release rate was 98 percent within the first 12 days of incubation. It was indicated that on the basis of crop straws decomposition characteristics and nutrients release amount the application rates of K fertilizer should be decrease and used in crop growth later stage, while N and P should be maintained as usual practice at early crop growth stage.

DAI Z

, LU J

, LI X

, LU M

, YANG W

, GAO X

. Nutrient release characteristic of different crop straws manure
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010,26(6):272-276. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

GAO H

, CHEN

, WEI J

, ZHANG Y

, ZHANG L

, CHANG

, THOMPSON M

. Decomposition dynamics and changes in chemical composition of wheat straw residue under anaerobic and aerobic conditions
PLoS ONE, 2016,11(7):e0158172.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158172 URLPMID:27380023 [本文引用: 1]

Soil aeration is a crucial factor that regulates crop residue decomposition, and the chemical composition of decomposing crop residues may change the forms and availability of soil nutrients, such as N and P. However, to date, differences in the chemical composition of crop straw residues after incorporation into soil and during its decomposition under anaerobic vs. aerobic conditions have not been well documented. The objective of the present study was to assess changes in the C-containing functional groups of wheat straw residue during its decomposition in anaerobic and aerobic environments. A 12-month incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the temporal variations of mass, carbon, and nitrogen loss, as well as changes in the chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) straw residues under anaerobic and aerobic conditions by measuring C-containing functional groups using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The residual mass, carbon content, and nitrogen content of the straw residue sharply declined during the initial 3 months, and then slowly decreased during the last incubation period from 3 to 12 months. The decomposition rate constant (k) for mass loss under aerobic conditions (0.022 d-1) was higher than that under anaerobic conditions (0.014 d-1). The residual mass percentage of cellulose and hemicellulose in the wheat straw gradually declined, whereas that of lignin gradually increased during the entire 12-month incubation period. The NMR spectra of C-containing functional groups in the decomposing straw under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were similar at the beginning of the incubation as well as at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. The main alterations in C-containing functional groups during the decomposition of wheat straw were a decrease in the relative abundances of O-alkyl C and an increase in the relative abundances of alkyl C, aromatic C and COO/N-C = O functional groups. The NMR signals of alkyl C and aromatic C in decomposing wheat straw residues under anaerobic condition were higher than those under aerobic conditions. The higher mass percentages of lignin and the higher signals of aromatic C and alkyl C functional groups in decomposing wheat residues under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions were due to the slower decomposition rates of aryl C and alkyl C in wheat straw residues under anaerobic conditions.

[37]

代文才, 高明, 兰木羚, 黄容, 王金柱, 王子芳, 韩晓飞. 不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律
中国生态农业学报, 2017,25(2):188-199.

[本文引用: 1]

DAI W

, GAO

, LAN M

, HUANG

, WANG J

, WANG Z

, HAN X

. Nutrient release patterns and decomposition characteristics of different crop straws in drylands and paddy fields. Chinese Journal of
Eco-Agriculture, 2017,25(2):188-199. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[38]

曾研华, 吴建富, 潘晓华, 石庆华, 朱德峰. 稻草原位还田对双季稻田土壤理化与生物学性状的影响
水土保持学报, 2013,27(3):150-155.

[本文引用: 1]

ZENG Y

, WU J

, PAN X

, SHI Q

, ZHU D

. Effects of rice straw incorporation on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in double cropping paddy fields
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013,27(3):150-155. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

[39]

CHEN

, MAO

, ZHANG Y

, ZHANG L

, CHANG

, GAO H

, THOMPSON M

. Carbon and nitrogen forms in soil organic matter influenced by incorporated wheat and corn residues
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2017,63(4):377-387.

DOI:10.1080/00380768.2017.1359797 URL [本文引用: 1]

[40]

凌宁, 荀卫兵, 沈其荣. 根际沉积碳与秸秆碳共存下作物与微生物氮素竞争机制及其调控
南京农业大学学报, 2018,41(4):589-597.

[本文引用: 1]

LING

, XUN W

, SHEN Q

. Plant-microbial competition for nitrogen in rhizosphere under straw returning regime: mechanisms and manipulation
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2018,41(4):589-597. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[41]

柴如山, 王擎运, 叶新新, 江波, 赵强, 王强, 章力干, 郜红建. 我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田替代化学氮肥潜力
农业环境科学学报, 2019,38(11):2583-2593.

[本文引用: 1]

CHAI R

, WANG Q

, YE X

, JIANG

, ZHAO

, WANG

, ZHANG L

, GAO H

. Nitrogen resource quantity of main grain crop straw in China and the potential of synthetic nitrogen substitution under straw returning
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019,38(11):2583-2593. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[42]

李玮, 乔玉强, 陈欢, 曹承富, 杜世州, 赵竹. 玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦土壤氮素表观盈亏及产量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(3):561-570.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0302 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】以秸秆还田定位试验为平台，探讨玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素表观盈余和氮肥利用率的影响规律，明确砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季的最佳施氮量。【方法】试验以秸秆处理为主区，设秸秆还田和秸秆移除２个水平；施氮量为副区，设６个水平，分别为０、162.0、2020.5、243.0、 283.5、324.0kg/hm²。测定了冬小麦播种前、拔节期、成熟期地上部植株含氮量，土壤0-20、20-40和40-60cm 硝态氮含量，小麦产量以及籽粒氮含量，计算了冬小麦生育期土壤的氮素表观盈余，小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率以及不同阶段的氮素盈余。【结果】玉米秸秆还田后小麦增产365～844kg/hm²，增产率为4.2%～9.3%，尤其以配施243.0kg/hm²的增幅最高，产量达9858kg/hm²。小麦整个生育期，秸秆还田显著增加了0-60cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量，而秸秆移除条件下，土壤硝态氮累积量与氮肥施用量相关，高量氮肥增加了硝态氮累积量，Ｎ施用量高于243.0kg/hm²时，硝态氮累积量较小麦播种前增加19.8%～28.6%。施氮均显著增加了植株氮素积累量；小麦播种到拔节期，植株的氮素积累量随基肥比例的增加而增加。小麦生育期不施氮处理表现为氮素亏缺，施氮处理显著增加了0-60cm土层的土壤氮素盈余量，且随基肥、追肥量的增加而增加，盈余值每增加100.0kg/hm²，秸秆还田配施氮肥和单施氮肥的土壤剖面硝态氮积累量就会分别增加74.2和91.4kghm²。秸秆还田配施氮肥提高了氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率，特别是在高氮肥时，基肥和拔节肥的利用率显著高于单施氮肥。在施氮处理间、相同氮肥施用下秸秆还田和移除处理间氮素收获指数均无显著差异。氮肥表观回收率随施氮量的增加而降低，基肥表观回收率显著高于拔节肥表观回收率。【结论】秸秆还田和施氮水平对小麦植株氮素的吸收转运没有显著影响，但可提高基施和追施氮肥的利用率，可增加土壤０—６０ｃｍ土层中硝态氮的含量。综合各项指标，冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆全量还田适宜的氮肥配施量为202.5～243.0kg/hm²。

, QIAO Y

, CHEN

, CAO C

, DU S

, ZHAO

. Effects of combined maize straw and N application on soil nitrogen surplus amount and yield of winter wheat
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015,21(3):561-570. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0302 URL [本文引用: 1]

张雅洁, 陈晨, 陈曦, 常江, 章力干, 郜红建. 小麦-水稻秸秆还田对土壤有机质组成及不同形态氮含量的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2015,34(11):2155-2161.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG Y

, CHEN

, CHANG

, ZHANG L

, GAO H

. Effects of wheat and rice straw returning on soil organic matter composition and content of different nitrogen forms in soil. Journal of
Agro-Environment Science, 2015,34(11):2155-2161. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[44]

张鑫, 周卫, 艾超, 黄绍敏, 梁国庆. 秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同时期土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2020,26(2):295-306.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG

, ZHOU

, AI

, HUANG S

, LIANG G

. Effects of nitrogen management on soil enzyme activities and bacterial community structure in summer maize growing stages under straw incorporation
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020,26(2):295-306. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[45]

李录久, 吴萍萍, 耿言安, 姚文麒, 王家嘉. 秸秆还田结合氮肥运筹管理对白土稻田土壤理化性状的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(5):1259-1266.

[本文引用: 1]

LI L

, WU P

, GENG Y

, YAO W

, WANG J

. Effect of wheat straw addition with nitrogen application on physical-chemical properties of white paddy soil
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,22(5):1259-1266. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[46]

胡雅杰, 朱大伟, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(1):12-22.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0102 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】秸秆还田不仅可改良土壤和增加土壤有机质,还能提高作物产量和品质。但秸秆还田后,土壤有机酸积累和微生物固氮,抑制水稻前期生长。在长江流域稻麦两熟地区,当地农户往往通过增加施氮量来解决秸秆还田的负效应,造成肥料浪费和氮污染。因此,探索研究秸秆还田条件下水稻优化的氮肥运筹措施,阐明水稻产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对氮素响应特征,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】2012～2013年,以超级粳稻武运粳24号和宁粳3号为材料,在江苏省兴化市进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm² (N1)、增加施氮量345 kg/hm²(N2)和常规施氮运筹(CFP,基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=3:3:4)、改进施氮运筹(MFP,基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3),以无氮处理为对照,研究施氮量和氮肥运筹措施对水稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素吸收速率和氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】随着氮肥水平提高,水稻穗数显著增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,最终增产不显著。与常规施氮运筹比较,改进氮肥运筹显著增加穗数,显著提高群体颖花量并增产,在N1水平下,改进施氮运筹增产幅度为5.18%～7.10%,高于N2水平的2.70%～4.29%。随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、移栽期至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至拔节期干物质积累量、氮素积累量显著增加,最终成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量有所增加,但差异不显著,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮偏肥生产力显著下降。与常规氮运筹处理相比,改进氮运筹显著增加水稻移栽期至分蘖中期干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率,增加成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力,在N1水平下成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别增加6.52%和5.55%,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力分别提高13.36%、 8.55%、 4.44%和5.29%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】秸秆全量还田条件下,增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,且氮肥利用效率低。不增加氮肥用量,通过适当提高基肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3),可实现提高水稻产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮肥利用效率。

HU Y

, ZHU D

, XING Z

, GONG J

, ZHANG H

, DAI Q

, HUO Z

, XU

, WEI H

, GUO B

. Modifying nitrogen fertilization ratio to increase the yield and nitrogen uptake of super japonica rice
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015,21(1):12-22. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0102 URL [本文引用: 1]

张维乐, 戴志刚, 任涛, 周先竹, 王忠良, 李小坤, 丛日环. 不同水旱轮作体系秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响
中国农业科学, 2016,49(7):1254-1266.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.004 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization management on crop yield, total N accumulation and partial factor productivity were studied under the condition of returning residues in different paddy-upland rotations. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 14 counties (e.g., Xiaonan, Songzi, Yingcheng) of Hubei Province under rice-oilseed rape and rice-wheat rotation systems in the period of 2013-2014. Five treatments were followed as: 1) Conventional N fertilization in 3 times, 2) conventional N fertilization in 3 times with residues incorporation, 3) high N fertilization rate in 3 times with residues incorporation, 4) N fertilization in 2 times, and 5) N fertilization in 2 times with residues incorporation. Crop yields (rice, rapeseed and wheat), total N accumulation and partial factor productivity were analyzed among the treatments.【Result】 Crop yield, aboveground biomass and total N accumulation were not affected by high N application rate under residue incorporation in the rice-oilseed rape rotation but were significantly increased in the rice-wheat rotation. Compared with conventional N fertilization in 3 times for the rice-wheat cropping rotation, high N fertilization rate in 3 times with residues incorporation rice and wheat yield increments were 0.632 and 0.564 t·hm^-2 on average, with the increasing rates of 6.85% and 10.67%, respectively. Aboveground biomass increments were 1.50 and 1.07 t·hm^-2 on average, with increasing rates of 8.11% and 9.06%, respectively. Total N accumulation increments were 11.54 and 23.57 kg·hm^-2 on average, with increasing rates of 7.88% and 21.28%, respectively. Total N accumulation of rice and wheat increment was 35.11 kg·hm^-2, with increasing rate of 13.65%. N application at 2 times with residues incorporation would satisfy crop yield and total N accumulation compared with conventional N fertilization at 3 times. Specifically for the rice-wheat rotations, rice and wheat yield increments were 0.439 and 0.385 t·hm^-2 on average, with increasing rates of 5.12% and 7.63%, respectively. Total N accumulation increments were 11.09 and 21.06 kg·hm^-2 on average, with increasing rates of 8.26% and 20.82%, respectively. Total N accumulation increment was 32.14 kg·hm^-2 for the rice-wheat cropping rotation, with increasing rate of 13.66%. For N efficiency, regular application rate of N obtained high partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N, averaged values of PFP_N were 52.03 to 59.29 kg·kg^-1 for rice, 10.62 to 11.12 kg·kg^-1 for oilseed rape, and 33.63 to 36.20 kg·kg^-1 for wheat), partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N) with residues incorporation was better than that without residues incorporation for equal nitrogen rates, especially when we moved N fertilizer forward with residues returning. For rice-oilseed rape rotation system, Compared with conventional N fertilization at 3 times and N fertilization in 2 times, conventional N fertilization in 3 times with residues incorporation and N fertilization in 2 times with residues incorporation the PFP_N of rice increments were 2.45 and 4.07 kg·kg^-1 on average, with increasing rates of 4.36% and 7.37%, respectively. Oilseed rape increments were 0.36 and 0.49 kg·kg^-1 on average, with increasing rates of 3.38% and 4.62%, respectively. For rice-wheat rotation system, rice increments were 3.88 and 1.64 kg·kg^-1 on average, with increasing rates of 7.46% and 3.10%, respectively. Wheat increments were 1.60 and 1.93 kg·kg^-1 on average, with increasing rates of 4.75% and 5.65%, respectively. Compared with conventional N fertilization at 3 times, the PFP_N values of rice and oilseed rape would increase 5.68% and 4.00% under N Fertilization at 2 times with residues incorporation, respectively. For the rice-wheat rotation system, N application at 2 times with residues incorporation would increase the PFP_N values by 5.12% and 7.63% for rice and wheat, respectively.【Conclusion】With residues returning, moving fertilizer-nitrogen forward would achieve high and stable crop yield and enhance N efficiency under different paddy-upland rotations.

ZHANG W

, DAI Z

, REN

, ZHOU X

, WANG Z

, LI X

, CONG R

. Effects of nitrogen fertilization managements with residues incorporation on crops yield and nutrients uptake under different paddy-upland rotation systems
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(7):1254-1266. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.004 URL [本文引用: 1]

谭德水, 金继运, 黄绍文, 高伟. 长期施钾与秸秆还田对华北潮土和褐土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2008,14(1):106-112.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2008.0117 URL [本文引用: 1]

分析了在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田下的大田作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况。结果表明，在施用氮磷肥基础上长期施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量，各施钾处理产量与氮磷处理差异显著。两定位点钾肥和秸秆还田的效应不尽相同；小麦年际间各处理产量变异（CV≤13%）小于玉米（CV>14%），河北潮土上的玉米增产效果高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比，河北轮作制度下土壤钾素支出大。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较只施氮磷肥可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土0-20和20-40 cm两土层水溶性钾（河北0-20 cm平均提高5.8 mg/kg，山西16.9 mg/kg，下同）、非特殊吸附钾（21.2 mg/kg，35.9 mg/kg）、非交换性钾（75.1 mg/kg，57.5 mg/kg）、矿物钾（0.03％，0.01％）及全钾含量；降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。随土层加深，除矿物钾外，其余形态钾含量和比例均下降，特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施和土层深度的影响。直接施用钾肥效果优于秸秆还田，且两种措施对上层土壤各形态钾的影响效果大于下层土。

TAN D

, JIN J

, HUANG S

, GAO

. Effect of long-term application of potassium fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on yield of crops and soil potassium in fluvo-aquic soil and brown soil of northcentral China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2008,14(1):106-112. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2008.0117 URL [本文引用: 1]

谭德水, 金继运, 黄绍文. 长期施钾与秸秆还田对西北地区不同种植制度下作物产量及土壤钾素的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2008,14(5):886-893.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2008.0511 URL [本文引用: 1]

研究了在西北地区代表性的灌淤土、栗钙土上连续13年施用钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对作物产量和耕层土壤钾素的影响。结果表明，施用化学钾肥和小麦秸秆还田能显著增加宁夏轮作种植制度下作物产量，表现为：氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷钾肥>氮磷肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷肥；且作物种类对施钾措施的显效时间上有差异，而钾素投入对青海点小麦产量无显著作用。宁夏点作物年际间产量变异系数低于青海点，小麦的产量变异系数大于玉米但钾肥产量效应却低于玉米。两定位点除氮磷钾+秸秆还田外，其余处理土壤钾素均表现亏缺，轮作制度下土壤钾素亏缺量较小麦单作制大。两定位点施钾或秸秆还田处理的水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和全钾含量均不同程度高于只施氮磷处理；除矿物钾外，其余几种形态钾比例均高于氮磷处理，特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施的影响。与定位开始相比，两种类型土壤各形态钾含量和比例随时间变异特点不同，与原始土壤钾素状况及种植制度密切相关。

TAN D

, JIN J

, HUANG S

. Effect of long-term K fertilizer application and returning wheat straw to soil on crop yield and soil K under different planting systems in northwestern China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2008,14(5):886-893. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2008.0511 URL [本文引用: 1]

柴如山, 安之冬, 马超, 王擎运, 章力干, 郜红建. 我国主要粮食作物秸秆钾养分资源量及还田替代钾肥潜力
植物营养与肥料学报, 2020,26(2):201-211.

[本文引用: 1]

CHAI R

, AN Z

, MA

, WANG Q

, ZHANG L

, GAO H

. Potassium resource quantity of main grain crop straw and potential for straw incorporation to substitute potassium fertilizer in China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020,26(2):201-211. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[51]

DAMON P

, BOWDEN

, ROSE

, RENGEL

. Crop residue contributions to phosphorus pools in agricultural soils: A review
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2014,74:127-137.

DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.03.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

[52]

QASWAR

, CHAI R

, AHMED

, HUANG

, HAN T

, LIU K

, YE X

, XU Y

, ANTHONIO C

, ZHANG H

. Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments increased rice yield by changing phosphorus fractions and improving phosphatase activities in fluvo-aquic soil
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2020,20:1285-1296.

DOI:10.1007/s11368-019-02476-3 URL [本文引用: 1]

[53]

赵小军, 李志洪, 刘龙, 崔婷婷. 种还分离模式下玉米秸秆还田对土壤磷有效性及其有机磷形态的影响
水土保持学报, 2017,31(1):243-247.

URL [本文引用: 1]

ZHAO X

, LI Z

, LIU

, CUI T

. Effects of maize straw returning on soil phosphorus availibility and organic phosphorus forms under the mode of planting and returning
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017,31(1):243-247. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[54]

成臣, 汪建军, 程慧煌, 罗亢, 曾勇军, 石庆华, 商庆银. 秸秆还田与耕作方式对双季稻产量及土壤肥力质量的影响
土壤学报, 2018,55(1):247-257.

[本文引用: 1]

CHENG

, WANG J

, CHENG H

, LUO

, ZENG Y

, SHI Q

, SHANG Q

. Effects of straw returning and tillage system on crop yield and soil fertility quality in paddy field under double- cropping-rice system
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2018,55(1):247-257. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[55]

王昆昆, 廖世鹏, 任涛, 李小坤, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍. 连续秸秆还田对油菜水稻轮作土壤磷素有效性及作物磷素利用效率的影响
中国农业科学, 2020,53(1):94-104.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】By exploring the contribution of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and straw returning combined with phosphorus fertilizer to crop productivity, as well as the effect on soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus efficiency under the system of oilseed rape-rice rotation in the Yangtze River, this paper provided a scientific basis for farmland soil phosphorus management.【Method】The experiment was conducted at Huazhong Agricultural University in Wuhan, Hubei Province during the period of 2015-2018. Three treatments in the positioning experiment were selected as followed: (1) phosphorus was not applied (NK); (2) phosphorus application (NPK); (3) phosphorus application and straw returning (NPK+S). By measuring crop yield, phosphorus content and soil Olsen-P, the phosphorus use efficiency of crops was analyzed, and the response of soil Olsen-P to P apparent balance was discussed.【Result】The average yield of oilseed rape and rice under NPK treatment increased by 530.3% and 35.9%, respectively, and the P₂O₅ accumulation increased by 495.3% and 98.5%, respectively, compared with NK treatment. The average yield of oilseed rape and rice under NPK+S treatment increased by 19.1% and 11.0%, respectively, and the P₂O₅ accumulation increased by 20.6% and 11.7%, respectively, compared with NPK treatment. The response of oilseed rape yield and P₂O₅ accumulation to phosphorus fertilizer and straw was better than that of rice. Under the condition of straw returning, the average agronomic efficiency of oilseed rape and rice increased by 6.8% and 33.9%, respectively, and the accumulative phosphorus use efficiency of oilseed rape, rice and anniversary increased by 8.6%, 17.0% and 19.8%, respectively. The effect of straw returning on phosphorus use efficiency and agricultural efficiency of rice was more significant. After four years of oilseed rape-rice rotation, the accumulated deficit of phosphorus in soil was 110.2 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2 under NK treatment, and the Olsen-P was 1.9 mg·kg ^-1. The accumulated phosphorus surplus of soil under NPK treatment was 210.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2, and the Olsen-P (4.3 mg·kg ^-1) was 126.3% higher than that under NK treatment. NPK+S treatment increased the accumulated phosphorus surplus (222.1 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2) by 5.3%, and the Olsen-P (5.1 mg·kg ^-1) increased by 18.6% compared with NPK treatment. Straw returning significantly increased the soil Olsen-P, but the soil phosphorus surplus did not increase significantly. Under the condition of continuous straw returning and chemical phosphorus fertilizer application, for every 100 kg·hm ^-2 P surplus of paddy soil, soil Olsen-P under NPK and NPKS treatment increased by 1.8 and 2.0 mg·kg ^-1, respectively. Straw returning promoted soil phosphorus availability.【Conclusion】Phosphorus application significantly increased the yield and P₂O₅ accumulation of oilseed rape and rice, and increased the P surplus and the soil Olsen-P. On the basis of phosphorus application, straw returning further increased the yield and P₂O₅ accumulation of oilseed rape and rice, and improved the use efficiency of phosphorus and agricultural efficiency of crops, especially for rice. At the same time, it could increase the soil Olsen-P while avoiding the excessive accumulation of soil phosphorus.

WANG K

, LIAO S

, REN

, LI X

, CONG R

, LU J

. Effect of continuous straw returning on soil phosphorus availability and crop phosphorus utilization efficiency of oilseed rape-rice rotation
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020,53(1):94-104. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

赵庆雷, 信彩云, 王瑜, 王佳, 刘奇华, 李景岭, 马加清. 稻麦轮作区连续秸秆还田和施肥条件下砂姜黑土无机磷分布特征
草业学报, 2018,27(12):58-68.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHAO Q

, XIN C

, WANG

, LIU Q

, LI J

, MA J

. Characteristics of inorganic phosphorus in lime concretion black soil under continuous straw-return and fertilization in a rice-wheat rotation area
Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018,27(12):58-68. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[57]

黄欣欣, 廖文华, 刘建玲, 张伟, 曹彩云, 郭丽. 长期秸秆还田对潮土土壤各形态磷的影响
土壤学报, 2016,53(3):779-789.

[本文引用: 1]

HUANG X

, LIAO W

, LIU J

, ZHANG

, CAO C

, GUO

. Effects of long-term straw return on various fractions of phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016,53(3):779-789. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[58]

郭斗斗, 黄绍敏, 张珂珂, 张水清, 宋晓, 王柏寒, 岳克. 有机无机外源磷素长期协同使用对潮土磷素有效性的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(6):1651-1659.

[本文引用: 1]

GUO D

, HUANG S

, ZHANG K

, ZHANG S

, SONG

, WANG B

, YUE

. Effects of long-term synergistic use of organic and inorganic exogenous P on phosphorus availability in fluvo-aquic soil
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(6):1651-1659. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[59]

马想, 徐明岗, 赵惠丽, 段英华. 我国典型农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征及驱动因子
中国农业科学, 2019,52(9):1564-1573.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.09.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】Understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms of organic materials in soil are essential for improving the utilization of organic wastes and developing nutrient management strategies in many intensive farming regions around the world. The objective of this study was to elucidate the decomposition characteristics of straw and manure in typical farmland soils in China.【Method】The field experiment was conducted in three soils (Red soil, Aquic soil, and Black soil) at the “National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network” experimental station. Four organic materials (wheat straw (WS), maize straw (MS), pig manure (PM) and cattle manure (CM)) were dried and then packed separately into 48 μm-mesh size nylon net bag. Each bag contained 20 g organic materials was cut into 2 mm pieces. Based on the temperature difference, each treatment was sampled 6 times within 49-360 days after landfill. We analyzed the change of organic carbon content with soil accumulated temperature and residual rate during decomposition to study the relative contribution of climate factors, organic material properties and soil nutrients in the decomposition rate of different organic materials.【Result】Humification coefficient of straw and manure were 11%-39% and 50%-57%, respectively, suggesting faster decomposition of straw than manure. The organic labile decomposable carbon pool accounted for 76% and 43% at straw and manure, respectively, while recalcitrant carbon pool accounted for 17% and 53%, respectively. The decomposition rates constants (k) of labile decomposable carbon pool were similar in straw and manure, with an accumulated turnover temperature (1/k) of 1 400-2 000℃. VPA (variance decomposition analysis) analysis showed that the nature of the organic material, contributing 28% to the variance, was the main influencing factor in its decomposition. Individually, the greatest contributor during the decomposition of straw was the combined interaction of climate, organic material properties and soil (42.3%). In contrast, the decomposition of manure was mainly controlled by the climate (38.3%).【Conclusion】The decomposition rate and proportion of labile decomposable carbon pool in straw were higher than that of manure. The decomposition of straw was influenced by the synergistic effect of climate, soil and material properties, while manure was influenced mainly by climate factors. It was critical to determine the returning time and returning amount of straw in the field in combination with the local hydrothermal conditions. Manure was recommended to be piled up along with proper timing of its application before returning to the field.

, XU M

, ZHAO H

, DUAN Y

. Decomposition characteristics and driving factors of organic materials in typical farmland soils in China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(9):1564-1573. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.09.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

谢迎新, 靳海洋, 李梦达, 翟羽雪, 王永华, 谢耀丽, 李向东, 夏来坤, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 贺德先. 周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响
作物学报, 2016,42(10):1560-1568.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01560 URL [本文引用: 1]

In order to select the appropriate tillage practices, improving soil nutrient and grain yield of crop grown inlime concretion black soil farmland, the effects of five year winter wheat?summer maize annual tillage practices (no tillage–rotary tillage, no tillage–deep tillage, subsoiling tillage–rotary tillage, subsoiling tillage–no tillage, no tillage–no tillage) on soil organic carbon content, soil nutrient and crop yield were studied in the fourth year. Under the condition of returning total straw to field, compared with the beginning of the experiment, the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium in 0?20 cm soil layer were increased. Compared with no tillage–rotary tillage, other year treatments increased annual soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in 0?20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period. No tillage–deep tillage, subsoiling tillage–rotary tillage, and no tillage–no tillage significantly increase soil available phosphorus contents in 0?20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period, and subsoiling tillage–no tillage significantly increased 0?20 cm soil layer available phosphorus in anthesis and harvest period of winter wheat. In 20?40 cm soil layer, soil available phosphorus content of no tillage–rotary tillage was the lowest during the whole growth period. Subsoiling tillage–no tillage increased annual soil available potassium content in 0?20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period. In 20?40 cm soil layer, subsoiling tillage–no tillage and no tillage–no tillage significantly increased soil available potassium content in seedling, trumpeting, anthesis and filling stages of summer maize season. Subsoiling tillage–rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage–no tillage significantly increase annual grain yield by 7.67% and 10.21% respectively. To sum up, subsoiling tillage–rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage–no tillage could improve contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient, and increase grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under the condition of returning total straw to field. Therefore, subsoiling tillage–rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage–no tillage should be selected as two appropriate tillage practices in lime concretion black soil farmland.

XIE Y

, JIN H

, LI M

, ZHAI Y

, WANG Y

, XIE Y

, LI X

, XIA L

, WANG C

, GUO T

, HE D

. Effect of annual tillage practices on soil nutrient and crop yield in lime concretion black soil farmland
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016,42(10):1560-1568. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01560 URL [本文引用: 1]

YE X

, YE

, CHAI R

, LI J

, MA

, LI H

, XIONG Q

, GAO H

. The influence of a year-round tillage and residue management model on soil N fractions in a wheat-maize cropping system in central China
Scientific Reports, 2019,9:4767.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-41409-5 URLPMID:30886311 [本文引用: 1]

Tillage practice and residue management play important roles in N pool in soils. This study determined the impacts of tillage practice and residue management on crop yield. It also investigated the distribution, fractionation, and stratification of N at soil at depths ranging from 0 to 60 cm under wheat-maize cropping systems. Three treatments were established in 2009: no-tillage with straw removal for winter wheat and summer maize (NT), no-tillage with straw mulching for winter wheat and summer maize (NTS), no-tillage with straw mulching for summer maize and plow tillage with straw incorporation for winter wheat (NPTS). After 8 years, soil total nitrogen (TN) content in NTS was greater than in NT, but only in 0-10 cm layer. NPTS treatment increased TN content over NT and NTS in 10-20 cm layer by 18.0% and 13.9%, and by 16.8% and 18.1% in 20-30 cm layer, respectively. Particulate organic N, microbial biomass N and water-extractable organic N levels were the greatest in 0-10 cm layer under NTS treatment; and in 10-30 cm layer, the corresponding values were the highest under NPTS treatment. NPTS treatment could immobilize the mineral N in 10-30 cm layer, and reduced leaching losses into deeper soil layers (40-60 cm). Furthermore, total yield increased by 14.7% and 8.5% in NPTS treatment compared to NT and NTS treatments, respectively. These results indicate that NPTS is an effective and sustainable management practice, which will improve soil fertility, sustainable crop production, and environmental quality in low-productivity soils in central China.

[62]

胡诚, 陈云峰, 乔艳, 刘东海, 张顺陶, 李双来. 秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对低产黄泥田的改良作用
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,2(1):59-66.

[本文引用: 1]

, CHEN Y

, QIAO

, LIU D

, ZHANG S

, LI S

. Effect of returning straw added with straw-decomposing inoculants on soil melioration in low-yielding yellow clayey soil
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,2(1):59-66. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]